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Reference materials: A review

Year 2024, , 751 - 764, 15.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1361004

Abstract

Several factors have increased the use of reference materials in laboratories. This can be explained by the fact that the reference materials have several roles, namely: the confirmation of the identity of unknown materials and/or the determination of their properties; the calibration of measuring equipment; the validation of methods; the realization of proficiency tests; etc. To be able to produce and use them, a set of standards and guidelines concerning the subject of reference materials has been established. There are several producers of reference materials in many fields, but finding the right choice is sometimes considered difficult given the multitude of materials to be analyzed that do not correspond perfectly to the reference material, especially in the case of matrices. This makes the market always seek new materials. To develop them, five steps are essential: material preparation, homogeneity study, stability study, characterization, and evaluation of measurement uncertainties. These steps are equally important; the fact of highlighting less than one of them will imply a significant decrease in the quality of the reference material developed. This review seeks to furnish the scientific community with a paper elucidating the functions of these materials in research laboratories, the normative references devised to standardize their production and utilization, the factors influencing their production, and the essential steps for their development.

References

  • 1. Charlet P, Hervouët G. Nouvelles demandes en matériaux de référence Certifies cas de secteurs émergents: Environnement: Biologie et Autres. Lab Natl d’essai, Paris. 2001.
  • 2. Lafargue M, Seiller MP. Les matériaux de référence: définitions, disponibilité, sélection et utilisation. Spectra Anal. 2004;240:33–7.
  • 3. Günzler H, editor. Accreditation and Quality Assurance in Analytical Chemistry [Internet]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1996. Available from: <URL>.
  • 4. Daugey G, Soule P, Hakim K, Hewitt A, Prunet T, Nicolas M, et al. Production d’un échantillon de référence certifié : du prélèvement au dimensionnement des essais de certification. Cah des Tech l’INRA [Internet]. 2015;1(84):1–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 5. ISO. ISO Guide 30:2015 Reference Materials - Selected Terms and Definitions. 2015.
  • 6. King B. The selection and use of reference materials - a basic guide for laboratories and accreditation bodies. Accredit Qual Assur [Internet]. 2003 Sep 1;8(9):429–33. Available from: <URL>.
  • 7. ISO. ISO Guide 31:2015 Reference Materials - Contents of Certificates, Labels and Accompanying Documentation. 2015.
  • 8. ISO. ISO Guide 33:2015 Reference Materials - Good Practice in Using Reference Materials. 2015.
  • 9. ISO. ISO Guide 35:2017 Reference Materials - Guidance for Characterization and Assessment of Homogeneity and Stability. 2017.
  • 10. ISO. ISO 17034:2016 General Requirements for the Competence of Reference Material Producers. 2016.
  • 11. ISO. ISO Guide 80:2014 Guidance for the in-House Preparation of Quality Control Materials (QCMs). 2014.
  • 12. ISO. ISO/TR 16476:2016 Reference Materials - Establishing and Expressing Metrological Traceability of Quantity Values Assigned to Reference Materials. 2016.
  • 13. ISO. ISO/TR 79:2015 Reference Materials - Examples of Reference Materials for Qualitative Properties. 2015.
