Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): Chemical Components and Their Effective Clinical Applications

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 883 - 898, 31.08.2021

Thi Sinh Vo , Tran Thi Bich Chau Vo , Tran Thi Thu Ngoc Vo Thi Ngoc Huyen Lai

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.913136

Cited By: 20

Abstract

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is widely utilized as a spice, food colorant, and preservative in India, China, and South-East Asia. With containing potential turmeric extracts and compounds, it has been utilized in traditional medicine for various diseases counting diabetes, hepatitis, hemorrhoids, hysteria, indigestion, skin disease, inflammation, anorexia, hepatic disorders, cough, and sinusitis, etc. So far, a large number of work has been conducted to find and prove biological activities and pharmacological applications of turmeric and its extracts in both animals and humans. In particular, curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a characteristic component with major yellow bioactive turmeric feature, has been found to possess numerous biological actions. Nonetheless, the polyphenol compound in curcumin has been limited for human disease treatments even though adequate studies are utilized in animal trials. Plenty of ongoing studies are also contributing significantly to this promising molecule that to the forefront of human therapeutics as well as its activities in health benefits. Thus, curcumin and some turmeric extracts are considered as non-toxic and highly promising compounds with a lot of potentially biological functions based on an appropriately used dose. It is expected that curcumin and some turmeric extracts can be explored in novel medical applications in the future to effectively against or treat various diseases. Here, we hope that it is likely a good and right approach for using and encouraging this product, and its chemical components and effective clinical applications will be briefly summarized in disease treatments.

Keywords

Turmeric, Curcuma longa L., Curcumin, Curcuminoids, Disease

References

• 1. Began G, Goto M, Kodama A, Hirose T. Response surfaces of total oil yield of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in supercritical carbon dioxide. Food Research International. 2000 Jun;33(5):341–5.
• 2. Goel A, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin as “Curecumin”: From kitchen to clinic. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2008 Feb;75(4):787–809.
• 3. Chan EWC, Lim YY, Wong SK, Lim KK, Tan SP, Lianto FS, et al. Effects of different drying methods on the antioxidant properties of leaves and tea of ginger species. Food Chemistry. 2009 Mar;113(1):166–72.
• 4. Himesh S, Sharan PS, Mishra K, Govind N, Singhai A. Qualitative and quantitative profile of curcumin from ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa. Int Res J Pharm. 2011;2(4):180–4.
• 5. Joshi P, Jain S, Sharma V. Turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) a natural source of edible yellow colour. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 2009 Dec;44(12):2402–6.
• 6. Aggarwal BB, Kumar A, Bharti AC. Anticancer potential of curcumin: preclinical and clinical studies. Anticancer research. 2003;23(1/A):363–98.
• 7. Amin KA, Abdel Hameid H, Abd Elsttar AH. Effect of food azo dyes tartrazine and carmoisine on biochemical parameters related to renal, hepatic function and oxidative stress biomarkers in young male rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2010 Oct;48(10):2994–9.
• 8. Downham A, Collins P. Colouring our foods in the last and next millennium. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 2000 Feb;35(1):5–22.
• 9. Chatzinasiou L, Booker A, MacLennan E, Mackonochie M, Heinrich M. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) products: What quality differences exist? Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2019 Sep;17–18:100281.
• 10. Bavarsad K, Riahi MM, Saadat S, Barreto G, Atkin SL, Sahebkar A. Protective effects of curcumin against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the liver. Pharmacological Research. 2019 Mar;141:53–62.
• 11. Grover M, Shah K, Khullar G, Gupta J, Behl T. Investigation of the utility of Curcuma caesia in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2019 Apr 12;71(5):725–32.
• 12. Kwiecien S, Magierowski M, Majka J, Ptak-Belowska A, Wojcik D, Sliwowski Z, et al. Curcumin: A Potent Protectant against Esophageal and Gastric Disorders. IJMS. 2019 Mar 24;20(6):1477.
• 13. Gosslau A, Chen KY. Nutraceuticals, apoptosis, and disease prevention. Nutrition. 2004 Jan;20(1):95–102.
• 14. Maheshwari RK, Singh AK, Gaddipati J, Srimal RC. Multiple biological activities of curcumin: A short review. Life Sciences. 2006 Mar;78(18):2081–7.
