Determination of bisphenol A in plastic bottle packaging beverage samples using ultrasonic-assisted extraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract

In this work, a versatile and simple ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) procedure, which provides high separation efficiency for bisphenol A, was developed for its indirect determination in beverages in contact with plastic containers by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The method is based on charge transfer reaction, in which bisphenol A reacts with Cu(II) in alkaline tartrate solutions of pH 8.0 to produce Cu(I), which reacts with ion-pairing reagent, promethazine being a phenothiazine derivative (PMZ), in presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). For the indirect determination of bisphenol A using FAAS, the signal change of Cu(II) was investigated in detail depending on bisphenol A concentration. At optimal conditions, the analytical features of the method were obtained as follows; linear ranges of 1.5-100 µg L^-1 for direct aqueous calibration solutions and 3-125 µg L^-1 for matrix matched calibration solutions;the limits of detection and quantification of 0.47 and 1.56 µg L^-1; sensitivity enhancement and preconcentration factors of 135 and 150, respectively. The validity of method was tested by repeatability/reproducibility precision studies using standard addition method. As the last, the method was successfully applied to determination of bisphenol A in selected samples.

Keywords

• Bisphenol A,promethazine,preconcentration,beverage samples,human health,flame atomic absorption spectrometry

References

1. 1. Braunrath, R, Podlipna, D, Padlesak, S, Cichna-Markl M. Determination of bisphenol A in canned foods by immunoaffinity chromatography, HPLC, and fluorescence detection. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2005; 53(23): 8911-8917.
2. 2. Calafat AM, Kuklenyik Z, Reidy JA, Caudill SP, Ekong J, Needham LL. Urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol in a human reference population. Environmental health perspectives. 2005; 391-395.
3. 3. Mei S, Wu D, Jiang M, Lu B, Lim JM, Zhou YK, Lee YI. Determination of trace bisphenol A in complex samples using selective molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled with capillary electrophoresis. Microchemical Journal. 2011; 98(1): 150-155.
4. 4. Lang IA, Galloway TS, Scarlett A, Henley WE, Depledge M, Wallace RB, Melzer D. Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults. Jama. 2008; 300(11): 1303-1310.
5. 5. Najafi M, Khalilzadeh MA, Karimi-Maleh H. A new strategy for determination of bisphenol A in the presence of Sudan I using a ZnO/CNTs/ionic liquid paste electrode in food samples. Food chemistry. 2014; 158: 125-131.
6. 6. Christian LJ, Mortensen A. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2007.
7. 7. Commission Directive 2011/8/EU of 28 January 2011 amending Directive 2002/72/EC as regards the restriction of use of bisphenol A in plastic infant feeding bottles. Off J Eur Union. L26/11
8. 8. García-Prieto A, Lunar ML, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D. Determination of urinary bisphenol A by coacervativemicroextraction and liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection. Analyticachimica acta. 2008; 630(1): 19-27.