  • 14. ISO. ISO/TR 10989:2009 Reference Materials - Guidance on, and Keywords Used for, RM Categorization. 2009.
  • 15. ISO. ISO 11095:1996 Linear Calibration Using Reference Materials. 1996.
  • 16. ISO. ISO/TR 11773:2013 Global Distribution of Reference Materials. 2013.
  • 17. ISO. ISO 15194:2009 In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices - Measurement of Quantities in Samples of Biological Origin - Requirements for Certified Reference Materials and the Content of Supporting Documentation. 2009.
  • 18. ISO. ISO/FDIS 33407 Guidance for the Production of Pure Organic Substance Certified Reference Materials.
  • 19. Cofrac. Exigences pour l’accréditation des producteurs de matériaux de référence LAB MR REF 02 – Révision 02. 2019.
  • 20. APLAC. Guidelines for Acceptability of Chemical Reference Materials and Commercial Chemicals for Calibration of Equipment Use in Chemical Testing APLAC TC 012. 2009.
  • 21. Vialle J, Linet P, Maier EA. La métrologie en chimie. Quelques principes et beaucoup d’incertitudes. Analusis [Internet]. 1999 Jul 1;27(6):479–90. Available from: <URL>.
  • 22. Borges R, Meyer VR. The uncertainty of purity of reference materials must be known. J Pharm Biomed Anal [Internet]. 2013 Apr 15;77:40–3. Available from: <URL>.
  • 23. Jenks PJ, Henk Boekholt A, Maaskant JFN, Rucinski RD. Are certified reference materials a victim of quality systems? The need for working matrix-certified reference materials. Fresenius J Anal Chem [Internet]. 1998 Feb 1;360(3–4):366–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 24. Majcen N. A need for clearer terminology and guidance in the role of reference materials in method development and validation. Accredit Qual Assur [Internet]. 2003 Apr 1;8(3–4):108–12. Available from: <URL>.
  • 25. ISO. ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories. 2017.
  • 26. Vassault A, Giroud C, Arnaud J. Traceability of the standards and calibrations. Ann Biol Clin (Paris). 2010 Dec;68(1):295–303.
  • 27. BAM - RRR - Home [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jul 14]. Available from: <URL>.
  • 28. Steiger T, Pradel R. COMAR: the international database for certified reference materials—an overview. Accredit Qual Assur [Internet]. 2015 Feb 12;20(1):47–52. Available from: <URL>.
  • 29. ISO. ISO 15189:2022 Medical Laboratories -- Requirements for Quality and Competence. 2022.
  • 30. ISO. ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management Systems — Requirements. 2015.
  • 31. Linsinger TPJ, Pauwels J, van der Veen AMH, Schimmel H, Lamberty A. Homogeneity and stability of reference materials. Accredit Qual Assur [Internet]. 2001 Jan 9;6(1):20–5. Available from: <URL>.
  • 32. Ellison SLR, Botha A. Principles for the assessment of homogeneity and stability in the new ISO Guide 35:2017. Accredit Qual Assur [Internet]. 2018 Feb 25;23(1):47–51. Available from: <URL>.
  • 33. Ng SY, Dewi F, Wang J, Sim LP, Shin RYC, Lee TK. Development of a cosmetic cream certified reference material: Certification of lead, mercury and arsenic mass fractions in cosmetic cream. Int J Mass Spectrom [Internet]. 2015 Oct 15;389:59–65. Available from: <URL>.
