Development of Functional Guar Gum-Based Highly Water Absorbent and Investigation of Reaction Parameters

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 453 - 464, 31.05.2022

Sapna . Jay Singh Arpit Sand

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1011386

Abstract

The present article describes guar-gum (GG) polysaccharide-based eco-friendly highly water absorbable polymer network with itaconic acid (IA) and acrylamide (AAm) as monomers, prepared due to characteristic features such as natural abundance, biocompatibilities, and biodegradability as well as biological and physicochemical properties. The solution polymerization technique was used successfully to synthesize the GG-g-PIA-co-AAm co-polymer. In this method, IA and AAm monomer polymerize onto polysaccharides GG in an aqueous medium at 70 °C with potassium persulfate (KPS) acting as a chemical initiator and N, N′-methylene-bisacrylamide (N-MBA) acting as a cross-linker. The maximum allowed time to complete the reaction was 1 hour and 20 minutes. The consequence of the neutralization degree of itaconic acid, GG, AAm, N-MBA, and KPS was optimized. Surface morphology and binding behavior of prepared GG-g-PIA-co-AAm were characterized by FTIR and SEM microscopy. The grafting (between GG and IA and AAm and crosslinking reactions were produced by a solid chemical empathy between the NH2 groups in the guar gum and the carboxylic groups in the poly itaconic acid, leading to the formation of amide bonds. Various parameters like free-absorbency capacity (FAC) as high as possible and (AUL) were also studied for efficient absorbent polymers. A hypothetical mechanism for polymeric reaction during polymerization has been proposed.

Keywords

Solution Polymerization, highly absorbent polymer, free-absorbency capacity (FAC), Absorbency under load, FTIR