9. 9. Alabi A, Caballero-Casero N, Rubio S. Quick and simple sample treatment for multiresidue analysis of bisphenols, bisphenol diglycidyl ethers and their derivatives in canned food prior to liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. Journal of Chromatography A. 2014; 1336: 23-33.
10. 10. Wilczewska K, Namieśnik J, Wasik A. Troubleshooting of the determination of bisphenol A at ultra-trace levels by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. 2016; 408(3): 1009-1013.
11. 11. Deceuninck Y, Bichon E, Marchand P, Boquien CY, Legrand A, Boscher C, Le Bizec B. Determination of bisphenol A and related substitutes/analogues in human breast milk using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. 2015; 407(9): 2485-2497.
12. 12. Zhang X, Zhu D, Huang C, Sun Y, Lee YI. Sensitive detection of bisphenol A in complex samples by in-column molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled with capillary electrophoresis. Microchemical Journal. 2015; 121: 1-5.
13. 13. Zhong S, Tan SN, Ge L, Wang W, Chen, J. Determination of bisphenol A and naphthols in river water samples by capillary zone electrophoresis after cloud point extraction. Talanta. 2011; 85(1): 488-492.
14. 14. De Meulenaer B, Baert K, Lanckriet H, Van Hoed V, Huyghebaert A. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bisphenol A using chicken immunoglobulins. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2002; 50(19): 5273-5282.
15. 15. Li J, Kuang D, Feng Y, Zhang F, Liu M. Voltammetric determination of bisphenol A in food package by a glassy carbon electrode modified with carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Microchimica Acta. 2011; 172(3-4): 379-386.
16. 16. Chen X, Ren T, Ma M, Wang Z, Zhan G, Li C. Voltammetric sensing of bisphenol A based on a single-walled carbon nanotubes/poly {3-butyl-1-[3-(N-pyrrolyl) propyl] imidazolium ionic liquid} composite film modified electrode. Electrochimica Acta. 2013; 111: 49-56.
17. 17. Karimi-Maleh H, Sanati AL, Gupta VK, Yoosefian M, Asif M, Bahari A Avoltammetric biosensor based on ionic liquid/NiO nanoparticle modified carbon paste electrode for the determination of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2014; 204: 647-654.
18. 18. Sánchez-Brunete C, Miguel E, Tadeo JL. Determination of tetrabromobisphenol-A, tetrachlorobisphenol-A and bisphenol-A in soil by ultrasonic assisted extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 2009; 1216(29):5497-5503.
19. 19. O’Mahony J, Moloney M, McCormack M, Nicholls IA, Mizaikoff B, Danaher M. Design and implementation of an imprinted material for the extraction of the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A from milk. Journal of Chromatography B. 2013; 931, 164-169.
20. 20. Yi-Jun YU, Guan-Yong SU, Michael HW, Paul KS, Hong-Xia YU. Cloud point extraction of bisphenol A from water utilizing cationic surfactant aliquat 336. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2009; 37(12): 1717-1721.
21. 21. Cunha SC, Cunha C, Ferreira AR, Fernandes JO. Determination of bisphenol A and bisphenol B in canned seafood combining QuEChERS extraction with dispersive liquid–liquid microextractionfollowed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. 2012; 404(8): 2453-2463.
22. 22. Hu X, Wu X, Yang F, Wang Q, He C,Liu S. Novel surface dummy molecularly imprinted silica as sorbent for solid-phase extraction of bisphenol A from water samples. Talanta. 2016; 148: 29-36.
23. 23. Chemat F, Rombaut N, Sicaire AG, Meullemiestre A, Fabiano-Tixier AS, Abert-Vian M. Ultrasound assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. A review. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry.2017; 34:540-560.
24. 24. Altunay N, Gürkan, R. An Inexpensive and Sensitive Method for Speciative Determination of Sn (IV), Sn (II), and Total Sn as Sn (IV) in Selected Beverages by Micellar Improved Spectrophotometry. Food Analytical Methods. 2015; 8(4): 994-1004.
25. 25. Li JL, Chen BH. Equilibrium partition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a cloud-point extraction process. Journal of colloid and interface science. 2003; 263(2):625-632.
26. 26. Bai D, Li J, Chen SB, Chen BH. A novel cloud-point extraction process for preconcentrating selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous solution. Environmental science & technology. 2001; 35(19): 3936-3940.
27. 27. Deng P, Xu Z, Kuang Y. Electrochemical determination of bisphenol A in plastic bottled drinking water and canned beverages using a molecularly imprinted chitosan–graphene composite film modified electrode. Food chemistry. 2014; 157: 490-497.
28. 28. Liu X, Ji Y, Zhang H, Liu M. Elimination of matrix effects in the determination of bisphenol A in milk by solid-phase microextraction–high-performance liquid chromatography. Food Additives and Contaminants. 2008; 25(6); 772-778.
29. 29. Katzung, B. G., Masters, S. B., & Trevor, A. J. (Eds.). (2004). Basic & clinical pharmacology (Vol. 8). New York, NY, USA:: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill.
30. 30. BagheriGhomi A, Mazinani F. Spectrophotometric Study of Stability Constants of Metal Complexes of Promethazine at Different Temperatures. Physical Chemistry & Electrochemistry. 2013; 2(1): 13-19.
31. 31. Kabir-ud-Din, Rub, MA, Alam MS. Micellization and Clouding Phenomenon of Phenothiazine Drug Promethazine Hydrochloride: Effect of NaCl and Urea Addition. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology. 2010; 31(9): 1182-1187.
32. 32. Ballesteros J C, Chainet E., Ozil, P., Meas, Y., & Trejo, G. (2011). Electrodeposition of Copper from Non-Cyanide Alkaline Solution Containing Tartrate. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci, 6, 2632-2651.
33. 33. Huang W, Zhou D, Liu X, Zheng X. Electrochemical determination of phenol using CTAB‐functionalized montmorillonite electrode. Environmental technology. 2009; 30(7):701-706.
34. 34. Kim BK, Kim JY, Kim DH, Choi HN, Lee WY. Electrochemical determination of bisphenol A at carbon nanotube-doped titania-nafion composite modified electrode. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society. 2013; 34(4): 1065-1069.
35. 35. Gallart-Ayala H, Moyano E, Galceran MT. On-line solid phase extraction fast liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of bisphenol A and its chlorinated derivatives in water samples. Journal of Chromatography A. 2010; 1217(21):3511-3518.
36. 36. Rezaee M, Yamini Y, Shariati S, Esrafili A, Shamsipur M. Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detection as a very simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of bisphenol A in water samples. Journal of Chromatography A. 2009; 1216(9): 1511-1514.
37. 37. Ohkuma H, Abe K, Ito M, Kokado A, Kambegawa A, Maeda M. Development of a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bisphenol A in serum. Analyst. 2002; 127(1): 93-97.
38. 38. Deng L, Liu Y X, Chen PY, Wang L, Deng NS. Determination of trace bisphenol A in leachate by solid phase microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography. Analytical letters. 2006; 39(2): 395-404.
39. 39. Cunha SC, Almeida C, Mendes E, Fernandes JO. Simultaneous determination of bisphenol A and bisphenol B in beverages and powdered infant formula by dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction and heart-cutting multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Additives and Contaminants. 2011; 28(4): 513-526.
40. 40. Kawaguchi M, Inoue K, Yoshimura M, Ito R, Sakui N, Okanouchi N, Nakazawa H. Determination of bisphenol A in river water and body fluid samples by stir bar sorptive extraction with in situ derivatization and thermal desorption-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B. 2004; 805(1): 41-48.