• 15. Araújo RR, Teixeira CCC, Freitas LAP. The Preparation of Ternary Solid Dispersions of an Herbal Drug via Spray Drying of Liquid Feed. Drying Technology. 2010 Mar 8;28(3):412–21.
• 16. Price LC, Buescher RW. Kinetics of Alkaline Degradation of the Food Pigments Curcumin and Curcuminoids. J Food Science. 1997 Mar;62(2):267–9.
• 17. Surojanametakul V, Satmalee P, Saengprakai J, Siliwan D, Wattanasiritham L. Preparation of Curcuminoid Powder from Turmeric Root (Curcuma longa Linn) for Food Ingredient Use. Kasetsart J (Nat Sci). 2010;44(1):123–30.
• 18. Wang Y, Lu Z, Wu H, Lv F. Study on the antibiotic activity of microcapsule curcumin against foodborne pathogens. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2009 Nov;136(1):71–4.
• 19. Paradkar A, Ambike AA, Jadhav BK, Mahadik KR. Characterization of curcumin–PVP solid dispersion obtained by spray drying. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2004 Mar;271(1–2):281–6.
• 20. Vo TS, Vo TTBC, Suk JW, Kim K. Recycling performance of graphene oxide-chitosan hybrid hydrogels for removal of cationic and anionic dyes. Nano Convergence. 2020 Dec;7(1):4.
• 21. Vo TS, Hossain MM, Jeong HM, Kim K. Heavy metal removal applications using adsorptive membranes. Nano Convergence. 2020 Dec;7(1):36. 22. Sharma A, Khanna S, Kaur G, Singh I. Medicinal plants and their components for wound healing applications. Futur J Pharm Sci. 2021 Dec;7(1):53.
• 23. Nachimuthu S, Sundar M, Manikavasagam K, Sadhasivam B, Veerychetty V, Ponnusamy R, et al. In Vivo Wound Healing Study of Chitosan Turmeric Films in Rat Model. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018;(4):268–73.
• 24. Saraswathy N, Rohit R, Shanmugam K, Sozheeswari S, Ramalingam P. A preliminary investigation of Turmeric-Agar composite film as bioactive wound dressing material on excision wound in rat model. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources (IJNPR). 2012;3(2):237–41.
• 25. Gopinath D, Ahmed MR, Gomathi K, Chitra K, Sehgal PK, Jayakumar R. Dermal wound healing processes with curcumin incorporated collagen films. Biomaterials. 2004 May;25(10):1911–7.
• 26. Vo TS, Vo TTTN, Vo TTBC. Coronavirus Infection Prevention by Wearing Masks. Eurasian J Med. 2020 Jun;52(2):197–201.
• 27. Vo TS, Vo TTTN, Vo TTBC. Handwashing in against of coronavirus disease 2019 infection. J Res Clin Med. 2020 May 18;8(1):19–19.
• 28. Yang F, Zhang Y, Tariq A, Jiang X, Ahmed Z, Zhihao Z, et al. Food as medicine: A possible preventive measure against coronavirus disease ( COVID ‐19). Phytotherapy Research. 2020 Dec;34(12):3124–36.
• 29. Sarker S, Nahar L. Bioactivity of turmeric. In: Ravindran P, Nirmal Babu K, Sivaraman K, editors. Turmeric the genus Curcuma. CRC Press; 2007. p. 257–96. ISBN: 978-1-4200-0632-2.
• 30. Flores NC, Davies CS. Drying Foods [Internet]. College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences; 2016. (Guide (New Mexico State University. Cooperative Extension Service)).
• 31. Hirun S, Utama-ang N, Roach PD. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) drying: an optimization approach using microwave-vacuum drying. J Food Sci Technol. 2014 Sep;51(9):2127–33.
• 32. Prathapan A, Lukhman M, Arumughan C, Sundaresan A, Raghu KG. Effect of heat treatment on curcuminoid, colour value and total polyphenols of fresh turmeric rhizome. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 2009 Jul;44(7):1438–44.
• 33. Kapoor LD. CRC Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants [Internet]. 1st ed. CRC Press; 2018. ISBN: 978-1-351-07099-7.