  • 34. Chew G, Sim LP, Ng SY, Ding Y, Shin RYC, Lee TK. Development of a mushroom powder Certified Reference Material for calcium, arsenic, cadmium and lead measurements. Food Chem [Internet]. 2016 Jan 1;190:293–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 35. Valente A, Sanches-Silva A, Albuquerque TG, Costa HS. Development of an orange juice in-house reference material and its application to guarantee the quality of vitamin C determination in fruits, juices and fruit pulps. Food Chem [Internet]. 2014 Jul 1;154:71–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 36. Espinoza M, Azar CO, Massiff G, Villa A. Development of a reference material for copper and iron in wine. J Food Compos Anal [Internet]. 2008 Dec 1;21(8):684–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 37. Zeleny R, Emteborg H, Charoud-Got J, Schimmel H, Nia Y, Mutel I, et al. Development of a reference material for Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A in cheese: Feasibility study, processing, homogeneity and stability assessment. Food Chem [Internet]. 2015 Feb 1;168:241–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 38. Gong N, Zhang B, Hu F, Du H, Du G, Gao Z, et al. Development of a new certified reference material of diosgenin using mass balance approach and Coulometric titration method. Steroids [Internet]. 2014 Dec 15;92:25–31. Available from: <URL>.
  • 39. Yarita T, Otake T, Aoyagi Y, Kuroda Y, Numata M, Iwata H, et al. Development of soybean certified reference material for pesticide residue analysis. Talanta [Internet]. 2014 Feb 15;119:255–61. Available from: <URL>.
  • 40. Otake T, Yarita T, Aoyagi Y, Kuroda Y, Numata M, Iwata H, et al. Development of apple certified reference material for quantification of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides. Food Chem [Internet]. 2013 Jun 1;138(2–3):1243–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 41. Köppen R, Bremser W, Stephan I, Klein-Hartwig K, Rasenko T, Koch M. T-2 and HT-2 toxins in oat flakes: development of a certified reference material. Anal Bioanal Chem [Internet]. 2015 Apr 16;407(11):2997–3007. Available from: <URL>.
  • 42. Kinumi T, Goto M, Eyama S, Kato M, Kasama T, Takatsu A. Development of SI-traceable C-peptide certified reference material NMIJ CRM 6901-a using isotope-dilution mass spectrometry-based amino acid analyses. Anal Bioanal Chem [Internet]. 2012 Jul 20;404(1):13–21. Available from: <URL>.
  • 43. Takahashi K, Matsuyama S, Kato H, Kinugasa S. Development of the Certified Reference Material of Poly(ethylene glycol) Nonylphenyl Ether by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Int J Polym Anal Charact [Internet]. 2012 Apr;17(3):208–17. Available from: <URL>.
  • 44. Zeleny R, Schimmel H, Ulberth F, Emons H. Development of a certified reference material for the content of nitroimidazole parent drugs and hydroxy metabolites in pork meat. Anal Chim Acta [Internet]. 2009 Feb 23;634(2):237–42. Available from: <URL>.
  • 45. Kim MJ, Kim M, Kim S, Lee K, Kim Y, Kim J, et al. Feasibility study on the homogeneity and stability of megastigmatrienone isomers for the development of certified reference material. J Food Compos Anal [Internet]. 2023 Oct 1;123:105573. Available from: <URL>.
  • 46. Sin DWM, Chan P kwan, Cheung STC, Wong YL, Wong S kay, Mok C shing, et al. Development of a candidate certified reference material of cypermethrin in green tea. Anal Chim Acta [Internet]. 2012 Apr 6;721:110–4. Available from: <URL>.
  • 47. Mazánová M, Kačur M. Homogeneity evaluation of liquid reference material developed for nuclear decommissioning. Appl Radiat Isot [Internet]. 2023 Jul 1;197:110775. Available from: <URL>.
  • 48. Shimizu Y, Ohte Y, Kato K. Development of a certified reference material for calibration of DSC and DTA below room temperature: NMIJ CRM 5401-a, Cyclohexane for Thermal Analysis. Thermochim Acta [Internet]. 2013 Sep 20;568:61–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 49. ISO. ISO 13528:2022 Statistical Methods for Use in Proficiency Testing by Interlaboratory Comparison. 2022.
