DETERMINATION OF BISPHENOL A IN THERMAL PAPER RECEIPTS

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical substance which is produced in great quantities globally and of which serious negative effects on endocrine system are suspected. It’s a commonly used color developer in thermal paper. BPA used for this purpose is in free, unbound form and one of the potential sources for BPA exposure of humans. In this study, 12 thermal paper receipt samples were collected from various workplaces selected randomly and analyzed. BPA was determined in all samples. Average value of high BPA concentrations obtained from 10 samples was found as 13.83 mg BPA/g paper. At the same time, low values being 0.40 mg BPA/g paper and 0.11 mg BPA/g paper respectively were found in two samples as compared to others.

References

1. Geens T, Aerts D, Berthot C, Bourguignon J.P, Goeyens L, Lecomte P, Maghuin-Rogisterg G, Pironnet A.M, Pussemier L, Scippo M.L, Van Loco J, Covacia A. A review of dietary and non-dietary exposure to bisphenol-A. Food Chem. Toxicol.2012a;50(10):3725-3740. DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.059.
2. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food on a request from the Commission related to 2,2-bis(4-hydroxphenyl)propane (bisphenol A) question number EFSA-Q-2005–100, adopted on 29 November 2006. The EFSA Journal.2006; 428:1–75. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.428
3. NTP (2008) NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of bisphenol A, September 2008, NIH Publication No. 08 – 5994. URL: http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/chemicals/bisphenol/bisphenol.pdf
4. EFSA (2008) Opinion on the toxicokinetics of bisphenol A. The EFSA Journal 759:1–10. URL:http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/759.pdf
5. Christiansen S, Axelstad M, Boberg J, Vinggaard A.M, Pedersen G.A, Hass U. Low-dose effects of bisphenol A on early sexual development in male and female rats. Reproduction.2014;147: 477–487. DOI:10.1530/REP-13-0377.
6. Frederick V, Hughes C. An Extensive New Literature Concerning Low-Dose Effects of Bisphenol A Shows the Need for a New Risk Assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005;113:926–933. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7713.
7. Mielkea H, Partoschb F, Gundert-Remya U. The contribution of dermal exposure to the internal exposure of bisphenol A in man. Toxicology Letters.2011; 204:190–198.DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.04.032
8. URL: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/sya-bpa/

9. Geens T, Nells H, Covaci A. Sensitive and selective method for the determination of bisphenol-A and triclosan in serum and urine as pentafluorobenzoate-derivatives using GC–ECNI/MS. J.Chromatogr. B.2009;877:4042-4046.DOI:10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.10.017.
10. JRC-IHCP, 2008. European Union Risk Assessment Report: 4, 4’- isopropylidenediphenol (Bisphenol-A). Eur. Union 2008, 201–245. DOI:10.2788/40195.
11. PlasticsEurope, 2007. Applications of Bisphenol A. Polycarbonate/Bisphenol A (BPA) group of the industry association PlasticsEurope. URL:http://www.bisphenol-aeurope.org/uploads/applications%20of%20BPA%20Sept%2008.pdf.
12. Terasaki M, Shiraishi F, Fukazawa HI, Makino M. Occurrence and estrogenicity of phenolics in paper-recycling process water: pollutants originating from thermal paper in waste paper. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2007;26:2356–66. DOI: 10.1897/06-642R.1.
13. Takahashi Y, Shirai A, Segawa T, Takahashi T, Sakakibara K. Why does a color developing phenomenon occur on thermal paper comprising of a fluoran dye and a color developer molecule? Bull Chem Soc Jpn. 2002;75:2225–31. DOI:10.1246/bcsj.75.2225.
14. Petersen H, Schaefer A, Buckow C.A, Simat T.J, Steinhart H. Determination of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and its derivatives in food: identification and quantification by internal Standard. Eur Food Res Technol.2003; 216:355–364. DOI: 10.1007/s00217-002-0648-1.
15. Goldinger D.M,Demierre A.L,Zoller O,Rupp H, Reinhard H,Magnin R, Becker T.W, Bourqui-Pittet M. Endocrine activity of alternatives to BPA found in thermal paper in Switzerland. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol.2015;71(3):453-62. DOI:10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.01.002.
16. Lu S.Y,Chang W.J,Sojinu S.O,Ni H.G.Bisphenol A in supermarket receipts and its exposure to human in Shenzhen, China.Chemosphere.2013;92(9):1190–1194. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.096
17. Lassen C,Mikkelsen S.H,Brandt U.K.Migration of Bisphenol A from Cash Register Receipts and Baby Dummies.Environmental Protection Agency. (2011);1–67. URL:http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2011/04/978-87-92708-93-9.pdf.
18. Liao C,Kannan K.Widespread occurrence of bisphenol A in paper and paper products: implications for human exposure.Environ. Sci. Technol.2011;45 (21):9372–9379. DOI: 10.1021/es202507f.
19. Mendum T,Stoler E,VanBenschoten H,Warner J.C. Concentration of bisphenol A in thermal paper.Green Chem. Lett. Rev.2011;4(1):81–86.DOI: 10.1080/17518253.2010.502908.
20. Biedermann S, Tschudin P, Grob K. Transfer of bisphenol A from thermal printer paper to the skin.2010;398:571-576. DOI 10.1007/s00216-010-3936-9.
21. Porras S, Heinälä M, Santonen T. Bisphenol A exposure via thermal paper receipts.Toxicol Lett.2014 Nov 4;230(3):413-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.08.020.
22. Geens T,Goeyens L,Kannan K,Neels H,Covaci A. Levels of bisphenol-A in thermal paper receipts from Belgium and estimation of human exposure.Sci Total Environ.2012; 435-436:30-3. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.00.
23. Liao C,Kannan K.High levels of bisphenol A in paper currencies from several countries, and implications for dermal exposure.Environ Sci Technol.2011b;45: 6761–6768. DOI: 10.1021/es200977t.
24. Pivnenko K,Pedersen G.A,Eriksson E,Astrup T.F. Bisphenol A and its structural analogues in household waste paper.Waste Management.2015;44:39-47. DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.017.