• 34. Ruby AJ, Kuttan G, Dinesh Babu K, Rajasekharan KN, Kuttan R. Anti-tumour and antioxidant activity of natural curcuminoids. Cancer Letters. 1995 Jul;94(1):79–83.
• 35. Wang X, Jiang Y, Wang Y-W, Huang M-T, Ho C-T, Huang Q. Enhancing anti-inflammation activity of curcumin through O/W nanoemulsions. Food Chemistry. 2008 May;108(2):419–24. 36. Jayaprakasha GK, Jaganmohan Rao L, Sakariah KK. Antioxidant activities of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Food Chemistry. 2006 Jan;98(4):720–4.
• 37. Braga MC, Vieira ECS, de Oliveira TF. Curcuma longa L. leaves: Characterization (bioactive and antinutritional compounds) for use in human food in Brazil. Food Chemistry. 2018 Nov;265:308–15.
• 38. Pal K, Chowdhury S, Dutta SK, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty M, Pandit GK, et al. Analysis of rhizome colour content, bioactive compound profiling and ex-situ conservation of turmeric genotypes (Curcuma longa L.) from sub-Himalayan terai region of India. Industrial Crops and Products. 2020 Aug;150:112401.
• 39. Martins MAR, Pinho SP, Coutinho JAP. Insights into the Nature of Eutectic and Deep Eutectic Mixtures. J Solution Chem. 2019 Jul;48(7):962–82.
• 40. Makoś P, Słupek E, Gębicki J. Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents in microextraction techniques–A review. Microchemical Journal. 2020 Jan;152:104384.
• 41. Vilková M, Płotka-Wasylka J, Andruch V. The role of water in deep eutectic solvent-base extraction. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2020 Apr;304:112747.
• 42. Florindo C, Branco LC, Marrucho IM. Development of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for extraction of pesticides from aqueous environments. Fluid Phase Equilibria. 2017 Sep;448:135–42.
• 43. Patil SS, Rathod VK. Synergistic Effect of Ultrasound and Three Phase Partitioning for the Extraction of Curcuminoids from Curcuma longa and its Bioactivity Profile. Process Biochemistry. 2020 Jun;93:85–93.
• 44. Shirsath SR, Sable SS, Gaikwad SG, Sonawane SH, Saini DR, Gogate PR. Intensification of extraction of curcumin from Curcuma amada using ultrasound assisted approach: Effect of different operating parameters. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2017 Sep;38:437–45.
• 45. Altunay N, Elik A, Gürkan R. Preparation and application of alcohol based deep eutectic solvents for extraction of curcumin in food samples prior to its spectrophotometric determination. Food Chemistry. 2020 Apr;310:125933.
• 46. Aydin F, Yilmaz E, Soylak M. Vortex assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES)-emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction of trace curcumin in food and herbal tea samples. Food Chemistry. 2018 Mar;243:442–7.
• 47. Liu Y, Li J, Fu R, Zhang L, Wang D, Wang S. Enhanced extraction of natural pigments from Curcuma longa L. using natural deep eutectic solvents. Industrial Crops and Products. 2019 Nov;140:111620.
• 48. Oliveira G, Marques C, de Oliveira A, de Almeida dos Santos A, do Amaral W, Ineu RP, et al. Extraction of bioactive compounds from Curcuma longa L. using deep eutectic solvents: In vitro and in vivo biological activities. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies. 2021 Jun;70:102697. 49. Azuine MA, Bhide SV. Chemopreventive effect of turmeric against stomach and skin tumors induced by chemical carcinogens in Swiss mice. Nutrition and Cancer. 1992 Jan;17(1):77–83.
• 50. Huang M-T, You Y-R, Ma W, Newmark H, Reuhl K, Conney A. Inhibitory Effects of Dietary Curcumin on Forestomach, Duodenal, and Colon Carcinogenesis in Mice. Cancer Research. 1994;54(22):5841–7.
• 51. Deshpande SS, Ingle AD, Maru GB. Inhibitory effects of curcumin-free aqueous turmeric extract on benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach papillomas in mice. Cancer Letters. 1997 Sep;118(1):79–85.
• 52. Rao CV, Rivenson A, Simi B, Reddy BS. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by dietary curcumin, a naturally occurring plant phenolic compound. Cancer Research. 1995 Jan;55(2):259–66.