  • 50. ISO. ISO 5725-2:2019 Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and Results — Part 2: Basic Method for the Determination of Repeatability and Reproducibility of a Standard Measurement Method. 2019.
  • 51. ISO. ISO 16269-4:2010 Statistical Interpretation of Data — Part 4: Detection and Treatment of Outliers. 2010.
  • 52. van der Veen AMH, Linsinger TP, Pauwels J. Uncertainty calculations in the certification of reference materials. 2. Homogeneity study. In: Bièvre P, Günzler H, editors. Measurement Uncertainty in Chemical Analysis [Internet]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2001. p. 94–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 53. Cuadros-Rodríguez L, Bosque-Sendra JM, de la Mata-Espinosa AP, González-Casado A, Rodríguez-García FP. Elaboration of Four Olive Oil Certified Reference Materials: InterOleo-CRM 2006 Certification Study. Food Anal Methods [Internet]. 2008 Dec 13;1(4):259–69. Available from: <URL>.
  • 54. Hon PYT, Chu PWS, Cheng C ho, Lee TCL, Chan P kwan, Cheung STC, et al. Development of melamine certified reference material in milk using two different isotope dilution mass spectrometry techniques. J Chromatogr A [Internet]. 2011 Sep 28;1218(39):6907–13. Available from: <URL>.
  • 55. Gab-Allah MA, Getachew Lijalem Y, Yu H, Lee S, Baek SY, Han J, et al. Development of a certified reference material for the accurate determination of type B trichothecenes in corn. Food Chem [Internet]. 2023 Mar 15;404:134542. Available from: <URL>.
  • 56. Ortega-Gavilán F, García-Mesa JA, Marzal-Fernández JC, Moreno-Ballesteros FJ, Rodríguez-García FP, González-Casado A, et al. Innovative and thorough practice to certify reference materials for sensory defects of olive oil. Food Chem [Internet]. 2022 Jun 30;380:132195. Available from: <URL>.
  • 57. Paleari R, Muñoz A, Mosca A. Towards the development of a certified reference material for hemoglobin A 2. cclm [Internet]. 2010 Nov 1;48(11):1611–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 58. Grimalt S, Harbeck S, Shegunova P, Seghers J, Sejerøe-Olsen B, Emteborg H, et al. Development of a new cucumber reference material for pesticide residue analysis: feasibility study for material processing, homogeneity and stability assessment. Anal Bioanal Chem [Internet]. 2015 Apr 28;407(11):3083–91. Available from: <URL>.
  • 59. Lamberty A, Schimmel H, Pauwels J. The study of the stability of reference materials by isochronous measurements. Fresenius J Anal Chem [Internet]. 1998 Feb 1;360(3–4):359–61. Available from: <URL>.
  • 60. Linsinger TPJ, Pauwels J, Lamberty A, Schimmel HG, van der Veen AMH, Siekmann L. Estimating the uncertainty of stability for matrix CRMs. Fresenius J Anal Chem [Internet]. 2001 Jun 1;370(2–3):183–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 61. Linsinger TPJ, Emons H. Characterization of reference materials: proposal for a simplification of the options listed in ISO Guide 34. Accredit Qual Assur [Internet]. 2013 Apr 12;18(2):149–52. Available from: <URL>.
  • 62. Milton MJT, Quinn TJ. Primary methods for the measurement of amount of substance. Metrologia [Internet]. 2001 Aug 1;38(4):289–96. Available from: <URL>.
  • 63. ISO. ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 International Vocabulary of Metrology — Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM). 2007.
  • 64. Trapmann S, Botha A, Linsinger TPJ, Mac Curtain S, Emons H. The new International Standard ISO 17034: general requirements for the competence of reference material producers. Accredit Qual Assur [Internet]. 2017 Dec 26;22(6):381–7. Available from: <URL>.
Year 2024, , 751 - 764, 15.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1361004

