Review
BibTex RIS Cite

A Survey on Various Methods of Extraction and Recovery of Thorium

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 1197 - 1210, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.955211

Abstract

In this survey, some methods of extraction of thorium such as selective extraction of thorium using phosphorodiamidate, selective cloud point extraction of thorium, extraction of thorium from sulfuric acid baking and leaching of monazite, extraction of thorium from chloride solution using Schiff base were discussed. The decomposition of monazite was manifested by sulfuric acid baking and leaching at an elated temperature. The recovery of thorium (Th) from various sources of rare earth and some selective extraction of thorium by using phosphorodiamidate as an extractant was also reported. Using a special synthesized surface-active ionic liquid extractant (SAIL), the cloud point extraction of thorium was analyzed. A synthesized Schiff base was applied for the extraction of thorium in the strategic solvent extraction method. Thorium, using α-amino phosphate extractant from bastnaesite, recovered by using Cyanex 572 and N1923, recovery of Th from industrial residues and recovery of Th from radioactive waste by using IREPO and monazite leached solution were discussed. In this study, the recovery of thorium from the industrial residue as well as from radioactive residue was also discussed.

Thanks

The authors are thankful to the Dr. Bipin B. Swain, former Professor of Khallikote University, Berhampur, India; Dr. Wael I. Mortada, Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Egypt; Dr. Zeinab Farouk Hassan AKL, Nuclear Safeguards and Physical Protection Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Egypt; Dr. Liao Wuping, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China and Dr. Mohammed Farid Cheira, Research Sector, Nuclear Materials Authority, Cairo, Egypt for their valuable inputs in preparing our review article.