• 53. Srimal RC, Dhawan BN. Pharmacology of diferuloyl methane (curcumin), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology. 1973 Jun;25(6):447–52.
• 54. Qureshi S, Shah AH, Ageel AM. Toxicity studies on Alpinia galanga and Curcuma longa. Planta Medica. 1992 Apr;58(2):124–7.
• 55. Bille N, Larsen JC, Hansen EV, Würtzen G. Subchronic oral toxicity of turmeric oleoresin in pigs. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 1985 Nov;23(11):967–73.
• 56. Ammon H, Anazodo M, Safayhi H, Dhawan B, Srimal R. Curcumin: A Potent Inhibitor of Leukotriene B 4 Formation in Rat Peritoneal Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils (PMNL). Planta Medica. 1992 Apr;58(02):226–226.
• 57. Barchitta M, Maugeri A, Favara G, Magnano San Lio R, Evola G, Agodi A, et al. Nutrition and Wound Healing: An Overview Focusing on the Beneficial Effects of Curcumin. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019 Jan;20(5):1119.
• 58. Bhavani Shankar TN, Sreenivasa Murthy V. Effect of turmeric (Curcuma longa) fractions on the growth of some intestinal & pathogenic bacteria in vitro. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1979 Dec;17(12):1363–6.
• 59. Garg SK. Effect of curcuma longa (rhizomes) on fertility in experimental animals. Planta Medica. 1974 Nov;26(7):225–7.
• 60. Ferreira LAF, Henriques OB, Andreoni AAS, Vital GRF, Campos MMC, Habermehl GG, et al. Antivenom and biological effects of ar-turmerone isolated from Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae). Toxicon. 1992 Oct;30(10):1211–8.
• 61. Unnikrishnan MK, Rao MN. Inhibition of nitrite induced oxidation of hemoglobin by curcuminoids. Die Pharmazie. 1995 Jul;50(7):490–2.
• 62. Misra SK, Sahu KC. Screening of some indigenous plants for antifungal activity against dermatophytes. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 1977 Jan;9(4):269.
• 63. Lutomski J, Kedzia B, Debska W. Wirkung des äthanolextraktes und aktiver substanzen aus curcuma longa auf bakterien und pilze. Planta Medica. 1974 Aug;26(5):9–19. 64. Mazumder A, Raghavan K, Weinstein J, Kohn KW, Pommier Y. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 integrase by curcumin. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1995 Apr;49(8):1165–70.
• 65. Rao DS, Sekhara NC, Satyanarayana MN, Srinivasan M. Effect of Curcumin on Serum and Liver Cholesterol Levels in the Rat. The Journal of Nutrition. 1970 Nov;100(11):1307–15.
• 66. Błasiak J, Trzeciak A, Małecka-Panas E, Drzewoski J, Iwanienko T, Szumiel I, et al. DNA damage and repair in human lymphocytes and gastric mucosa cells exposed to chromium and curcumin. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. 1999;19(1):19–31.
• 67. Srivastava R, Dikshit M, Srimal RC, Dhawan BN. Anti-thrombotic effect of curcumin. Thrombosis Research. 1985 Nov;40(3):413–7.
• 68. Deeb D, Xu YX, Jiang H, Gao X, Janakiraman N, Chapman RA, et al. Curcumin (Diferuloyl-Methane) Enhances Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand-induced Apoptosis in LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells1. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 2003 Jan;2(1):95–103.
• 69. Chen H-W, Huang H-C. Effect of curcumin on cell cycle progression and apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells: Curcumin effects on cell cycle and apoptosis. British Journal of Pharmacology. 1998 Jul;124(6):1029–40.
• 70. Yegnanarayan R, Saraf AP, Balwani JH. Comparison of anti-inflammatory activity of various extracts of Curcuma longa (Linn). Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1976 Apr;64(4):601–8.
• 71. Dixit VP, Jain P, Joshi SC. Hypolipidaemic effects of Curcuma longa L and Nardostachys jatamansi, DC in triton-induced hyperlipidaemic rats. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 1988 Dec;32(4):299–304.
• 72. Kuttan R, Bhanumathy P, Nirmala K, George MC. Potential anticancer activity of turmeric (Curcuma longa). Cancer Letters. 1985 Nov;29(2):197–202.