Abstract

References

  • 1. Charlet P, Hervouët G. Nouvelles demandes en matériaux de référence Certifies cas de secteurs émergents: Environnement: Biologie et Autres. Lab Natl d’essai, Paris. 2001.
  • 2. Lafargue M, Seiller MP. Les matériaux de référence: définitions, disponibilité, sélection et utilisation. Spectra Anal. 2004;240:33–7.
  • 3. Günzler H, editor. Accreditation and Quality Assurance in Analytical Chemistry [Internet]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1996. Available from: <URL>.
  • 4. Daugey G, Soule P, Hakim K, Hewitt A, Prunet T, Nicolas M, et al. Production d’un échantillon de référence certifié : du prélèvement au dimensionnement des essais de certification. Cah des Tech l’INRA [Internet]. 2015;1(84):1–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 5. ISO. ISO Guide 30:2015 Reference Materials - Selected Terms and Definitions. 2015.
  • 6. King B. The selection and use of reference materials - a basic guide for laboratories and accreditation bodies. Accredit Qual Assur [Internet]. 2003 Sep 1;8(9):429–33. Available from: <URL>.
  • 7. ISO. ISO Guide 31:2015 Reference Materials - Contents of Certificates, Labels and Accompanying Documentation. 2015.
  • 8. ISO. ISO Guide 33:2015 Reference Materials - Good Practice in Using Reference Materials. 2015.
  • 9. ISO. ISO Guide 35:2017 Reference Materials - Guidance for Characterization and Assessment of Homogeneity and Stability. 2017.
  • 10. ISO. ISO 17034:2016 General Requirements for the Competence of Reference Material Producers. 2016.
  • 11. ISO. ISO Guide 80:2014 Guidance for the in-House Preparation of Quality Control Materials (QCMs). 2014.
  • 12. ISO. ISO/TR 16476:2016 Reference Materials - Establishing and Expressing Metrological Traceability of Quantity Values Assigned to Reference Materials. 2016.
  • 13. ISO. ISO/TR 79:2015 Reference Materials - Examples of Reference Materials for Qualitative Properties. 2015.
  • 14. ISO. ISO/TR 10989:2009 Reference Materials - Guidance on, and Keywords Used for, RM Categorization. 2009.
  • 15. ISO. ISO 11095:1996 Linear Calibration Using Reference Materials. 1996.
  • 16. ISO. ISO/TR 11773:2013 Global Distribution of Reference Materials. 2013.
  • 17. ISO. ISO 15194:2009 In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices - Measurement of Quantities in Samples of Biological Origin - Requirements for Certified Reference Materials and the Content of Supporting Documentation. 2009.
  • 18. ISO. ISO/FDIS 33407 Guidance for the Production of Pure Organic Substance Certified Reference Materials.
  • 19. Cofrac. Exigences pour l’accréditation des producteurs de matériaux de référence LAB MR REF 02 – Révision 02. 2019.
  • 20. APLAC. Guidelines for Acceptability of Chemical Reference Materials and Commercial Chemicals for Calibration of Equipment Use in Chemical Testing APLAC TC 012. 2009.
  • 21. Vialle J, Linet P, Maier EA. La métrologie en chimie. Quelques principes et beaucoup d’incertitudes. Analusis [Internet]. 1999 Jul 1;27(6):479–90. Available from: <URL>.
  • 22. Borges R, Meyer VR. The uncertainty of purity of reference materials must be known. J Pharm Biomed Anal [Internet]. 2013 Apr 15;77:40–3. Available from: <URL>.
  • 23. Jenks PJ, Henk Boekholt A, Maaskant JFN, Rucinski RD. Are certified reference materials a victim of quality systems? The need for working matrix-certified reference materials. Fresenius J Anal Chem [Internet]. 1998 Feb 1;360(3–4):366–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 24. Majcen N. A need for clearer terminology and guidance in the role of reference materials in method development and validation. Accredit Qual Assur [Internet]. 2003 Apr 1;8(3–4):108–12. Available from: <URL>.
  • 25. ISO. ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories. 2017.
  • 26. Vassault A, Giroud C, Arnaud J. Traceability of the standards and calibrations. Ann Biol Clin (Paris). 2010 Dec;68(1):295–303.
  • 27. BAM - RRR - Home [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jul 14]. Available from: <URL>.
  • 28. Steiger T, Pradel R. COMAR: the international database for certified reference materials—an overview. Accredit Qual Assur [Internet]. 2015 Feb 12;20(1):47–52. Available from: <URL>.
  • 29. ISO. ISO 15189:2022 Medical Laboratories -- Requirements for Quality and Competence. 2022.
  • 30. ISO. ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management Systems — Requirements. 2015.