References

  • 1. Aziman ES, Ismail AF, Muttalib NA, Hanifah MS. Investigation of thorium separation from rare-earth extraction residue via electrosorption with carbon based electrode toward reducing waste volume. Nuclear Engineering and Technology. 2021 Sep;53(9):2926–36.
  • 2. Kademani B, Vijai K, Anil S, Anil K, Lalit M, Surwase G. Scientometric dimensions of thorium research in India. DESIDOC Bull Inf Technol. 2006;26(3):9–25.
  • 3. Balakrishna P. ThO2 and (U,Th)O2 processing—A review. NS. 2012;04(11):943–9.
  • 4. Humphrey UE, Khandaker MU. Viability of thorium-based nuclear fuel cycle for the next generation nuclear reactor: Issues and prospects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018 Dec;97:259–75.
  • 5. Badash L. The discovery of thorium’s radioactivity. J Chem Educ. 1966 Apr;43(4):219.
  • 6. Ünak T. What is the potential use of thorium in the future energy production technology? Progress in Nuclear Energy. 2000 Jan;37(1–4):137–44.
  • 7. Wilson D. The use of thorium as an alternative nuclear fuel [Internet]. Australian Atomic Energy Commission; 1982 [cited 2021 Nov 1]. <URL>.
  • 8. Lu Y, Wei H, Zhang Z, Li Y, Wu G, Liao W. Selective extraction and separation of thorium from rare earths by a phosphorodiamidate extractant. Hydrometallurgy. 2016 Aug;163:192–7.
  • 9. Tani H, Kamidate T, Watanabe H. Micelle-mediated extraction. Journal of Chromatography A. 1997 Sep;780(1–2):229–41.
  • 10. Gupta CK, Krishnamurthy N. Extractive metallurgy of rare earths. International Materials Reviews. 1992 Jan;37(1):197–248.
  • 11. Cheira MF, Orabi AS, Hassanin MA, Hassan SM. Solvent extraction of thorium (IV) from chloride solution using Schiff base and its application for spectrophotometric determination. Chemical Data Collections. 2018 Mar;13–14:84–103.
  • 12. Eskandari Nasab M. Solvent extraction separation of uranium(VI) and thorium(IV) with neutral organophosphorus and amine ligands. Fuel. 2014 Jan;116:595–600.
  • 13. Tan M, Huang C, Ding S, Li F, Li Q, Zhang L, et al. Highly efficient extraction separation of uranium(VI) and thorium(IV) from nitric acid solution with di(1-methyl-heptyl) methyl phosphonate. Separation and Purification Technology. 2015 May;146:192–8.
  • 14. Dong Y, Li S, Su X, Wang Y, Shen Y, Sun X. Separation of thorium from rare earths with high-performance diphenyl phosphate extractant. Hydrometallurgy. 2017 Aug;171:387–93.
  • 15. Kalina DG, Mason GW, Philip Horwitz E. The thermodynamics of extraction of U(VI) and Th(IV) from nitric acid by neutral phosphorus-based organic compounds. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 1981 Jan;43(1):159–63.
  • 16. Lu Y, Bi Y, Bai Y, Liao W. Extraction and separation of thorium and rare earths from nitrate medium with p -phosphorylated calixarene: Extraction and separation of thorium and rare earths with calixarene derivative. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2013 Oct;88(10):1836–40.
  • 17. Sun X, Dong Y, Wang Y, Chai Y. The synergistic extraction of heavy rare earth elements using EHEHP-type and BTMPP-type functional ionic liquids. RSC Adv. 2015;5(61):49500–7.
  • 18. Prabhu DR, Sengupta A, Murali MS, Pathak PN. Role of diluents in the comparative extraction of Th(IV), U(VI) and other relevant metal ions by DHOA and TBP from nitric acid media and simulated wastes: Reprocessing of U–Th based fuel in perspective. Hydrometallurgy. 2015 Dec;158:132–8.
  • 19. Bezerra MA, Ferreira da Mata Cerqueira UM, Ferreira SLC, Novaes CG, Novais FC, Valasques GS, et al. Recent developments in the application of cloud point extraction as procedure for speciation of trace elements. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews. 2021 May 12;1–15.
  • 20. Bezerra M de A, Arruda MAZ, Ferreira SLC. Cloud Point Extraction as a Procedure of Separation and Pre‐Concentration for Metal Determination Using Spectroanalytical Techniques: A Review. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews. 2005 Nov;40(4):269–99.
  • 21. Liu J, Liu R, Yin Y, Jiang G. Triton X-114 based cloud point extraction: a thermoreversible approach for separation/concentration and dispersion of nanomaterials in the aqueous phase. Chem Commun. 2009;(12):1514.
  • 22. Bezerra M de A, Arruda MAZ, Ferreira SLC. Cloud Point Extraction as a Procedure of Separation and Pre‐Concentration for Metal Determination Using Spectroanalytical Techniques: A Review. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews. 2005 Nov;40(4):269–99.
  • 23. Khalifa ME, Kenawy IMM, Hassanien MM, Elnagar MM. Mixed Micelle-mediated Extraction and Separation of Scandium from Yttrium and Some Lanthanide Ions. Anal Sci. 2016;32(4):395–400.
  • 24. Stalikas CD. Micelle-mediated extraction as a tool for separation and preconcentration in metal analysis. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2002 May;21(5):343–55.
  • 25. Ravi Kumar K, Shyamala P. Catanionic mixed micellar cloud point extraction of metal ions in coal fly ash samples and their determination by CS-ETAAS. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2019 Jun;7(3):103119. <DOI> .
  • 26. Akl ZF, Hegazy MA. Selective cloud point extraction of thorium (IV) using tetraazonium based ionic liquid. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2020 Oct;8(5):104185. 27. Demol J, Ho E, Senanayake G. Sulfuric acid baking and leaching of rare earth elements, thorium and phosphate from a monazite concentrate: Effect of bake temperature from 200 to 800 °C. Hydrometallurgy. 2018 Aug;179:254–67.
  • 28. Xie F, Zhang TA, Dreisinger D, Doyle F. A critical review on solvent extraction of rare earths from aqueous solutions. Minerals Engineering. 2014 Feb;56:10–28.