References

• 1. Ahmed EM, Aggor FS, Awad AM, El-Aref AT. An innovative method for preparation of nanometal hydroxide superabsorbent hydrogel. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2013 Jan;91(2):693–8.
• 2. Anirudhan TS, Tharun AR, Rejeena SR. Investigation on Poly(methacrylic acid)-Grafted Cellulose/Bentonite Superabsorbent Composite: Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Characteristics of Bovine Serum Albumin. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2011 Feb 16;50(4):1866–74.
• 3. Bakass M, Mokhlisse A, Lallemant M. Absorption and desorption of liquid water by a superabsorbent polymer: Effect of polymer in the drying of the soil and the quality of certain plants. J Appl Polym Sci. 2002 Jan 10;83(2):234–43.
• 4. Li A, Zhang J, Wang A. Utilization of starch and clay for the preparation of superabsorbent composite. Bioresource Technology. 2007 Jan;98(2):327–32.
• 5. Khairkar SR, Raut AR. Synthesis of Chitosan-graft-Polyaniline-Based Composites. AJMSE. 2014 Oct 14;2(4):62–7.
• 6. Chen Z, Liu M, Qi X. Synthesis and Properties of a Superabsorbent Polymer Prepared by Copolymerization of Sodium Acrylate with Sodium 1-(Acryloyloxy)propan-2-yl Phosphate. Macromol React Eng. 2007 Feb 7;1(2):275–83.
• 7. Dadhaniya PV, Patel MP, Patel RG. Swelling and dye adsorption study of novel superswelling [Acrylamide/N-vinylpyrrolidone/3(2-hydroxyethyl carbamoyl) acrylic acid] hydrogels. Polym Bull. 2006 May;57(1):21–31.
• 8. Dhodapkar R, Borde P, Nandy T. Super absorbent polymers in environmental remediation. Global NEST Journal. 2009;11(2):223–34. ..
• 9. Kim J, Lee K-W, Hefferan TE, Currier BL, Yaszemski MJ, Lu L. Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Biodegradable Hydrogels Based on Poly(ethylene glycol) and Sebacic Acid as Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Biomacromolecules. 2008 Jan 1;9(1):149–57.
• 10. Kosemund K, Schlatter H, Ochsenhirt JL, Krause EL, Marsman DS, Erasala GN. Safety evaluation of superabsorbent baby diapers. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2009 Mar;53(2):81–9.
• 11. Lokhande HT, Varadarajan PV. A new Guargum-based superabsorbent polymer synthesised using gamma radiation as a soil additive. Bioresource Technology. 1992 Jan;42(2):119–22.
• 12. Xie L, Liu M, Ni B, Zhang X, Wang Y. Slow-release nitrogen and boron fertilizer from a functional superabsorbent formulation based on wheat straw and attapulgite. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2011 Feb;167(1):342–8.
• 13. Sung Y, Kim T-H, Lee B. Syntheses of carboxymethylcellulose/graphene nanocomposite superabsorbent hydrogels with improved gel properties using electron beam radiation. Macromol Res. 2016 Feb;24(2):143–51.
• 14. Silveira JLM, Bresolin TMB. Pharmaceutical use of galactomannans. Quím Nova. 2011;34(2):292–9.
• 15. Dodi G, Hritcu D, Popa M. Carboxymethylation of guar gum: synthesis and characterization. Cellulose chemistry and Technology. 2011;45(3):171. ..
• 16. Srivastava A, Mishra V, Singh SK, Kumar R. Vanadium(V)/mandelic acid initiated graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto guar gum in an aqueous medium. J Appl Polym Sci. 2010 Feb 15;115(4):2375–85.
• 17. Zhang S-F, He Y-F, Wang R-M, Wu Z-M, Song P-F. Preparation of emulsifier-free acrylate cross-linkable copolymer emulsion and application in coatings for controlling indoor humidity. Iran Polym J. 2013 Jun;22(6):447–56.
• 18. Guilherme MR, Aouada FA, Fajardo AR, Martins AF, Paulino AT, Davi MFT, et al. Superabsorbent hydrogels based on polysaccharides for application in agriculture as soil conditioner and nutrient carrier: A review. European Polymer Journal. 2015 Nov;72:365–85.
• 19. Sand A, Vyas A. Superabsorbent polymer based on guar gum-graft-acrylamide: synthesis and characterization. J Polym Res. 2020 Feb;27(2):43.
• 20. Ko SY, Sand A, Shin NJ, Kwark Y-J. Synthesis and Characterization of Superabsorbent Polymer Based on Carboxymethyl Cellulose-graft-Itaconic Acid. Fibers Polym. 2018 Feb;19(2):255–62.
• 21. Sand A, Shin N-J, Nam H-G, Kwark Y-J. Effects of Reaction Parameters on Water Absorption of Poly(itaconic acid) Superabsorbent Particles Synthesized by Inverse Suspension Polymerization. Fibers Polym. 2021 Apr;22(4):898–903.
• 22. Sand A, Yadav M, Behari K. Synthesis and characterization of alginate-g-vinyl sulfonic acid with a potassium peroxydiphosphate/thiourea system. J Appl Polym Sci. 2010 Dec 15;118(6):3685–94.
• 23. Saber-Samandari S, Saber-Samandari S, Heydaripour S, Abdouss M. Novel carboxymethyl cellulose based nanocomposite membrane: Synthesis, characterization and application in water treatment. Journal of Environmental Management. 2016 Jan;166:457–65.
