Mineralization of Hydrochlorothiazide using Hydrogen Peroxide in Subcritical Water

Abstract

In this paper, we investigated the mineralization of hydrochlorothiazide, a diuretic drug which is used for the treatment of hypertension, using H₂O₂ as the oxidizing agent in subcritical water as a medium. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize experimental parameters such as temperature, treatment time, and concentration of the oxidizing agent. 85.22% of TOC removal was obtained at 403 K, 80 mM of hydrogen peroxide and 147.3 min. The reliability of the performed method was evaluated by ANOVA and the theoretical equation of TOC removal of hydrochlorothiazide was proposed. F and p values of the model were determined as 62.88 and lower than 0.0001, respectively.  

Keywords

• Hydrochlorothiazide,Degradation,Subcritical water,Hydrogen peroxide,Response surface methodology

References

1. 1. Ahmed MB, Kumer A, Islam M, Islam TSA. The Photochemical Degradation (PCD) of Nitrobenzene (NB) using UV Light and Fenton Reagent Under Various Conditions. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society, Section A: Chemistry. 2018;5(2):803-818.
2. 2. Lima DRS, Tonucci MC, Libânio M, Aquino SFD. Pharmaceuticals and etrndocrine disrupting compounds in Brazilian waters: occurrence and removal techniques. Engenharia Sanitaria E Ambiental. 2017 Nov-Dec;22(6):1043–1054.
3. 3. Li Z, Sobek A, Radke M. Fate of pharmaceuticals and their transformation products in four small European rivers receiving treated wastewater. Environmental Science & Technology. 2016 Jun;50(11):5614–5621.
4. 4. López-Serna R, Jurado A, Vázquez-Suñé E, Carrera J, Petrović M, Barceló, D. Occurrence of 95 pharmaceuticals and transformation products in urban groundwaters underlying the metropolis of Barcelona, Spain. Environmental Pollution. 2013 Mar;174:305–315.
5. 5. Benotti MJ, Trenholm RA, Vanderford BJ, Holady JC, Stanford BD, Snyder SA. Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in US drinking water. Environmental Science & Technology. 2009 Feb;43(3):597–603.
6. 6. Yabalak E, Görmez Ö, Gizir AM. Subcritical water oxidation of propham by H2O2 using response surface methodology (RSM). Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B. 2018;53(5):334–339.
7. 7. Yabalak, E. Degradation of ticarcillin by subcritial water oxidation method: Application of response surface methodology and artificial neural network modeling. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2018.1471023.
8. 8. Emire Z, Yabalak E, Görmez Ö, Gizir AM. Solubility and degradation of paracetamol in subcritical water. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society. 2017;82(1):99–106.

