Green Design and Theoretical Validation of A Novel Anthraquinone-Based Silica Sorbent for Selective Extraction of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from Brackish Aquaculture Water

Taşkın Mumcu

doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1826751

Green Design and Theoretical Validation of A Novel Anthraquinone-Based Silica Sorbent for Selective Extraction of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from Brackish Aquaculture Water

Abstract

In this study, a novel silica-supported sorbent functionalized with 1,4-bis[(4-methoxybenzyl) oxy]anthracene-9,10-dione was prepared and applied for the first time for the selective adsorption and preconcentration of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from brackish aquaculture water. The sorbent was characterized by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, and SEM-EDX, while kinetic modeling revealed that the adsorption process follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R² > 0.999), indicating chemisorption-like kinetics for the rate-controlling step. Experimental parameters (pH, sorbent dosage, contact time, and temperature) were optimized using the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach and statistically validated via one-way ANOVA. Under optimal conditions (pH 6.0, 4 mg, 15 min), the method achieved high recoveries (96–99%), low detection limits (Pb: 1.5 µg/L; Cd: 1.6 µg/L), and excellent precision (RSD <2%). Matrix effect studies demonstrated the robustness and reliability of the method, showing <10% signal suppression and maintaining strong selectivity even in the presence of common coexisting ions (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺). The sorbent preserved more than 90% of its adsorption capacity after five reuse cycles, indicating excellent stability and reusability. DFT analysis supported experimental findings, revealing a reduced HOMO–LUMO energy gap and stronger Pb(II)–ligand interactions, confirming the sorbent’s superior affinity toward Pb(II). Green analytical assessment (Eco-Scale: 82, AGREE: 0.87, GAPI: predominantly green profile) verified the method’s environmental compatibility, highlighting its minimal solvent use, low energy demand, and short analysis time. Overall, this study presents a selective, robust, reusable, and environmentally sustainable analytical method, introducing a new silica-based sorbent that effectively integrates experimental performance and theoretical validation for trace-level determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II).

Keywords

Supporting Institution

The author declares that this research did not receive any financial support from any funding agency.

Ethical Statement

This study does not involve any experiments on humans, human tissues, or animals. No live cells or biological materials were used. Therefore, ethical approval was not required for this research. All procedures in this study complied with institutional, national, and international guidelines on research ethics.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Instrumental Methods

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Taşkın Mumcu ^*
0000-0002-0675-8934
Türkiye

Publication Date

March 9, 2026

Submission Date

November 19, 2025

Acceptance Date

February 10, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: 2026-1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1826751

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA84KY27UD

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Mumcu, T. (2026). Green Design and Theoretical Validation of A Novel Anthraquinone-Based Silica Sorbent for Selective Extraction of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from Brackish Aquaculture Water. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, 2026-1, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1826751

AMA

1.Mumcu T. Green Design and Theoretical Validation of A Novel Anthraquinone-Based Silica Sorbent for Selective Extraction of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from Brackish Aquaculture Water. JOTCSA. 2026;(2026-1):1-22. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1826751

Chicago

Mumcu, Taşkın. 2026. “Green Design and Theoretical Validation of A Novel Anthraquinone-Based Silica Sorbent for Selective Extraction of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from Brackish Aquaculture Water”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, no. 2026-1: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1826751.

EndNote

Mumcu T (March 1, 2026) Green Design and Theoretical Validation of A Novel Anthraquinone-Based Silica Sorbent for Selective Extraction of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from Brackish Aquaculture Water. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026-1 1–22.

IEEE

[1]T. Mumcu, “Green Design and Theoretical Validation of A Novel Anthraquinone-Based Silica Sorbent for Selective Extraction of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from Brackish Aquaculture Water”, JOTCSA, no. 2026-1, pp. 1–22, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.18596/jotcsa.1826751.

ISNAD

Mumcu, Taşkın. “Green Design and Theoretical Validation of A Novel Anthraquinone-Based Silica Sorbent for Selective Extraction of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from Brackish Aquaculture Water”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry. 2026-1 (March 1, 2026): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1826751.

JAMA

1.Mumcu T. Green Design and Theoretical Validation of A Novel Anthraquinone-Based Silica Sorbent for Selective Extraction of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from Brackish Aquaculture Water. JOTCSA. 2026;:1–22.

MLA

Mumcu, Taşkın. “Green Design and Theoretical Validation of A Novel Anthraquinone-Based Silica Sorbent for Selective Extraction of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from Brackish Aquaculture Water”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, no. 2026-1, Mar. 2026, pp. 1-22, doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1826751.

Vancouver

1.Taşkın Mumcu. Green Design and Theoretical Validation of A Novel Anthraquinone-Based Silica Sorbent for Selective Extraction of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from Brackish Aquaculture Water. JOTCSA. 2026 Mar. 1;(2026-1):1-22. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1826751