• 73. Rastogi RP, Dhawan BN. Anticancer and antiviral activities in indian medicinal plants: A review. Drug Development Research. 1990;19(1):1–12.
• 74. Rasmussen H, Christensen S, Kvist L, Karazmi A. A Simple and Efficient Separation of the Curcumins, the Antiprotozoal Constituents of Curcuma longa. Planta Medica. 2000 Dec;66(04):396–8.
• 75. Manzan ACCM, Toniolo FS, Bredow E, Povh NP. Extraction of Essential Oil and Pigments from Curcuma longa [L.] by Steam Distillation and Extraction with Volatile Solvents. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 Nov;51(23):6802–7.
• 76. Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Newman RA, Aggarwal BB. Bioavailability of Curcumin: Problems and Promises. Molecular Pharmaceutics. 2007 Dec;4(6):807–18.
• 77. Sasaki H, Sunagawa Y, Takahashi K, Imaizumi A, Fukuda H, Hashimoto T, et al. Innovative Preparation of Curcumin for Improved Oral Bioavailability. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2011;34(5):660–5.
• 78. Gota VS, Maru GB, Soni TG, Gandhi TR, Kochar N, Agarwal MG. Safety and Pharmacokinetics of a Solid Lipid Curcumin Particle Formulation in Osteosarcoma Patients and Healthy Volunteers. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2010 Feb;58(4):2095–9.
• 79. Cuomo J, Appendino G, Dern AS, Schneider E, McKinnon TP, Brown MJ, et al. Comparative Absorption of a Standardized Curcuminoid Mixture and Its Lecithin Formulation. Journal of Natural Products. 2011 Apr;74(4):664–9.
• 80. Antony B, Merina B, Iyer VS, Judy N, Lennertz K, Joyal S. A Pilot Cross-Over Study to Evaluate Human Oral Bioavailability of BCM-95®CG (BiocurcumaxTM), A Novel Bioenhanced Preparation of Curcumin. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2008;70(4):445–9.
• 81. Cheng AL, Hsu CH, Lin JK, Hsu MM, Ho YF, Shen TS, et al. Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions. Anticancer Research. 2001 Aug;21(4B):2895–900.
• 82. Dhillon N, Aggarwal BB, Newman RA, Wolff RA, Kunnumakkara AB, Abbruzzese JL, et al. Phase II trial of curcumin in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Clinical Cancer Research. 2008 Jul;14(14):4491–9.
• 83. Kanai M, Yoshimura K, Asada M, Imaizumi A, Suzuki C, Matsumoto S, et al. A phase I/II study of gemcitabine-based chemotherapy plus curcumin for patients with gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2011 Jul;68(1):157–64.
• 84. Carroll RE, Benya RV, Turgeon DK, Vareed S, Neuman M, Rodriguez L, et al. Phase IIa Clinical Trial of Curcumin for the Prevention of Colorectal Neoplasia. Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa). 2011 Mar;4(3):354–64.
• 85. He Z-Y, Shi C-B, Wen H, Li F-L, Wang B-L, Wang J. Upregulation of p53 Expression in Patients with Colorectal Cancer by Administration of Curcumin. Cancer Investigation. 2011 Feb;29(3):208–13.
• 86. Polasa K, Raghuram TC, Krishna TP, Krishnaswamy K. Effect of turmeric on urinary mutagens in smokers. Mutagenesis. 1992;7(2):107–9.
• 87. Durgaprasad S, Pai CG, Vasanthkumar null, Alvres JF, Namitha S. A pilot study of the antioxidant effect of curcumin in tropical pancreatitis. The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2005 Oct;122(4):315–8.
• 88. Ide H, Tokiwa S, Sakamaki K, Nishio K, Isotani S, Muto S, et al. Combined inhibitory effects of soy isoflavones and curcumin on the production of prostate-specific antigen. The Prostate. 2010 Jul;70(10):1127–33.
• 89. Rai B, Kaur J, Jacobs R, Singh J. Possible action mechanism for curcumin in pre-cancerous lesions based on serum and salivary markers of oxidative stress. Journal of Oral Science. 2010 Jun;52(2):251–6.
