Research Article
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Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 1007 - 1022, 30.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1116677

Abstract

References

  • 1. Faheem JB. Energy Crisis in Pakistan. IRA-JTE [Internet]. 2016 Apr 20 [cited 2022 Aug 4];3(1).
  • 2. Oyedepo SO. Energy and sustainable development in Nigeria: the way forward. Energ Sustain Soc [Internet]. 2012 Dec [cited 2022 Aug 4];2(1):15.
  • 3. Valasai GD, Uqaili MA, Memon HR, Samoo SR, Mirjat NH, Harijan K. Overcoming electricity crisis in Pakistan: A review of sustainable electricity options. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews [Internet]. 2017 May [cited 2022 Aug 4];72:734–45.
  • 4. Javed MS, Raza R, Hassan I, Saeed R, Shaheen N, Iqbal J, et al. The energy crisis in Pakistan: A possible solution via biomass-based waste. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy [Internet]. 2016 Jul [cited 2022 Aug 4];8(4):043102.
  • 5. Aftab S. Pakistan’s energy crisis: causes, consequences and possible remedies. Expert Analysis, Norway. 2014;1–6.
  • 6. Shrirame HY, Panwar NL, Bamniya BR. Bio Diesel from Castor Oil – A Green Energy Option. LCE [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Aug 4];02(01):1–6.
  • 7. Khan MR, Gardezi SMAH. Production of Biodiesel in Pakistan. IJISME. 2014;1(10):819–48.
  • 8. Ali T, Huang J, Yang J. An overview of status and policies on biofuels in Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Research. 2012;3(1):69–76.
  • 9. Demirbas A, Karslioglu S. Biodiesel Production Facilities from Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects [Internet]. 2007 Feb [cited 2022 Aug 4];29(2):133–41.
  • 10. Ijaz M, Bahtti KH, Anwar Z, Dogar UF, Irshad M. Production, optimization and quality assessment of biodiesel from Ricinus communis L. oil. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences [Internet]. 2016 Apr [cited 2022 Aug 4];9(2):180–4.
  • 11. Ingle S, Nandedkar V, Nagarhalli M. Prediction of Performance and Emission of Palm oil Biodiesel in diesel Engine. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE). 2013;16:20.
  • 12. Ganesan D, Rajendran A, Thangavelu V. An overview on the recent advances in the transesterification of vegetable oils for biodiesel production using chemical and biocatalysts. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol [Internet]. 2009 Dec [cited 2022 Aug 4];8(4):367–94.
  • 13. Anjel H abdul, Abdulrahman RK. The Production of Green sustainable Fuel From Castor Oil. IJETT [Internet]. 2017 Mar 25 [cited 2022 Aug 4];45(7):322–4.
  • 14. Meher L, Vidyasagar D, Naik S. Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification—a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews [Internet]. 2006 Jun [cited 2022 Aug 4];10(3):248–68.
  • 15. Nakarmi A, Joshi S. A Study on Castor Oil and Its Conversion into Biodiesel by Transesterification Method. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology [Internet]. 2015 Feb 1 [cited 2022 Aug 4];15(1):45–52.
  • 16. Balat M. Potential alternatives to edible oils for biodiesel production – A review of current work. Energy Conversion and Management [Internet]. 2011 Feb [cited 2022 Aug 4];52(2):1479–92.
  • 17. Ferdous MK, Uddin MR, Uddin MR, Khan MR, Islam M. Optimization of Biodiesel Production From Bakul Oil. Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2017;29(1):14–8.
  • 18. Fatah MA, Farag H, Ossman M. Production of biodiesel from non-edible oil and effect of blending with diesel on fuel properties. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal. 2012;2(4):583–91.
  • 19. Demirbas A. Potential Resources of Non-edible Oils for Biodiesel. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy [Internet]. 2009 Oct 30 [cited 2022 Aug 4];4(3):310–4.
  • 20. Keera ST, El Sabagh SM, Taman AR. Castor oil biodiesel production and optimization. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum [Internet]. 2018 Dec [cited 2022 Aug 4];27(4):979–84.
  • 21. Asmare M. Synthesis and Characterization of Biodiesel from Castor Bean as Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engine. AJEE [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 Aug 4];2(1):1.
  • 22. Atabani AE, Silitonga AS, Badruddin IA, Mahlia TMI, Masjuki HH, Mekhilef S. A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews [Internet]. 2012 May [cited 2022 Aug 4];16(4):2070–93.
  • 23. Khaliq IH, Naeem B, Abbas Q, Khalid S. Chemical Composition and Oil Characterization of Some Accessions of Ricinus communis Seeds. J Bus Fin Aff [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 Aug 4];06(01).