  • 29. Zhu Z, Pranolo Y, Cheng CY. Separation of uranium and thorium from rare earths for rare earth production – A review. Minerals Engineering. 2015 Jun;77:185–96.
  • 30. Zhang Z, Jia Q, Liao W. Progress in the Separation Processes for Rare Earth Resources. In: Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths [Internet]. Elsevier; 2015 [cited 2021 Nov 1]. p. 287–376.
  • 31. Teixeira LAV, Silva RG, Majuste D, Ciminelli V. Selective Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Complex Monazite Ores. In: Davis BR, Moats MS, Wang S, Gregurek D, Kapusta J, Battle TP, et al., editors. Extraction 2018 [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018. p. 2381–90. (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series). Available from: <URL>.
  • 32. Moustafa MI, Abdelfattah NA. Physical and Chemical Beneficiation of the Egyptian Beach Monazite: Beneficiation of monazite. Resource Geology. 2010 Aug 24;60(3):288–99.
  • 33. Lim H, Ibana D, Eksteen J. Leaching of rare earths from fine-grained zirconosilicate ore. Journal of Rare Earths. 2016 Sep;34(9):908–16.
  • 34. Berry L, Agarwal V, Galvin J, Safarzadeh MS. Decomposition of monazite concentrate in sulphuric acid. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly. 2018 Oct 2;57(4):422–33.
  • 35. Kumari A, Jha MK, Yoo K, Panda R, Lee JY, Kumar JR, et al. Advanced process to dephosphorize monazite for effective leaching of rare earth metals (REMs). Hydrometallurgy. 2019 Aug;187:203–11.
  • 36. Chung KW, Yoon H-S, Kim C-J, Lee J-Y, Jyothi RK. Solvent extraction, separation and recovery of thorium from Korean monazite leach liquors for nuclear industry applications. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2020 Mar;83:72–80.
  • 37. Demol J, Ho E, Soldenhoff K, Senanayake G. The sulfuric acid bake and leach route for processing of rare earth ores and concentrates: A review. Hydrometallurgy. 2019 Sep;188:123–39.
  • 38. Mccoy H. Method of manufacturing thorium nitrate. US 1,366,128.
  • 39. Pilkington ES, Wylie AW. Production of rare earth and thorium compounds from monazite. Part I. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 1947 Nov;66(11):387–94.
  • 40. Urie RW. Pilot plant production of rare earth hydroxides and thorium oxalate from monazite. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 1947 Dec;66(12):437–9.
  • 41. Shaw K. A process for separating thorium compounds from monazite sands [PhD Thesis]. Iowa State University; 1953.
  • 42. Barghusen J, Smutz M. Processing of Monazite Sands. Ind Eng Chem. 1958 Dec;50(12):1754–5.
  • 43. Borrowman S, Rosenbaum J. Recovery of thorium from a Wyoming ore. US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines; 1962.
  • 44. Tobia SK. Separation of the light lanthanons from Egyptian monazite. J Appl Chem. 2007 May 4;13(4):189–92.
  • 45. Kawamura K, Takeuchi T, Ando T. Direct recovery of thorium and rare earths as sulphate precipitates from digestion mass. Trans Nat Res Inst Met (Japan). 1966;8(1).
  • 46. Shamsuddin M. Hydrometallurgy. In: Physical Chemistry of Metallurgical Processes, Second Edition [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. p. 429–529. (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series). <URL>.
  • 47. Teriele W. A process for the recovery of mixed rare-earth oxides from monazite. National Inst. for Metallurgy; 1982.
  • 48. Al-Fulaij O, Abdel-Aziz I. Extraction of lanthanons from Egyptian monazite. Ihd J Chem. 1996;35(2):168–9. <URL>.
  • 49. Chen Y, Wei Y, He L, Tang F. Separation of thorium and uranium in nitric acid solution using silica based anion exchange resin. Journal of Chromatography A. 2016 Sep;1466:37–41.
  • 50. Papangelakis V, Moldoveanu G. Recovery of rare earth elements from clay minerals. In Milos; 2014. p. 191–202.
  • 51. Ahmed S, Helaly O, Abd El-Ghany M. Evaluation of rare earth double sulphate precipitation from monazite leach solutions. INt J Inorg Bioinorg Chem. 2015;5(1):1–8.
  • 52. Singh H, Gupta CK. Solvent Extraction in Production and Processing of Uranium and Thorium. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 2000 Sep;21(1–5):307–49.
  • 53. Bunzli J, Pecharsky V. Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths: Including Actinides. Elsevier; 2016.
  • 54. Sadri F, Rashchi F, Amini A. Hydrometallurgical digestion and leaching of Iranian monazite concentrate containing rare earth elements Th, Ce, La and Nd. International Journal of Mineral Processing. 2017 Feb;159:7–15.
  • 55. Soltani F, Abdollahy M, Petersen J, Ram R, Becker M, Javad Koleini SM, et al. Leaching and recovery of phosphate and rare earth elements from an iron-rich fluorapatite concentrate: Part I: Direct baking of the concentrate. Hydrometallurgy. 2018 May;177:66–78.
  • 56. da Silva RG, de Morais CA, Teixeira LV, de Oliveira ÉD. Selective removal of impurities from rare earth sulphuric liquor using different reagents. Minerals Engineering. 2018 Oct;127:238–46.
  • 57. Patkar S, Burungale A, Patil R. Separation and liquid-liquid extraction of thorium (IV) as sulphate complex with synergistic mixture of Nn-octylaniline and trioctylamine as an extractant. Rasayan J Chem. 2009;2:4825–32.
  • 58. Sehati N, Shiri-Yekta Z, Zamani AA, Yaftian MR, Noshiranzadeh N. Solvent Extraction of Th(IV) and Eu(III) Ions by 3,5-di- tert -butyl-2-Hydroxy-Benzaldehyde Oxime from Aqueous Chloride Media. Separation Science and Technology. 2012 Mar;47(5):670–6.
  • 59. Curtui M, Haiduc I, Haiduc I. Solvent extraction of thorium (IV) with dialkyldithiophosphoric acids. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 1992 May;165(2):95–105.
  • 60. Bayyari MA, Nazal MK, Khalili FI. The effect of ionic strength on the extraction of thorium(IV) from perchlorate solution by didodecylphosphoric acid (HDDPA). Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2010 Apr;3(2):115–9.
