Synthesis of Dithizone (DHZ) Derivative and Its Use as Ionophore in the Potentiometric Determination of Pb²⁺ Ions

İlyas Yıldız

doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1797323

Synthesis of Dithizone (DHZ) Derivative and Its Use as Ionophore in the Potentiometric Determination of Pb²⁺ Ions

Abstract

In this study, a dithizone (Di-DHZ) derivative was synthesized, characterized by UV-Vis analysis, used as an ionophore in a potentiometric sensor, and selectively used in Pb2+ ion detection. Di-DHZ compound was synthesized by the reaction of dithizone and iodine in dichloromethane. In UV analyses, distinct bathochromic shifts and complex formations were observed, indicating the formation of dithizone (Di-DHZ). To test the effectiveness of potentiometric synchronization, a PVC membrane containing various plasticizers (DBP, DEHA, BEHS) and KTpClPB as additives was developed. Then, Di-DHZ was incorporated into the membrane. The developed sensor exhibited a Nernstian slope of -27.64 mV/decade, a wide linear range (1.0×10⁻⁵–1.0×10⁻¹ mol/L), and a correlation coefficient of R² = 0.9995. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated as 7.59×10⁻9 mol/L and 5.59×10⁻8 LOQ, respectively. The electrode exhibited high selectivity towards Pb²⁺ among interfering ions, including Cd²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Li⁺. A stable potential response was observed across the pH range 4.0-8.0, with optimal performance at near-neutral conditions. The applicability of the sensor was confirmed through EDTA titration and recovery studies using real samples (peach, apricot, and tap water), providing satisfactory recovery rates (93.5-99.6%) and low relative standard deviations (RSD < 0.02%). The experimental results showed that the developed Di-DHZ-based potentiometric sensor provides reliable, selective, and accurate detection of lead ions across various solution environments.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Electroanalytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

İlyas Yıldız ^*
0000-0003-1254-1069
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

January 3, 2026

Publication Date

January 15, 2026

Submission Date

October 6, 2025

Acceptance Date

November 28, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: 2026-1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1797323

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA66ZH96AY

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Yıldız, İ. (2026). Synthesis of Dithizone (DHZ) Derivative and Its Use as Ionophore in the Potentiometric Determination of Pb²⁺ Ions. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, 2026-1, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1797323

AMA

1.Yıldız İ. Synthesis of Dithizone (DHZ) Derivative and Its Use as Ionophore in the Potentiometric Determination of Pb²⁺ Ions. JOTCSA. 2026;(2026-1):1-11. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1797323

Chicago

Yıldız, İlyas. 2026. “Synthesis of Dithizone (DHZ) Derivative and Its Use As Ionophore in the Potentiometric Determination of Pb²⁺ Ions”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, no. 2026-1: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1797323.

EndNote

Yıldız İ (January 1, 2026) Synthesis of Dithizone (DHZ) Derivative and Its Use as Ionophore in the Potentiometric Determination of Pb²⁺ Ions. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026-1 1–11.

IEEE

[1]İ. Yıldız, “Synthesis of Dithizone (DHZ) Derivative and Its Use as Ionophore in the Potentiometric Determination of Pb²⁺ Ions”, JOTCSA, no. 2026-1, pp. 1–11, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.18596/jotcsa.1797323.

ISNAD

Yıldız, İlyas. “Synthesis of Dithizone (DHZ) Derivative and Its Use As Ionophore in the Potentiometric Determination of Pb²⁺ Ions”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry. 2026-1 (January 1, 2026): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1797323.

JAMA

1.Yıldız İ. Synthesis of Dithizone (DHZ) Derivative and Its Use as Ionophore in the Potentiometric Determination of Pb²⁺ Ions. JOTCSA. 2026;:1–11.

MLA

Yıldız, İlyas. “Synthesis of Dithizone (DHZ) Derivative and Its Use As Ionophore in the Potentiometric Determination of Pb²⁺ Ions”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, no. 2026-1, Jan. 2026, pp. 1-11, doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1797323.

Vancouver

1.İlyas Yıldız. Synthesis of Dithizone (DHZ) Derivative and Its Use as Ionophore in the Potentiometric Determination of Pb²⁺ Ions. JOTCSA. 2026 Jan. 1;(2026-1):1-11. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1797323