  • 24. Conceição MM, Candeia RA, Silva FC, Bezerra AF, Fernandes VJ, Souza AG. Thermoanalytical characterization of castor oil biodiesel. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews [Internet]. 2007 Jun [cited 2022 Aug 4];11(5):964–75.
  • 25. Banković-Ilić IB, Stamenković OS, Veljković VB. Biodiesel production from non-edible plant oils. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews [Internet]. 2012 Aug [cited 2022 Aug 4];16(6):3621–47.
  • 26. Ramezani K, Rowshanzamir S, Eikani MH. Castor oil transesterification reaction: A kinetic study and optimization of parameters. Energy [Internet]. 2010 Oct [cited 2022 Aug 4];35(10):4142–8.
  • 27. Panwar NL, Shrirame HY, Bamniya BR. CO2 mitigation potential from biodiesel of castor seed oil in Indian context. Clean Techn Environ Policy [Internet]. 2010 Nov [cited 2022 Aug 4];12(5):579–82.
  • 28. Jeong GT, Park DH. Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Castor Oil Using Response Surface Methodology. Appl Biochem Biotechnol [Internet]. 2009 May [cited 2022 Aug 4];156(1–3):1–11.
  • 29. Thirugnanasambandham K, Shine K, Agatheeshwaren A, Sivakumar V. Biodiesel production from castor oil using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst: Simulation and validation. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects [Internet]. 2016 Oct 1 [cited 2022 Aug 4];38(19):2898–905.
  • 30. Nurdin S, Rosnan NA, Ghazali NS, Gimbun J, Nour AH, Haron SF. Economical Biodiesel Fuel Synthesis from Castor Oil Using Mussel Shell-Base Catalyst (MS-BC). Energy Procedia [Internet]. 2015 Nov [cited 2022 Aug 4];79:576–83.
  • 31. Amalia S, Khalifah SN, Baroroh H, Muiz A, Rahmatullah A, Aini N, et al. Biodiesel production from castor oil using heterogeneous catalyst KOH/zeolite of natural zeolite Bandung Indonesia. In Malang, Indonesia; 2019 [cited 2022 Aug 4]. p. 080016.
  • 32. Ferdous K, Uddin MR, Mondal SK, Khan MR. Preparation of Biodiesel Using Sulfuric Acid as a Catalyst. In 2013.
  • 33. Madankar CS, Pradhan S, Naik SN. Parametric study of reactive extraction of castor seed (Ricinus communis L.) for methyl ester production and its potential use as bio lubricant. Industrial Crops and Products [Internet]. 2013 May [cited 2022 Aug 4];43:283–90.
  • 34. Karmakar B, Dhawane SH, Halder G. Optimization of biodiesel production from castor oil by Taguchi design. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering [Internet]. 2018 Apr [cited 2022 Aug 4];6(2):2684–95.
  • 35. Silitonga AS, Masjuki HH, Ong HC, Yusaf T, Kusumo F, Mahlia TMI. Synthesis and optimization of Hevea brasiliensis and Ricinus communis as feedstock for biodiesel production: A comparative study. Industrial Crops and Products [Internet]. 2016 Jul [cited 2022 Aug 4];85:274–86.
  • 36. Halder S, Dhawane SH, Kumar T, Halder G. Acid-catalyzed esterification of castor ( Ricinus communis ) oil: optimization through a central composite design approach. Biofuels [Internet]. 2015 Jul 4 [cited 2022 Aug 4];6(3–4):191–201.
  • 37. Keera ST, El Sabagh SM, Taman AR. Castor oil biodiesel production and optimization. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum [Internet]. 2018 Dec [cited 2022 Aug 4];27(4):979–84.
  • 38. Garba A, Abarshi MM, Shuaib MB, Sulaiman R. Optimization of biodiesel production from castor oil by response surface methodology. Nig J Biotechnol [Internet]. 2017 Oct 30 [cited 2022 Aug 4];33(1):66.
  • 39. Hiwot T. Investigation of the Chemical Composition, Characterization and Determination of Energy Content for Renewable Energy Source (Biodiesel) Produced from Non-Edible Ethiopian Seeds’ Particularly Castor Seed (Ricinus communis) Using Homogeneous Catalysis. ILCPA [Internet]. 2014 Aug [cited 2022 Aug 4];37:63–74.
  • 40. Deep A, Sandhu S, Chander S. Optimization of reaction parameters of Transesterification for Castor oil. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research. 2017;76:115–8.
  • 41. Rahman MS, Hossain MS, Moral MNA. Production of Biodiesel Fuels from Castor Oil Using H2SO4 as Catalyst. In Khulna, BANGLADESH: ICMIEE; 2016. p. 1–6.
  • 42. Narwal SK, Saun NK, Dogra P, Chauhan G, Gupta R. Production and Characterization of Biodiesel Using Nonedible Castor Oil by Immobilized Lipase from Bacillus aerius. BioMed Research International [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 Aug 4];2015:1–6.
  • 43. Kılıç M, Uzun BB, Pütün E, Pütün AE. Optimization of biodiesel production from castor oil using factorial design. Fuel Processing Technology [Internet]. 2013 Jul [cited 2022 Aug 4];111:105–10.
  • 44. Elango RK, Sathiasivan K, Muthukumaran C, Thangavelu V, Rajesh M, Tamilarasan K. Transesterification of castor oil for biodiesel production: Process optimization and characterization. Microchemical Journal [Internet]. 2019 Mar [cited 2022 Aug 4];145:1162–8.