  • 61. Panda CR, Chakravortty V, Dash KC. A quadridentate Schiff base as an extractant for thorium/IV/, uranium/VI/ and zirconium/IV/. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 1987 Jan;108(2):65–75.
  • 62. Pawar RR, Suryavanshi VJ, Salunkhe ST, Patil SS, Mulik GN. Liquid–liquid extraction of thorium(IV) with N-n-heptylaniline from acid media. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2017 Jan;311(1):419–26.
  • 63. Binnemans K, Jones PT, Blanpain B, Van Gerven T, Pontikes Y. Towards zero-waste valorisation of rare-earth-containing industrial process residues: a critical review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015 Jul;99:17–38.
  • 64. Sinha S, Abhilash, Meshram P, Pandey BD. Metallurgical processes for the recovery and recycling of lanthanum from various resources—A review. Hydrometallurgy. 2016 Mar;160:47–59.
  • 65. Su J, Xu R, Ni S, Li F, Sun X. A cost-effective process for recovering thorium and rare earths from radioactive residues. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020 May;254:119931.
  • 66. Lapidus GT, Doyle FM. Selective thorium and uranium extraction from monazite: I. Single-stage oxalate leaching. Hydrometallurgy. 2015 Apr;154:102–10.
  • 67. Matveeva E, Sharova E, Turanov A, Karandashev V, Odinets I. Extraction properties of β-aminophosphine oxides towards lanthanides and alkaline earth metals. Open Chemistry. 2012 Dec 1;10(6):1933–41.
  • 68. Garifzyanov AR, Zakharov SV, Kryukov SV, Galkin VI, Cherkasov RA. Liquid Extraction of Noble Metal Ions with an α-Amino Phosphonate. Russ J Gen Chem. 2005 Aug;75(8):1208–11.
  • 69. Cherkasov RA, Garifzyanov AR, Bazanova EB, Davletshin RR, Leont’eva SV. Liquid extraction of some rare earth elements with aminomethylphosphine oxides. Russ J Gen Chem. 2012 Jan;82(1):33–42.
  • 70. Jagodić V, Herak MJ, Šipalo B, Radošević J. Solvent extraction study of lanthanum and europium by acidic esters of aminophosphonic acids. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 1971 Aug;33(8):2651–9.
  • 71. Hung NT, Thuan LB, Thanh TC, Watanabe M, Khoai DV, Thuy NT, et al. Separation of thorium and uranium from xenotime leach solutions by solvent extraction using primary and tertiary amines. Hydrometallurgy. 2020 Dec;198:105506.
  • 72. Chen S, Zhang Z, Kuang S, Li Y, Huang X, Liao W. Separation of zirconium from hafnium in sulfate medium using solvent extraction with a new reagent BEAP. Hydrometallurgy. 2017 May;169:607–11.
  • 73. Yang X, Zhang Z, Kuang S, Wei H, Li Y, Wu G, et al. Removal of thorium and uranium from leach solutions of ion-adsorption rare earth ores by solvent extraction with Cextrant 230. Hydrometallurgy. 2020 Jun;194:105343.
  • 74. Lu Y, Zhang Z, Li Y, Liao W. Extraction and recovery of cerium(IV) and thorium(IV) from sulphate medium by an α-aminophosphonate extractant. Journal of Rare Earths. 2017 Jan;35(1):34–40.
  • 75. Su J, Guo X, Gao Y, Wu S, Xu R, Sun X. Recovery of thorium and rare earths from leachate of ion-absorbed rare earth radioactive residues with N1923 and Cyanex® 572. Journal of Rare Earths. 2021 Oct;39(10):1273–81.
  • 76. Sun P, Huang K, Wang X, Song W, Zheng H, Liu H. Separation of V from alkaline solution containing Cr using acidified primary amine N1923 with the addition of trisodium citrate. Separation and Purification Technology. 2017 May;179:504–12.
  • 77. Abreu RD, Morais CA. Purification of rare earth elements from monazite sulphuric acid leach liquor and the production of high-purity ceric oxide. Minerals Engineering. 2010 May;23(6):536–40.
  • 78. Amaral JCBS, Morais CA. Thorium and uraniumextraction from rare earth elements in monazite sulfuric acid liquor through solvent extraction. Minerals Engineering. 2010 May;23(6):498–503.
  • 79. Amaral JCBS, Sá MLCG, Morais CA. Recovery of uranium, thorium and rare earth from industrial residues. Hydrometallurgy. 2018 Nov;181:148–55.
  • 80. Park KH, Kim HI, Parhi PK, Mishra D, Nam CW, Park JT, et al. Extraction of metals from Mo–Ni/Al2O3 spent catalyst using H2SO4 baking–leaching-solvent extraction technique. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2012 Nov;18(6):2036–45.
  • 81. Kiegiel K, Abramowska A, Biełuszka P, Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G, Wołkowicz S. Solvent extraction of uranium from leach solutions obtained in processing of Polish low-grade ores. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2017 Jan;311(1):589–98.
  • 82. Zalupski PR, Klaehn JR, Peterman DR. Complete Recovery of Actinides from UREX-like Raffinates Using a Combination of Hard and Soft Donor Ligands. II. Soft Donor Structure Variation. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange. 2015 Sep 19;33(6):523–39.
  • 83. Su J, Gao Y, Ni S, Xu R, Sun X. A safer and cleaner process for recovering thorium and rare earth elements from radioactive waste residue. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2021 Mar;406:124654.
  • 84. Lu Y, Zhang Z, Li Y, Liao W. Extraction and recovery of cerium(IV) and thorium(IV) from sulphate medium by an α-aminophosphonate extractant. Journal of Rare Earths. 2017 Jan;35(1):34–40.
  • 85. Ghag S, Pawar S. Extraction and separation of U(VI) and Th(IV) from hydrobromic acid media using Cyanex-923 extractant. J Serb Chem Soc. 2010;75(11):1549–57.
  • 86. Ibrahim SM, Zhang Y, Xue Y, Yang S, Ma F, Tian G. Extraction of Lanthanides(III) along with Thorium(IV) from Chloride Solutions by N,N -di(2-Ethylhexyl)-Diglycolamic Acid. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange. 2020 Jun 6;38(4):417–29.
Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 1197 - 1210, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.955211