• 24. Lin Q, Gao M, Chang J, Ma H. Adsorption properties of crosslinking carboxymethyl cellulose grafting dimethyldiallylammonium chloride for cationic and anionic dyes. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2016 Oct;151:283–94.
• 25. Wang Z, Ning A, Xie P, Gao G, Xie L, Li X, et al. Synthesis and swelling behaviors of carboxymethyl cellulose-based superabsorbent resin hybridized with graphene oxide. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2017 Feb;157:48–56.
• 26. Tran TH, Okabe H, Hidaka Y, Hara K. Removal of metal ions from aqueous solutions using carboxymethyl cellulose/sodium styrene sulfonate gels prepared by radiation grafting. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2017 Feb;157:335–43.
• 27. Sand A, Kwark Y-J. Modification of guar gum through grafting of acrylamide with potassium bromate/thiourea redox initiating system. Fibers Polym. 2017 Apr;18(4):675–81.
• 28. Sand A, Vyas A, Gupta AK. Graft copolymer based on (sodium alginate-g-acrylamide): Characterization and study of Water swelling capacity, metal ion sorption, flocculation and resistance to biodegradability. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2016 Sep;90:37–43.
• 29. Bajpai UDN, Bajpai AK. A new technique for the study of the kinetics of adsorption of polymers onto surfaces. Polym Int. 1993;32(1):43–51.
• 30. Kumar S, Krishnakumar B, Sobral AJFN, Koh J. Bio-based (chitosan/PVA/ZnO) nanocomposites film: Thermally stable and photoluminescence material for removal of organic dye. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2019 Feb;205:559–64.
• 31. Hsan N, Dutta PK, Kumar S, Bera R, Das N. Chitosan grafted graphene oxide aerogel: Synthesis, characterization and carbon dioxide capture study. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2019 Mar;125:300–6.
• 32. Kumar S, de A. e Silva J, Wani MY, Dias CMF, Sobral AJFN. Studies of Carbon Dioxide Capture on Porous Chitosan Derivative. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology. 2016 Feb;37(2):155–8.
• 33. Kumar S, Koh J. Physiochemical and optical properties of chitosan based graphene oxide bionanocomposite. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2014 Sep;70:559–64.
• 34. Kumar S, Dutta J, Dutta PK. Preparation and characterization of N-heterocyclic chitosan derivative based gels for biomedical applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2009 Nov;45(4):330–7.
• 35. Kuchta F-D, van Herk AM, German AL. Propagation Kinetics of Acrylic and Methacrylic Acid in Water and Organic Solvents Studied by Pulsed-Laser Polymerization. Macromolecules. 2000 May 1;33(10):3641–9.
• 36. Lacík I, Beuermann S, Buback M. PLP−SEC Study into Free-Radical Propagation Rate of Nonionized Acrylic Acid in Aqueous Solution. Macromolecules. 2003 Dec 1;36(25):9355–63.
• 37. Vestberg R, Nilsson C, Lopes C, Lind P, Eliasson B, Malmström E. Thiophene-cored 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid dendrimers for optical-power-limiting applications: Optical-Power-Limiting Applications. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem. 2005 Mar 15;43(6):1177–87.
• 38. Pascal P, Winnik MA, Napper DH, Gilbert RG. Pulsed laser study of the propagation kinetics of acrylamide and its derivatives in water. Macromolecules. 1993 Aug;26(17):4572–6.
• 39. Veličković SJ, Džunuzović ES, Griffiths PC, Lacik I, Filipović J, Popović IG. Polymerization of itaconic acid initiated by a potassium persulfate/ N,N -dimethylethanolamine system. J Appl Polym Sci. 2008 Dec 5;110(5):3275–82. 40. Sharma P, Dagar A, Sapna, Vyas A, Sand A. Superabsorbent composites (SACs) based on xanthan gum-g-poly (itaconic acid)/kaolinite. Polym Bull. 2021 Nov;78(11):6441–54.
• 41. Pourjavadi A, Harzandi AM, Hosseinzadeh H. Modified carrageenan 3. Synthesis of a novel polysaccharide-based superabsorbent hydrogel via graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto kappa-carrageenan in air. European Polymer Journal. 2004 Jul;40(7):1363–70.
• 42. Pourjavadi A, Hosseinzadeh H. Synthesis and Properties of Partially Hydrolyzed Acrylonitrile-co-Acrylamide Superabsorbent Hydrogel. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society. 2010 Nov 20;31(11):3163–72.
• 43. Yadav M, Sand A, Kumar Mishra D, Behari K. A study toward the physicochemical properties of graft copolymer (partially carboxymethylated guar gum- g - N , N ′-dimethylacrylamide): Synthesis and characterization. J Appl Polym Sci. 2010 Jul 15;117(2):974–81.
• 44. Sadeghi M. Synthesis of a biocopolymer carrageenan-g-poly(AAm-co-IA)/ montmorilonite superabsorbent hydrogel composite. Braz J Chem Eng. 2012 Jun;29(2):295–305.