Facile Green Synthesis of CaO Nanoparticles from Cyperus Extract for an Enhanced Potentiometric Sensor for the Determination of Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulations

Dhia Jumaa Yassin; Fadam Abdoon; Amina M. Abass

doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1842907

Facile Green Synthesis of CaO Nanoparticles from Cyperus Extract for an Enhanced Potentiometric Sensor for the Determination of Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulations

Abstract

In this study, a facile and green synthesis approach was employed to prepare calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs) using Cyperus plant extract as a natural and eco-friendly reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized CaO NPs were incorporated as a membrane modifier in a potentiometric sensor for the enhanced determination of the antihistamine drug pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (PSDO). Two sensors were fabricated: a conventional sensor based on a PSDO–phosphotungstic acid (PTA)–tributyl phosphate (TBP) membrane and a CaO nanoparticle–modified sensor (PSDO–PTA–TBP–CaO NPs). The modified sensor exhibited a broader linear concentration range (1.0 × 10⁻²–1.0 × 10⁻⁸ mol·L⁻¹) compared to the conventional sensor (1.0 × 10⁻²–1.0 × 10⁻⁶ mol·L⁻¹), along with an improved Nernstian slope of 58.03 mV·decade⁻¹ compared with 54.00 mV·decade⁻¹ obtained for the conventional sensor, as well as excellent correlation coefficients (R² = 0.9997 and 0.9994, respectively). Moreover, the detection limit was markedly improved from 2.18 × 10⁻⁷ mol·L⁻¹ for the conventional sensor to 4.6 × 10⁻⁹ mol·L⁻¹ for the CaO NP–modified sensor. The proposed sensor demonstrated superior sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response toward PSDO determination in both pure and pharmaceutical formulations. These findings highlight the significant role of green-synthesized CaO nanoparticles in enhancing potentiometric sensor performance and further support their potential application in sustainable electrochemical sensing systems.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Tikrit University, College of Science, Department of Chemistry.

Project Number

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies.

Ethical Statement

This study does not involve human participants or animal experiments. Therefore, ethical approval was not required.

Thanks

The authors would like to thank the Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tikrit University, for providing laboratory facilities and technical support.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Electroanalytical Chemistry, Sensor Technology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Dhia Jumaa Yassin
0000-0000-0000-0000
Iraq

Fadam Abdoon ^*
0000-0003-1026-0300
Iraq

Amina M. Abass
0000-0003-3043-9076
Iraq

Publication Date

May 1, 2026

Submission Date

December 15, 2025

Acceptance Date

April 9, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: 2026-1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1842907

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA39HJ88RZ

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Yassin, D. J., Abdoon, F., & Abass, A. M. (2026). Facile Green Synthesis of CaO Nanoparticles from Cyperus Extract for an Enhanced Potentiometric Sensor for the Determination of Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulations. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, 2026-1, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1842907

AMA

1.Yassin DJ, Abdoon F, Abass AM. Facile Green Synthesis of CaO Nanoparticles from Cyperus Extract for an Enhanced Potentiometric Sensor for the Determination of Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulations. JOTCSA. 2026;(2026-1):1-12. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1842907

Chicago

Yassin, Dhia Jumaa, Fadam Abdoon, and Amina M. Abass. 2026. “Facile Green Synthesis of CaO Nanoparticles from Cyperus Extract for an Enhanced Potentiometric Sensor for the Determination of Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulations”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, no. 2026-1: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1842907.

EndNote

Yassin DJ, Abdoon F, Abass AM (May 1, 2026) Facile Green Synthesis of CaO Nanoparticles from Cyperus Extract for an Enhanced Potentiometric Sensor for the Determination of Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulations. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026-1 1–12.

IEEE

[1]D. J. Yassin, F. Abdoon, and A. M. Abass, “Facile Green Synthesis of CaO Nanoparticles from Cyperus Extract for an Enhanced Potentiometric Sensor for the Determination of Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulations”, JOTCSA, no. 2026-1, pp. 1–12, May 2026, doi: 10.18596/jotcsa.1842907.

ISNAD

Yassin, Dhia Jumaa - Abdoon, Fadam - Abass, Amina M. “Facile Green Synthesis of CaO Nanoparticles from Cyperus Extract for an Enhanced Potentiometric Sensor for the Determination of Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulations”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry. 2026-1 (May 1, 2026): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1842907.

JAMA

1.Yassin DJ, Abdoon F, Abass AM. Facile Green Synthesis of CaO Nanoparticles from Cyperus Extract for an Enhanced Potentiometric Sensor for the Determination of Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulations. JOTCSA. 2026;:1–12.

MLA

Yassin, Dhia Jumaa, et al. “Facile Green Synthesis of CaO Nanoparticles from Cyperus Extract for an Enhanced Potentiometric Sensor for the Determination of Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulations”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, no. 2026-1, May 2026, pp. 1-12, doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1842907.

Vancouver

1.Dhia Jumaa Yassin, Fadam Abdoon, Amina M. Abass. Facile Green Synthesis of CaO Nanoparticles from Cyperus Extract for an Enhanced Potentiometric Sensor for the Determination of Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulations. JOTCSA. 2026 May 1;(2026-1):1-12. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1842907