Abstract

References

  • 1. Aziman ES, Ismail AF, Muttalib NA, Hanifah MS. Investigation of thorium separation from rare-earth extraction residue via electrosorption with carbon based electrode toward reducing waste volume. Nuclear Engineering and Technology. 2021 Sep;53(9):2926–36.
  • 2. Kademani B, Vijai K, Anil S, Anil K, Lalit M, Surwase G. Scientometric dimensions of thorium research in India. DESIDOC Bull Inf Technol. 2006;26(3):9–25.
  • 3. Balakrishna P. ThO2 and (U,Th)O2 processing—A review. NS. 2012;04(11):943–9.
  • 4. Humphrey UE, Khandaker MU. Viability of thorium-based nuclear fuel cycle for the next generation nuclear reactor: Issues and prospects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018 Dec;97:259–75.
  • 5. Badash L. The discovery of thorium’s radioactivity. J Chem Educ. 1966 Apr;43(4):219.
  • 6. Ünak T. What is the potential use of thorium in the future energy production technology? Progress in Nuclear Energy. 2000 Jan;37(1–4):137–44.
  • 7. Wilson D. The use of thorium as an alternative nuclear fuel [Internet]. Australian Atomic Energy Commission; 1982 [cited 2021 Nov 1]. <URL>.
  • 8. Lu Y, Wei H, Zhang Z, Li Y, Wu G, Liao W. Selective extraction and separation of thorium from rare earths by a phosphorodiamidate extractant. Hydrometallurgy. 2016 Aug;163:192–7.
  • 9. Tani H, Kamidate T, Watanabe H. Micelle-mediated extraction. Journal of Chromatography A. 1997 Sep;780(1–2):229–41.
  • 10. Gupta CK, Krishnamurthy N. Extractive metallurgy of rare earths. International Materials Reviews. 1992 Jan;37(1):197–248.
  • 11. Cheira MF, Orabi AS, Hassanin MA, Hassan SM. Solvent extraction of thorium (IV) from chloride solution using Schiff base and its application for spectrophotometric determination. Chemical Data Collections. 2018 Mar;13–14:84–103.
  • 12. Eskandari Nasab M. Solvent extraction separation of uranium(VI) and thorium(IV) with neutral organophosphorus and amine ligands. Fuel. 2014 Jan;116:595–600.
  • 13. Tan M, Huang C, Ding S, Li F, Li Q, Zhang L, et al. Highly efficient extraction separation of uranium(VI) and thorium(IV) from nitric acid solution with di(1-methyl-heptyl) methyl phosphonate. Separation and Purification Technology. 2015 May;146:192–8.
  • 14. Dong Y, Li S, Su X, Wang Y, Shen Y, Sun X. Separation of thorium from rare earths with high-performance diphenyl phosphate extractant. Hydrometallurgy. 2017 Aug;171:387–93.
  • 15. Kalina DG, Mason GW, Philip Horwitz E. The thermodynamics of extraction of U(VI) and Th(IV) from nitric acid by neutral phosphorus-based organic compounds. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 1981 Jan;43(1):159–63.
  • 16. Lu Y, Bi Y, Bai Y, Liao W. Extraction and separation of thorium and rare earths from nitrate medium with p -phosphorylated calixarene: Extraction and separation of thorium and rare earths with calixarene derivative. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2013 Oct;88(10):1836–40.
  • 17. Sun X, Dong Y, Wang Y, Chai Y. The synergistic extraction of heavy rare earth elements using EHEHP-type and BTMPP-type functional ionic liquids. RSC Adv. 2015;5(61):49500–7.
  • 18. Prabhu DR, Sengupta A, Murali MS, Pathak PN. Role of diluents in the comparative extraction of Th(IV), U(VI) and other relevant metal ions by DHOA and TBP from nitric acid media and simulated wastes: Reprocessing of U–Th based fuel in perspective. Hydrometallurgy. 2015 Dec;158:132–8.
  • 19. Bezerra MA, Ferreira da Mata Cerqueira UM, Ferreira SLC, Novaes CG, Novais FC, Valasques GS, et al. Recent developments in the application of cloud point extraction as procedure for speciation of trace elements. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews. 2021 May 12;1–15.
  • 20. Bezerra M de A, Arruda MAZ, Ferreira SLC. Cloud Point Extraction as a Procedure of Separation and Pre‐Concentration for Metal Determination Using Spectroanalytical Techniques: A Review. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews. 2005 Nov;40(4):269–99.
  • 21. Liu J, Liu R, Yin Y, Jiang G. Triton X-114 based cloud point extraction: a thermoreversible approach for separation/concentration and dispersion of nanomaterials in the aqueous phase. Chem Commun. 2009;(12):1514.
  • 22. Bezerra M de A, Arruda MAZ, Ferreira SLC. Cloud Point Extraction as a Procedure of Separation and Pre‐Concentration for Metal Determination Using Spectroanalytical Techniques: A Review. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews. 2005 Nov;40(4):269–99.