Optimization and characterization of acid catalyzed castor biodiesel and its blends

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 1007 - 1022, 30.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1116677

Abstract

In terms of energy security, biodiesel has become an alternative, safe, and biodegradable fuel. Here, to produce biodiesel from castor oil, a transesterification process was carried out using an acid-catalyzed catalyst. Three blends (B10, B20 and B30) were prepared by using different proportions of castor biodiesel and petro-diesel. Biodiesel optimum yield of 80% was obtained from 5 mL of castor oil with the influence of different parameters such as 1.75 mL of methanol and 0.08 mL of conc. H2SO4, at 65 ℃, for 3 hours with 600 revolutions per minute stirring speed for 5 mL of castor oil. Physiochemical properties of all samples such as moisture contents, iodine value, free fatty acid value, saponification value, ester value, acid value, peroxide value, viscosity (at 40 ℃), specific gravity, refractive index, density, boiling point, average molecular weight, and higher heating value were determined. Castor biodiesel characterization was resulted as 0.112 (percentage), 86 mg KOH/g, 1.0878 mg KOH/g, 0.439 mg KOH/g, 84.9122 mg KOH/g, 86.32 gI2/100 g, 20.66 Meq/100 g, 0.8850 g, 17.21 cSt, 1.4667 nD, 0.8910 g, 290 ℃, 1982.05 g, and 44.479 MJ/Kg min, respectively. The functional groups were investigated by using FTIR. In the present study, it was demonstrated that biodiesel can be produced using a method of acid-catalyzed transesterification by using castor oil.