9. 9. Yabalak E, Adiguzel SK, Adiguzel AO, Ergene RS, Tuncer M, Gizir AM. Application of response surface methodology for the optimization of oxacillin degradation by subcritical water oxidation using H2O2: genotoxicity and antimicrobial activity analysis of treated samples. Desalination and Water Water Treatment. 2017 Jun;81:186–198.
10. 10. Turabik M, Oturan N, Gözmen B, Oturan MA. Efficient removal of insecticide “imidacloprid” from water by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2014 Jul;21(14):8387–8397.
11. 11. Hasan N, Moon GH, Park J, Park J, Kim J. Visible light-induced degradation of sulfa drugs on pure TiO2 through ligand-to-metal charge transfer. Separation and Purification Technology. 2018 Sep;203:242–250.
12. 12. Giahi M. Photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac sodium in aqueous solution using N, S, and C-doped ZnO. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2015 Dec;88(12):2044–2049.
13. 13. Ji Y, Wang L, Jiang M, Yang Y, Yang P, Lu J, Ferronato C, Chovelon, J-M. Ferrous-activated peroxymonosulfate oxidation of antimicrobial agent sulfaquinoxaline and structurally related compounds in aqueous solution: kinetics, products, and transformation pathways. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017 Aug;24(24):19535–19545.
14. 14. Altamimi MA, Elzayat EM, Alhowyan AA, Alshehri S, Shakeel F. Effect of β-cyclodextrin and different surfactants on solubility, stability, and permeability of hydrochlorothiazide. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2018 Jan;250:323–328.
15. 15. Phechkrajang CM, Quynh PTN, Suntornsuk L. Forced Degradation Studies of Candesartan Cilexetil and Hydrochlorothiazide Using a Validated Stability-Indicating HPLC-UV Method. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 2017 Aug;51(5):416–424.
16. 16. Armaković SJ, Armaković S, Četojević-Simin DD, Šibul F, Abramović BF. Photocatalytic degradation of 4-amino-6-chlorobenzene-1,3-disulfonamide stable hydrolysis product of hydrochlorothiazide: Detection of intermediates and their toxicity. Environmental Pollution. 2018 Feb;233:916–924.
17. 17. Petrović M, Škrbić B, Živančev J, Ferrando-Climent L, Barcelo D. Determination of 81 pharmaceutical drugs by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with hybrid triple quadrupole–linear ion trap in different types of water in Serbia. Science of the Total Environment. 2014 Jan;468:415–428.
18. 18. Real FJ, Acero JL, Benitez FJ, Roldán G, Fernández LC. Oxidation of hydrochlorothiazide by UV radiation, hydroxyl radicals and ozone: Kinetics and elimination from water systems. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2010 May;160(1):72–78.
19. 19. Mahajan AA, Thaker AK, Mohanraj K. LC, LC-MS/MS studies for the identification and characterization of degradation products of hydrochlorothiazide and establishment of mechanistic approach towards degradation. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society. 2012 Mar;23(3):445–452.
20. 20. Márquez G, Rodríguez EM, Beltrán FJ, Álvarez PM. Solar photocatalytic ozonation of a mixture of pharmaceutical compounds in water. Chemosphere. 2014 Oct:113;71–78.
21. 21. Contreras N, Vidal J, Berríos C, Villegas L, Salazar R. Degradation of antihypertensive hydrochlorothiazide in water from pharmaceutical formulations by electro-oxidation using a BDD anode. International Journal of Electrochemical Science. 2015 Sep;10(11):9269–9285.
22. 22. Paiva VAB, Paniagua CES, Ricardo IA, Gonçalves BR, Martins SP, Daniel D, Machado AEH, Trovó AG. Simultaneous degradation of pharmaceuticals by classic and modified photo-Fenton process. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2018 Feb;6(1):1086–1092.
23. 23. Armaković SJ, Armaković S, Četojević-Simin DD, Šibul F, Abramović BF. Photocatalytic degradation of 4-amino-6-chlorobenzene-1, 3-disulfonamide stable hydrolysis product of hydrochlorothiazide: Detection of intermediates and their toxicity. Environmental Pollution. 2018 Feb;233:916–924.
24. 24. Phechkrajang CM, Quynh PTN, Suntornsuk L. Forced Degradation Studies of Candesartan Cilexetil and Hydrochlorothiazide Using a Validated Stability-Indicating HPLC-UV Method. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 2017 Aug;51(5):416–424.
25. 25. Borowska E, Bourgin M, Hollender J, Kienle C, McArdell CS, Von Gunten U. Oxidation of cetirizine, fexofenadine and hydrochlorothiazide during ozonation: Kinetics and formation of transformation products. Water Research. 2016 May;94:350–362.
26. 26. Yabalak E, Gizir MA. Subcritical and supercritical fluid extraction of heavy metals from sand and sewage sludge. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society. 2013;78(7):1013–1022.
27. 27. Yabalak E, Görmez Ö, Gözmen B, Gizir AM. The solubility of sebacic acid in subcritical water using the response surface methodology. International Journal of Industrial Chemistry. 2015 Mar;6(1):23–29.
28. 28. Nural Y, Gemili M, Yabalak E, De Coen L, Ulger M. Green synthesis of highly functionalized octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole derivatives using subcritical water, and their anti(myco)bacterial and antifungal activity. Arkivoc. 2018;2018(5):51–64.
29. 29. Demirkol O, Akbaſlar D, Giray ES. Clean and efficient synthesis of flavanone in sub-critical water. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 2013 Sep;81:217–220.
30. 30. Ribeiro RS, Silva AM, Figueiredo JL, Faria JL, Gomes HT. Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation: a route towards the application of hybrid magnetic carbon nanocomposites for the degradation of organic pollutants. A review. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 2016 Jun;187:428–460.
31. 31. Fu J, Kyzas GZ. Wet air oxidation for the decolorization of dye wastewater: An overview of the last two decades. Chinese Journal of Catalysis. 2014 Jan;35(1):1–7.
32. 32. Singh KP, Gupta S, Singh AK, Sinha S. Optimizing adsorption of crystal violet dye from water by magnetic nanocomposite using response surface modeling approach. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2011 Feb;186(2-3):1462–1473.
33. 33. Abdullah AZ, Salamatinia B, Kamaruddin AH. Application of response surface methodology for the optimization of NaOH treatment on oil palm frond towards improvement in the sorption of heavy metals. Desalination. 2009 Aug;244(1–3):227–238.
34. 34. Llop A, Pocurull E, Borrull F. Evaluation of the removal of pollutants from petrochemical wastewater using a membrane bioreactor treatment plant. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 2009 Feb;197(1–4):349–359.
35. 35. Krowiak AW, Chojnacka K, Podstawczyk D, Dawiec A, Pokomeda K. Application of response surface methodology and artificial neural network methods in modelling and optimization of biosorption process. Bioresource Technology. 2014 May;160:150–160.
36. 36. Pilkington JL, Preston C, Gomes RL. Comparison of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) towards efficient extraction of artemisinin from Artemisia annua. Industrial Crops and Products. 2014 Jul;58:15–24.
37. 37. Yabalak E, Görmez Ö, Sönmez Gözmen B. Degradation, dephenolisation and dearomatisation of olive mill wastewater by subcritical water oxidation method using hydrogen peroxide: Application of multi-response central composite design. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society. 2018;83:489–502.