  • 23. Khalifa ME, Kenawy IMM, Hassanien MM, Elnagar MM. Mixed Micelle-mediated Extraction and Separation of Scandium from Yttrium and Some Lanthanide Ions. Anal Sci. 2016;32(4):395–400.
  • 24. Stalikas CD. Micelle-mediated extraction as a tool for separation and preconcentration in metal analysis. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2002 May;21(5):343–55.
  • 25. Ravi Kumar K, Shyamala P. Catanionic mixed micellar cloud point extraction of metal ions in coal fly ash samples and their determination by CS-ETAAS. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2019 Jun;7(3):103119. <DOI> .
  • 26. Akl ZF, Hegazy MA. Selective cloud point extraction of thorium (IV) using tetraazonium based ionic liquid. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2020 Oct;8(5):104185. 27. Demol J, Ho E, Senanayake G. Sulfuric acid baking and leaching of rare earth elements, thorium and phosphate from a monazite concentrate: Effect of bake temperature from 200 to 800 °C. Hydrometallurgy. 2018 Aug;179:254–67.
  • 28. Xie F, Zhang TA, Dreisinger D, Doyle F. A critical review on solvent extraction of rare earths from aqueous solutions. Minerals Engineering. 2014 Feb;56:10–28.
  • 29. Zhu Z, Pranolo Y, Cheng CY. Separation of uranium and thorium from rare earths for rare earth production – A review. Minerals Engineering. 2015 Jun;77:185–96.
  • 30. Zhang Z, Jia Q, Liao W. Progress in the Separation Processes for Rare Earth Resources. In: Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths [Internet]. Elsevier; 2015 [cited 2021 Nov 1]. p. 287–376.
  • 31. Teixeira LAV, Silva RG, Majuste D, Ciminelli V. Selective Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Complex Monazite Ores. In: Davis BR, Moats MS, Wang S, Gregurek D, Kapusta J, Battle TP, et al., editors. Extraction 2018 [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018. p. 2381–90. (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series). Available from: <URL>.
  • 32. Moustafa MI, Abdelfattah NA. Physical and Chemical Beneficiation of the Egyptian Beach Monazite: Beneficiation of monazite. Resource Geology. 2010 Aug 24;60(3):288–99.
  • 33. Lim H, Ibana D, Eksteen J. Leaching of rare earths from fine-grained zirconosilicate ore. Journal of Rare Earths. 2016 Sep;34(9):908–16.
  • 34. Berry L, Agarwal V, Galvin J, Safarzadeh MS. Decomposition of monazite concentrate in sulphuric acid. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly. 2018 Oct 2;57(4):422–33.
  • 35. Kumari A, Jha MK, Yoo K, Panda R, Lee JY, Kumar JR, et al. Advanced process to dephosphorize monazite for effective leaching of rare earth metals (REMs). Hydrometallurgy. 2019 Aug;187:203–11.
  • 36. Chung KW, Yoon H-S, Kim C-J, Lee J-Y, Jyothi RK. Solvent extraction, separation and recovery of thorium from Korean monazite leach liquors for nuclear industry applications. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2020 Mar;83:72–80.
  • 37. Demol J, Ho E, Soldenhoff K, Senanayake G. The sulfuric acid bake and leach route for processing of rare earth ores and concentrates: A review. Hydrometallurgy. 2019 Sep;188:123–39.
  • 38. Mccoy H. Method of manufacturing thorium nitrate. US 1,366,128.
  • 39. Pilkington ES, Wylie AW. Production of rare earth and thorium compounds from monazite. Part I. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 1947 Nov;66(11):387–94.
  • 40. Urie RW. Pilot plant production of rare earth hydroxides and thorium oxalate from monazite. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 1947 Dec;66(12):437–9.
  • 41. Shaw K. A process for separating thorium compounds from monazite sands [PhD Thesis]. Iowa State University; 1953.
  • 42. Barghusen J, Smutz M. Processing of Monazite Sands. Ind Eng Chem. 1958 Dec;50(12):1754–5.
  • 43. Borrowman S, Rosenbaum J. Recovery of thorium from a Wyoming ore. US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines; 1962.
  • 44. Tobia SK. Separation of the light lanthanons from Egyptian monazite. J Appl Chem. 2007 May 4;13(4):189–92.
  • 45. Kawamura K, Takeuchi T, Ando T. Direct recovery of thorium and rare earths as sulphate precipitates from digestion mass. Trans Nat Res Inst Met (Japan). 1966;8(1).
  • 46. Shamsuddin M. Hydrometallurgy. In: Physical Chemistry of Metallurgical Processes, Second Edition [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. p. 429–529. (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series). <URL>.