• 90. Hanai H, Iida T, Takeuchi K, Watanabe F, Maruyama Y, Andoh A, et al. Curcumin Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis: Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2006 Dec;4(12):1502–6.
• 91. Hanai H, Iida T, Takeuchi K, Watanabe F, Maruyama Y, Andoh A, et al. Curcumin Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis: Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2006 Dec;4(12):1502–6.
• 92. Kedia S, Bhatia V, Thareja S, Garg S, Mouli VP, Bopanna S, et al. Low dose oral curcumin is not effective in induction of remission in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: Results from a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2017 May;8(2):147–54.
• 93. Lahiff C, Moss AC. Curcumin for clinical and endoscopic remission in ulcerative colitis: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2011 Jul;17(7):E66.
• 94. Asawanonda P, Klahan S-O. Tetrahydrocurcuminoid cream plus targeted narrowband UVB phototherapy for vitiligo: a preliminary randomized controlled study. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2010 Oct;28(5):679–84.
• 95. Holt PR, Katz S, Kirshoff R. Curcumin therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot study. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2005 Nov;50(11):2191–3.
• 96. Rasyid, Lelo. The effect of curcumin and placebo on human gall-bladder function: an ultrasound study: Curcumin and Gall-Bladder Function. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1999 Feb;13(2):245–9.
• 97. Rasyid A, Rahman ARA, Jaalam K, Lelo A. Effect of different curcumin dosages on human gall bladder. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;11(4):314–8.
• 98. Niederau C, Göpfert E. [The effect of chelidonium- and turmeric root extract on upper abdominal pain due to functional disorders of the biliary system. Results from a placebo-controlled double-blind study]. Medizinische Klinik (Munich, Germany: 1983). 1999 Aug;94(8):425–30.
• 99. Allegri P, Mastromarino A, Neri P. Management of chronic anterior uveitis relapses: efficacy of oral phospholipidic curcumin treatment. Long-term follow-up. Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) 2010 Oct;4:1201–6.
• 100. Lal B, Kapoor AK, Asthana OP, Agrawal PK, Prasad R, Kumar P, Srimal RC. Efficacy of curcumin in the management of chronic anterior uveitis. Phytotherapy research: PTR. 1999 Jun;13(4):318–22.
• 101. Prucksunand C, Indrasukhsri B, Leethochawalit M, Nilvises N, Prijavudhi A, Wimolwattanapun S. Effect of The Long Turmeric (Curcuma Longa Linn) on Healing of Peptic Ulcer : A Preliminary Report of 10 Cases Study. Thai journal of pharmacology. 1986;8:139–151.
• 102. Kositchaiwat C, Kositchaiwat S, Havanondha J. Curcuma longa Linn. in the treatment of gastric ulcer comparison to liquid antacid: a controlled clinical trial. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet. 1993;76(11):601–605.
• 103. Satoskar RR, Shah SJ, Shenoy SG. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory property of curcumin (diferuloyl methane) in patients with postoperative inflammation. International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy, and toxicology. 1986;24(12):651–654.
• 104. Usharani P, Mateen AA, Naidu MUR, Raju YSN, Chandra N. Effect of NCB-02, Atorvastatin and Placebo on Endothelial Function, Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Drugs in R & D. 2008;9(4):243–250.
• 105. Baum L, Lam CWK, Cheung SK-K, Kwok T, Lui V, Tsoh J, et al. Six-Month Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Pilot Clinical Trial of Curcumin in Patients With Alzheimer Disease. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2008;28(1):110–113.
• 106. Ringman JM, Frautschy SA, Cole GM, Masterman DL, Cummings JL. A potential role of the curry spice curcumin in Alzheimer’s disease. Current Alzheimer research. 2005;2(2):131–136.
• 107. Golombick T, Diamond TH, Badmaev V, Manoharan A, Ramakrishna R. The potential role of curcumin in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undefined significance-its effect on paraproteinemia and the urinary N-telopeptide of type I collagen bone turnover marker. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2009;15(18):5917–5922.
• 108. Oetari S, Sudibyo M, Commandeur JN, Samhoedi R, Vermeulen NP. Effects of curcumin on cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase activities in rat liver. Biochemical pharmacology. 1996;51(1):39–45.
• 109. Thapliyal R, Maru GB. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 isozymes by curcumins in vitro and in vivo. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2001;39(6):541–547.