  • 31. Linsinger TPJ, Pauwels J, van der Veen AMH, Schimmel H, Lamberty A. Homogeneity and stability of reference materials. Accredit Qual Assur [Internet]. 2001 Jan 9;6(1):20–5. Available from: <URL>.
  • 32. Ellison SLR, Botha A. Principles for the assessment of homogeneity and stability in the new ISO Guide 35:2017. Accredit Qual Assur [Internet]. 2018 Feb 25;23(1):47–51. Available from: <URL>.
  • 33. Ng SY, Dewi F, Wang J, Sim LP, Shin RYC, Lee TK. Development of a cosmetic cream certified reference material: Certification of lead, mercury and arsenic mass fractions in cosmetic cream. Int J Mass Spectrom [Internet]. 2015 Oct 15;389:59–65. Available from: <URL>.
  • 34. Chew G, Sim LP, Ng SY, Ding Y, Shin RYC, Lee TK. Development of a mushroom powder Certified Reference Material for calcium, arsenic, cadmium and lead measurements. Food Chem [Internet]. 2016 Jan 1;190:293–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 35. Valente A, Sanches-Silva A, Albuquerque TG, Costa HS. Development of an orange juice in-house reference material and its application to guarantee the quality of vitamin C determination in fruits, juices and fruit pulps. Food Chem [Internet]. 2014 Jul 1;154:71–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 36. Espinoza M, Azar CO, Massiff G, Villa A. Development of a reference material for copper and iron in wine. J Food Compos Anal [Internet]. 2008 Dec 1;21(8):684–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 37. Zeleny R, Emteborg H, Charoud-Got J, Schimmel H, Nia Y, Mutel I, et al. Development of a reference material for Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A in cheese: Feasibility study, processing, homogeneity and stability assessment. Food Chem [Internet]. 2015 Feb 1;168:241–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 38. Gong N, Zhang B, Hu F, Du H, Du G, Gao Z, et al. Development of a new certified reference material of diosgenin using mass balance approach and Coulometric titration method. Steroids [Internet]. 2014 Dec 15;92:25–31. Available from: <URL>.
  • 39. Yarita T, Otake T, Aoyagi Y, Kuroda Y, Numata M, Iwata H, et al. Development of soybean certified reference material for pesticide residue analysis. Talanta [Internet]. 2014 Feb 15;119:255–61. Available from: <URL>.
  • 40. Otake T, Yarita T, Aoyagi Y, Kuroda Y, Numata M, Iwata H, et al. Development of apple certified reference material for quantification of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides. Food Chem [Internet]. 2013 Jun 1;138(2–3):1243–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 41. Köppen R, Bremser W, Stephan I, Klein-Hartwig K, Rasenko T, Koch M. T-2 and HT-2 toxins in oat flakes: development of a certified reference material. Anal Bioanal Chem [Internet]. 2015 Apr 16;407(11):2997–3007. Available from: <URL>.
  • 42. Kinumi T, Goto M, Eyama S, Kato M, Kasama T, Takatsu A. Development of SI-traceable C-peptide certified reference material NMIJ CRM 6901-a using isotope-dilution mass spectrometry-based amino acid analyses. Anal Bioanal Chem [Internet]. 2012 Jul 20;404(1):13–21. Available from: <URL>.
  • 43. Takahashi K, Matsuyama S, Kato H, Kinugasa S. Development of the Certified Reference Material of Poly(ethylene glycol) Nonylphenyl Ether by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Int J Polym Anal Charact [Internet]. 2012 Apr;17(3):208–17. Available from: <URL>.
  • 44. Zeleny R, Schimmel H, Ulberth F, Emons H. Development of a certified reference material for the content of nitroimidazole parent drugs and hydroxy metabolites in pork meat. Anal Chim Acta [Internet]. 2009 Feb 23;634(2):237–42. Available from: <URL>.
  • 45. Kim MJ, Kim M, Kim S, Lee K, Kim Y, Kim J, et al. Feasibility study on the homogeneity and stability of megastigmatrienone isomers for the development of certified reference material. J Food Compos Anal [Internet]. 2023 Oct 1;123:105573. Available from: <URL>.
  • 46. Sin DWM, Chan P kwan, Cheung STC, Wong YL, Wong S kay, Mok C shing, et al. Development of a candidate certified reference material of cypermethrin in green tea. Anal Chim Acta [Internet]. 2012 Apr 6;721:110–4. Available from: <URL>.
  • 47. Mazánová M, Kačur M. Homogeneity evaluation of liquid reference material developed for nuclear decommissioning. Appl Radiat Isot [Internet]. 2023 Jul 1;197:110775. Available from: <URL>.