  • 47. Teriele W. A process for the recovery of mixed rare-earth oxides from monazite. National Inst. for Metallurgy; 1982.
  • 48. Al-Fulaij O, Abdel-Aziz I. Extraction of lanthanons from Egyptian monazite. Ihd J Chem. 1996;35(2):168–9. <URL>.
  • 49. Chen Y, Wei Y, He L, Tang F. Separation of thorium and uranium in nitric acid solution using silica based anion exchange resin. Journal of Chromatography A. 2016 Sep;1466:37–41.
  • 50. Papangelakis V, Moldoveanu G. Recovery of rare earth elements from clay minerals. In Milos; 2014. p. 191–202.
  • 51. Ahmed S, Helaly O, Abd El-Ghany M. Evaluation of rare earth double sulphate precipitation from monazite leach solutions. INt J Inorg Bioinorg Chem. 2015;5(1):1–8.
  • 52. Singh H, Gupta CK. Solvent Extraction in Production and Processing of Uranium and Thorium. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 2000 Sep;21(1–5):307–49.
  • 53. Bunzli J, Pecharsky V. Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths: Including Actinides. Elsevier; 2016.
  • 54. Sadri F, Rashchi F, Amini A. Hydrometallurgical digestion and leaching of Iranian monazite concentrate containing rare earth elements Th, Ce, La and Nd. International Journal of Mineral Processing. 2017 Feb;159:7–15.
  • 55. Soltani F, Abdollahy M, Petersen J, Ram R, Becker M, Javad Koleini SM, et al. Leaching and recovery of phosphate and rare earth elements from an iron-rich fluorapatite concentrate: Part I: Direct baking of the concentrate. Hydrometallurgy. 2018 May;177:66–78.
  • 56. da Silva RG, de Morais CA, Teixeira LV, de Oliveira ÉD. Selective removal of impurities from rare earth sulphuric liquor using different reagents. Minerals Engineering. 2018 Oct;127:238–46.
  • 57. Patkar S, Burungale A, Patil R. Separation and liquid-liquid extraction of thorium (IV) as sulphate complex with synergistic mixture of Nn-octylaniline and trioctylamine as an extractant. Rasayan J Chem. 2009;2:4825–32.
  • 58. Sehati N, Shiri-Yekta Z, Zamani AA, Yaftian MR, Noshiranzadeh N. Solvent Extraction of Th(IV) and Eu(III) Ions by 3,5-di- tert -butyl-2-Hydroxy-Benzaldehyde Oxime from Aqueous Chloride Media. Separation Science and Technology. 2012 Mar;47(5):670–6.
  • 59. Curtui M, Haiduc I, Haiduc I. Solvent extraction of thorium (IV) with dialkyldithiophosphoric acids. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 1992 May;165(2):95–105.
  • 60. Bayyari MA, Nazal MK, Khalili FI. The effect of ionic strength on the extraction of thorium(IV) from perchlorate solution by didodecylphosphoric acid (HDDPA). Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2010 Apr;3(2):115–9.
  • 61. Panda CR, Chakravortty V, Dash KC. A quadridentate Schiff base as an extractant for thorium/IV/, uranium/VI/ and zirconium/IV/. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 1987 Jan;108(2):65–75.
  • 62. Pawar RR, Suryavanshi VJ, Salunkhe ST, Patil SS, Mulik GN. Liquid–liquid extraction of thorium(IV) with N-n-heptylaniline from acid media. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2017 Jan;311(1):419–26.
  • 63. Binnemans K, Jones PT, Blanpain B, Van Gerven T, Pontikes Y. Towards zero-waste valorisation of rare-earth-containing industrial process residues: a critical review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015 Jul;99:17–38.
  • 64. Sinha S, Abhilash, Meshram P, Pandey BD. Metallurgical processes for the recovery and recycling of lanthanum from various resources—A review. Hydrometallurgy. 2016 Mar;160:47–59.
  • 65. Su J, Xu R, Ni S, Li F, Sun X. A cost-effective process for recovering thorium and rare earths from radioactive residues. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020 May;254:119931.
  • 66. Lapidus GT, Doyle FM. Selective thorium and uranium extraction from monazite: I. Single-stage oxalate leaching. Hydrometallurgy. 2015 Apr;154:102–10.
  • 67. Matveeva E, Sharova E, Turanov A, Karandashev V, Odinets I. Extraction properties of β-aminophosphine oxides towards lanthanides and alkaline earth metals. Open Chemistry. 2012 Dec 1;10(6):1933–41.
  • 68. Garifzyanov AR, Zakharov SV, Kryukov SV, Galkin VI, Cherkasov RA. Liquid Extraction of Noble Metal Ions with an α-Amino Phosphonate. Russ J Gen Chem. 2005 Aug;75(8):1208–11.
  • 69. Cherkasov RA, Garifzyanov AR, Bazanova EB, Davletshin RR, Leont’eva SV. Liquid extraction of some rare earth elements with aminomethylphosphine oxides. Russ J Gen Chem. 2012 Jan;82(1):33–42.