• 110. Appiah-Opong R, Commandeur JNM, van Vugt-Lussenburg B, Vermeulen NPE. Inhibition of human recombinant cytochrome P450s by curcumin and curcumin decomposition products. Toxicology. 2007;235(1–2):83–91.
• 111. Cao J, Jia L, Zhou H-M, Liu Y, Zhong L-F. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage induced by curcumin in human hepatoma G2 cells. Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2006;91(2):476–483.
• 112. Jiao Y, Wilkinson J, Di X, Wang W, Hatcher H, Kock ND, et al. Curcumin, a cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent, is a biologically active iron chelator. Blood. 2009;113(2):462–469.
• 113. Sharma RA, Euden SA, Platton SL, Cooke DN, Shafayat A, Hewitt HR, et al. Phase I Clinical Trial of Oral Curcumin. Clinical Cancer Research. 2004;10(20):6847–6854.
• 114. Ilyas S, Naz S. Effect of gamma irradiation on morphological characteristics and isolation of curcuminoids and oleoresins of Curcuma Longa L. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 2014;24(5):1396–1404.
• 115. Manoharan Y, Haridas V, Vasanthakumar KC, Muthu S, Thavoorullah FF, Shetty P. Curcumin: A Wonder Drug as a Preventive Measure for COVID19 Management. Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB. 2020;35(3):373–375.
• 116. Pawitan JA. Curcumin as Adjuvant Therapy in COVID-19: Friend or Foe? Journal of International Dental and Medical Research. 2020;13(2):824–829.
• 117. Chen D-Y, Shien J-H, Tiley L, Chiou S-S, Wang S-Y, Chang T-J, et al. Curcumin inhibits influenza virus infection and haemagglutination activity. Food Chemistry. 2010;119(4):1346–1351.
• 118. Somasundaram S, Edmund NA, Moore DT, Small GW, Shi YY, Orlowski RZ. Dietary curcumin inhibits chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in models of human breast cancer. Cancer research. 2002;62(13):3868–3875.
• 119. Cronin JR. Curcumin: Old Spice Is a New Medicine. Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 2003;9(1):34–38.
• 120. Scannell JW, Blanckley A, Boldon H, Warrington B. Diagnosing the decline in pharmaceutical R&D efficiency. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2012;11(3):191–200.
• 121. Yu J-J, Pei L-B, Zhang Y, Wen Z-Y, Yang J-L. Chronic Supplementation of Curcumin Enhances the Efficacy of Antidepressants in Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology. 2015;35(4):406–410.
• 122. Esmaily H, Sahebkar A, Iranshahi M, Ganjali S, Mohammadi A, Ferns G, et al. An investigation of the effects of curcumin on anxiety and depression in obese individuals: A randomized controlled trial. Chinese journal of integrative medicine. 2015;21(5):332–338.
• 123. Bergman J, Miodownik C, Bersudsky Y, Sokolik S, Lerner PP, Kreinin A, et al. Curcumin as an Add-On to Antidepressive Treatment. Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2013;36(3):73–77.
• 124. James JS. Curcumin: clinical trial finds no antiviral effect. AIDS treatment news. 1996;(242):1–2.
• 125. Prasad S, Tyagi AK. Curcumin and its analogues: a potential natural compound against HIV infection and AIDS. Food & Function. 2015;6(11):3412–3419.
• 126. Gupta H, Gupta M, Bhargava S. Potential use of turmeric in COVID-19. Clinical and experimental dermatology. 2020;45(7):902–903.
• 127. Lai Y, Yan Y, Liao S, Li Y, Ye Y, Liu N, et al. 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship and antiviral effects of curcumin derivatives as potent inhibitors of influenza H1N1 neuraminidase. Archives of pharmacal research. 2020;43(5):489–502.
• 128. Tejada S, Manayi A, Daglia M, F. Nabavi S, Sureda A, Hajheydari Z, et al. Wound Healing Effects of Curcumin: A Short Review. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 2016;17(11):1002–1007.
• 129. Mohanty C, Sahoo SK. The in vitro stability and in vivo pharmacokinetics of curcumin prepared as an aqueous nanoparticulate formulation. Biomaterials. 2010;31(25):6597–6611.