  • 48. Shimizu Y, Ohte Y, Kato K. Development of a certified reference material for calibration of DSC and DTA below room temperature: NMIJ CRM 5401-a, Cyclohexane for Thermal Analysis. Thermochim Acta [Internet]. 2013 Sep 20;568:61–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 49. ISO. ISO 13528:2022 Statistical Methods for Use in Proficiency Testing by Interlaboratory Comparison. 2022.
  • 50. ISO. ISO 5725-2:2019 Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and Results — Part 2: Basic Method for the Determination of Repeatability and Reproducibility of a Standard Measurement Method. 2019.
  • 51. ISO. ISO 16269-4:2010 Statistical Interpretation of Data — Part 4: Detection and Treatment of Outliers. 2010.
  • 52. van der Veen AMH, Linsinger TP, Pauwels J. Uncertainty calculations in the certification of reference materials. 2. Homogeneity study. In: Bièvre P, Günzler H, editors. Measurement Uncertainty in Chemical Analysis [Internet]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2001. p. 94–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 53. Cuadros-Rodríguez L, Bosque-Sendra JM, de la Mata-Espinosa AP, González-Casado A, Rodríguez-García FP. Elaboration of Four Olive Oil Certified Reference Materials: InterOleo-CRM 2006 Certification Study. Food Anal Methods [Internet]. 2008 Dec 13;1(4):259–69. Available from: <URL>.
  • 54. Hon PYT, Chu PWS, Cheng C ho, Lee TCL, Chan P kwan, Cheung STC, et al. Development of melamine certified reference material in milk using two different isotope dilution mass spectrometry techniques. J Chromatogr A [Internet]. 2011 Sep 28;1218(39):6907–13. Available from: <URL>.
  • 55. Gab-Allah MA, Getachew Lijalem Y, Yu H, Lee S, Baek SY, Han J, et al. Development of a certified reference material for the accurate determination of type B trichothecenes in corn. Food Chem [Internet]. 2023 Mar 15;404:134542. Available from: <URL>.
  • 56. Ortega-Gavilán F, García-Mesa JA, Marzal-Fernández JC, Moreno-Ballesteros FJ, Rodríguez-García FP, González-Casado A, et al. Innovative and thorough practice to certify reference materials for sensory defects of olive oil. Food Chem [Internet]. 2022 Jun 30;380:132195. Available from: <URL>.
  • 57. Paleari R, Muñoz A, Mosca A. Towards the development of a certified reference material for hemoglobin A 2. cclm [Internet]. 2010 Nov 1;48(11):1611–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 58. Grimalt S, Harbeck S, Shegunova P, Seghers J, Sejerøe-Olsen B, Emteborg H, et al. Development of a new cucumber reference material for pesticide residue analysis: feasibility study for material processing, homogeneity and stability assessment. Anal Bioanal Chem [Internet]. 2015 Apr 28;407(11):3083–91. Available from: <URL>.
  • 59. Lamberty A, Schimmel H, Pauwels J. The study of the stability of reference materials by isochronous measurements. Fresenius J Anal Chem [Internet]. 1998 Feb 1;360(3–4):359–61. Available from: <URL>.
  • 60. Linsinger TPJ, Pauwels J, Lamberty A, Schimmel HG, van der Veen AMH, Siekmann L. Estimating the uncertainty of stability for matrix CRMs. Fresenius J Anal Chem [Internet]. 2001 Jun 1;370(2–3):183–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 61. Linsinger TPJ, Emons H. Characterization of reference materials: proposal for a simplification of the options listed in ISO Guide 34. Accredit Qual Assur [Internet]. 2013 Apr 12;18(2):149–52. Available from: <URL>.
  • 62. Milton MJT, Quinn TJ. Primary methods for the measurement of amount of substance. Metrologia [Internet]. 2001 Aug 1;38(4):289–96. Available from: <URL>.
  • 63. ISO. ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 International Vocabulary of Metrology — Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM). 2007.
  • 64. Trapmann S, Botha A, Linsinger TPJ, Mac Curtain S, Emons H. The new International Standard ISO 17034: general requirements for the competence of reference material producers. Accredit Qual Assur [Internet]. 2017 Dec 26;22(6):381–7. Available from: <URL>.
There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Quality Assurance, Chemometrics, Traceability and Metrological Chemistry
Journal Section REVIEW ARTICLES
Authors

Meriem Outaki 0000-0002-9110-0239

Sarah Loukhmas 0000-0002-2969-9500

Said Gmouh 0000-0002-1500-3744

Ebrahim Kerak 0000-0002-4179-9467

Publication Date May 15, 2024
Submission Date October 15, 2023
Acceptance Date February 16, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

Vancouver Outaki M, Loukhmas S, Gmouh S, Kerak E. Reference materials: A review. JOTCSA. 2024;11(2):751-64.