  • 70. Jagodić V, Herak MJ, Šipalo B, Radošević J. Solvent extraction study of lanthanum and europium by acidic esters of aminophosphonic acids. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 1971 Aug;33(8):2651–9.
  • 71. Hung NT, Thuan LB, Thanh TC, Watanabe M, Khoai DV, Thuy NT, et al. Separation of thorium and uranium from xenotime leach solutions by solvent extraction using primary and tertiary amines. Hydrometallurgy. 2020 Dec;198:105506.
  • 72. Chen S, Zhang Z, Kuang S, Li Y, Huang X, Liao W. Separation of zirconium from hafnium in sulfate medium using solvent extraction with a new reagent BEAP. Hydrometallurgy. 2017 May;169:607–11.
  • 73. Yang X, Zhang Z, Kuang S, Wei H, Li Y, Wu G, et al. Removal of thorium and uranium from leach solutions of ion-adsorption rare earth ores by solvent extraction with Cextrant 230. Hydrometallurgy. 2020 Jun;194:105343.
  • 74. Lu Y, Zhang Z, Li Y, Liao W. Extraction and recovery of cerium(IV) and thorium(IV) from sulphate medium by an α-aminophosphonate extractant. Journal of Rare Earths. 2017 Jan;35(1):34–40.
  • 75. Su J, Guo X, Gao Y, Wu S, Xu R, Sun X. Recovery of thorium and rare earths from leachate of ion-absorbed rare earth radioactive residues with N1923 and Cyanex® 572. Journal of Rare Earths. 2021 Oct;39(10):1273–81.
  • 76. Sun P, Huang K, Wang X, Song W, Zheng H, Liu H. Separation of V from alkaline solution containing Cr using acidified primary amine N1923 with the addition of trisodium citrate. Separation and Purification Technology. 2017 May;179:504–12.
  • 77. Abreu RD, Morais CA. Purification of rare earth elements from monazite sulphuric acid leach liquor and the production of high-purity ceric oxide. Minerals Engineering. 2010 May;23(6):536–40.
  • 78. Amaral JCBS, Morais CA. Thorium and uraniumextraction from rare earth elements in monazite sulfuric acid liquor through solvent extraction. Minerals Engineering. 2010 May;23(6):498–503.
  • 79. Amaral JCBS, Sá MLCG, Morais CA. Recovery of uranium, thorium and rare earth from industrial residues. Hydrometallurgy. 2018 Nov;181:148–55.
  • 80. Park KH, Kim HI, Parhi PK, Mishra D, Nam CW, Park JT, et al. Extraction of metals from Mo–Ni/Al2O3 spent catalyst using H2SO4 baking–leaching-solvent extraction technique. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2012 Nov;18(6):2036–45.
  • 81. Kiegiel K, Abramowska A, Biełuszka P, Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G, Wołkowicz S. Solvent extraction of uranium from leach solutions obtained in processing of Polish low-grade ores. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2017 Jan;311(1):589–98.
  • 82. Zalupski PR, Klaehn JR, Peterman DR. Complete Recovery of Actinides from UREX-like Raffinates Using a Combination of Hard and Soft Donor Ligands. II. Soft Donor Structure Variation. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange. 2015 Sep 19;33(6):523–39.
  • 83. Su J, Gao Y, Ni S, Xu R, Sun X. A safer and cleaner process for recovering thorium and rare earth elements from radioactive waste residue. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2021 Mar;406:124654.
  • 84. Lu Y, Zhang Z, Li Y, Liao W. Extraction and recovery of cerium(IV) and thorium(IV) from sulphate medium by an α-aminophosphonate extractant. Journal of Rare Earths. 2017 Jan;35(1):34–40.
  • 85. Ghag S, Pawar S. Extraction and separation of U(VI) and Th(IV) from hydrobromic acid media using Cyanex-923 extractant. J Serb Chem Soc. 2010;75(11):1549–57.
  • 86. Ibrahim SM, Zhang Y, Xue Y, Yang S, Ma F, Tian G. Extraction of Lanthanides(III) along with Thorium(IV) from Chloride Solutions by N,N -di(2-Ethylhexyl)-Diglycolamic Acid. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange. 2020 Jun 6;38(4):417–29.
There are 85 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Chemical Engineering
Journal Section REVIEW ARTICLES
Authors

Sugyani Dash This is me 0000-0003-1005-9500

Pallabi Hıal This is me 0000-0003-0245-6960

Sagarkanya Senapatı This is me 0000-0002-2564-4094

Biswajit Dalai 0000-0001-8401-7501

Publication Date November 30, 2021
Submission Date June 23, 2021
Acceptance Date October 27, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 8 Issue: 4

Cite

Vancouver Dash S, Hıal P, Senapatı S, Dalai B. A Survey on Various Methods of Extraction and Recovery of Thorium. JOTCSA. 2021;8(4):1197-210.