• 130. Gong C, Wu Q, Wang Y, Zhang D, Luo F, Zhao X, et al. A biodegradable hydrogel system containing curcumin encapsulated in micelles for cutaneous wound healing. Biomaterials. 2013;34(27):6377–6387.
• 131. Zhang Y, McClain SA, Lee H-M, Elburki MS, Yu H, Gu Y, et al. A Novel Chemically Modified Curcumin “Normalizes” Wound-Healing in Rats with Experimentally Induced Type I Diabetes: Initial Studies. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2016;2016:5782904.
• 132. Krausz AE, Adler BL, Cabral V, Navati M, Doerner J, Charafeddine RA, et al. Curcumin-encapsulated nanoparticles as innovative antimicrobial and wound healing agent. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 2015;11(1):195–206.
• 133. Chereddy KK, Coco R, Memvanga PB, Ucakar B, des Rieux A, Vandermeulen G, et al. Combined effect of PLGA and curcumin on wound healing activity. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society. 2013;171(2):208–215.
• 134. El-Refaie WM, Elnaggar YSR, El-Massik MA, Abdallah OY. Novel curcumin-loaded gel-core hyaluosomes with promising burn-wound healing potential: Development, in-vitro appraisal and in-vivo studies. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2015;486(1–2):88–98.
• 135. Wickenberg J, Ingemansson SL, Hlebowicz J. Effects of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin in healthy subjects. Nutrition Journal. 2010;9(1):43.
• 136. Appendino G, Belcaro G, Cornelli U, Luzzi R, Togni S, Dugall M, et al. Potential role of curcumin phytosome (Meriva) in controlling the evolution of diabetic microangiopathy. A pilot study. Panminerva medica. 2011;53(3 Suppl 1):43–49.
• 137. Khajehdehi P, Zanjaninejad B, Aflaki E, Nazarinia M, Azad F, Malekmakan L, et al. Oral supplementation of turmeric decreases proteinuria, hematuria, and systolic blood pressure in patients suffering from relapsing or refractory lupus nephritis: a randomized and placebo-controlled study. Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation. 2012;22(1):50–57.
• 138. Soni KB, Kuttan R. Effect of oral curcumin administration on serum peroxides and cholesterol levels in human volunteers. Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology. 1992;36(4):273–275.
• 139. Alwi I, Santoso T, Suyono S, Sutrisna B, Suyatna FD, Kresno SB, et al. The effect of curcumin on lipid level in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Acta medica Indonesiana. 2008;40(4):201–210.
• 140. Burns J, Joseph PD, Rose KJ, Ryan MM, Ouvrier RA. Effect of oral curcumin on Déjérine-Sottas disease. Pediatric neurology. 2009;41(4):305–308.
• 141. Bommelaer G, Laharie D, Nancey S, Hebuterne X, Roblin X, Nachury M, et al. Oral Curcumin No More Effective Than Placebo in Preventing Recurrence of Crohn’s Disease After Surgery in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2020;18(7):1553-1560.e1.
• 142. Lal B, Kapoor AK, Agrawal PK, Asthana OP, Srimal RC. Role of curcumin in idiopathic inflammatory orbital pseudotumours. Phytotherapy Research. 2000;14(6):443–447. 143. Shimouchi A, Nose K, Takaoka M, Hayashi H, Kondo T. Effect of dietary turmeric on breath hydrogen. Digestive diseases and sciences. 2009;54(8):1725–1729.
• 144. Deodhar SD, Sethi R, Srimal RC. Preliminary study on antirheumatic activity of curcumin (diferuloyl methane). The Indian journal of medical research. 1980;71:632–634.
• 145. Chandran B, Goel A. A randomized, pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of curcumin in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Phytotherapy research : PTR. 2012;26(11):1719–1725.
• 146. Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Dugall M, Pellegrini L, Ledda A, Grossi MG, et al. Product-evaluation registry of Meriva®, a curcumin-phosphatidylcholine complex, for the complementary management of osteoarthritis. Panminerva medica. 2010;52(2 Suppl 1):55–62.
• 147. Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Dugall M, Pellegrini L, Ledda A, Grossi MG, et al. Efficacy and safety of Meriva®, a curcumin-phosphatidylcholine complex, during extended administration in osteoarthritis patients. Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic. 2010;15(4):337–344.