References

  • 1. Faheem JB. Energy Crisis in Pakistan. IRA-JTE [Internet]. 2016 Apr 20 [cited 2022 Aug 4];3(1).
  • 2. Oyedepo SO. Energy and sustainable development in Nigeria: the way forward. Energ Sustain Soc [Internet]. 2012 Dec [cited 2022 Aug 4];2(1):15.
  • 3. Valasai GD, Uqaili MA, Memon HR, Samoo SR, Mirjat NH, Harijan K. Overcoming electricity crisis in Pakistan: A review of sustainable electricity options. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews [Internet]. 2017 May [cited 2022 Aug 4];72:734–45.
  • 4. Javed MS, Raza R, Hassan I, Saeed R, Shaheen N, Iqbal J, et al. The energy crisis in Pakistan: A possible solution via biomass-based waste. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy [Internet]. 2016 Jul [cited 2022 Aug 4];8(4):043102.
  • 5. Aftab S. Pakistan’s energy crisis: causes, consequences and possible remedies. Expert Analysis, Norway. 2014;1–6.
  • 6. Shrirame HY, Panwar NL, Bamniya BR. Bio Diesel from Castor Oil – A Green Energy Option. LCE [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Aug 4];02(01):1–6.
  • 7. Khan MR, Gardezi SMAH. Production of Biodiesel in Pakistan. IJISME. 2014;1(10):819–48.
  • 8. Ali T, Huang J, Yang J. An overview of status and policies on biofuels in Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Research. 2012;3(1):69–76.
  • 9. Demirbas A, Karslioglu S. Biodiesel Production Facilities from Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects [Internet]. 2007 Feb [cited 2022 Aug 4];29(2):133–41.
  • 10. Ijaz M, Bahtti KH, Anwar Z, Dogar UF, Irshad M. Production, optimization and quality assessment of biodiesel from Ricinus communis L. oil. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences [Internet]. 2016 Apr [cited 2022 Aug 4];9(2):180–4.
  • 11. Ingle S, Nandedkar V, Nagarhalli M. Prediction of Performance and Emission of Palm oil Biodiesel in diesel Engine. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE). 2013;16:20.
  • 12. Ganesan D, Rajendran A, Thangavelu V. An overview on the recent advances in the transesterification of vegetable oils for biodiesel production using chemical and biocatalysts. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol [Internet]. 2009 Dec [cited 2022 Aug 4];8(4):367–94.
  • 13. Anjel H abdul, Abdulrahman RK. The Production of Green sustainable Fuel From Castor Oil. IJETT [Internet]. 2017 Mar 25 [cited 2022 Aug 4];45(7):322–4.
  • 14. Meher L, Vidyasagar D, Naik S. Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification—a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews [Internet]. 2006 Jun [cited 2022 Aug 4];10(3):248–68.
  • 15. Nakarmi A, Joshi S. A Study on Castor Oil and Its Conversion into Biodiesel by Transesterification Method. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology [Internet]. 2015 Feb 1 [cited 2022 Aug 4];15(1):45–52.
  • 16. Balat M. Potential alternatives to edible oils for biodiesel production – A review of current work. Energy Conversion and Management [Internet]. 2011 Feb [cited 2022 Aug 4];52(2):1479–92.
  • 17. Ferdous MK, Uddin MR, Uddin MR, Khan MR, Islam M. Optimization of Biodiesel Production From Bakul Oil. Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2017;29(1):14–8.
  • 18. Fatah MA, Farag H, Ossman M. Production of biodiesel from non-edible oil and effect of blending with diesel on fuel properties. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal. 2012;2(4):583–91.
  • 19. Demirbas A. Potential Resources of Non-edible Oils for Biodiesel. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy [Internet]. 2009 Oct 30 [cited 2022 Aug 4];4(3):310–4.
  • 20. Keera ST, El Sabagh SM, Taman AR. Castor oil biodiesel production and optimization. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum [Internet]. 2018 Dec [cited 2022 Aug 4];27(4):979–84.
  • 21. Asmare M. Synthesis and Characterization of Biodiesel from Castor Bean as Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engine. AJEE [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 Aug 4];2(1):1.
  • 22. Atabani AE, Silitonga AS, Badruddin IA, Mahlia TMI, Masjuki HH, Mekhilef S. A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews [Internet]. 2012 May [cited 2022 Aug 4];16(4):2070–93.
  • 23. Khaliq IH, Naeem B, Abbas Q, Khalid S. Chemical Composition and Oil Characterization of Some Accessions of Ricinus communis Seeds. J Bus Fin Aff [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 Aug 4];06(01).
  • 24. Conceição MM, Candeia RA, Silva FC, Bezerra AF, Fernandes VJ, Souza AG. Thermoanalytical characterization of castor oil biodiesel. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews [Internet]. 2007 Jun [cited 2022 Aug 4];11(5):964–75.
  • 25. Banković-Ilić IB, Stamenković OS, Veljković VB. Biodiesel production from non-edible plant oils. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews [Internet]. 2012 Aug [cited 2022 Aug 4];16(6):3621–47.
  • 26. Ramezani K, Rowshanzamir S, Eikani MH. Castor oil transesterification reaction: A kinetic study and optimization of parameters. Energy [Internet]. 2010 Oct [cited 2022 Aug 4];35(10):4142–8.
  • 27. Panwar NL, Shrirame HY, Bamniya BR. CO2 mitigation potential from biodiesel of castor seed oil in Indian context. Clean Techn Environ Policy [Internet]. 2010 Nov [cited 2022 Aug 4];12(5):579–82.
  • 28. Jeong GT, Park DH. Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Castor Oil Using Response Surface Methodology. Appl Biochem Biotechnol [Internet]. 2009 May [cited 2022 Aug 4];156(1–3):1–11.
  • 29. Thirugnanasambandham K, Shine K, Agatheeshwaren A, Sivakumar V. Biodiesel production from castor oil using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst: Simulation and validation. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects [Internet]. 2016 Oct 1 [cited 2022 Aug 4];38(19):2898–905.
  • 30. Nurdin S, Rosnan NA, Ghazali NS, Gimbun J, Nour AH, Haron SF. Economical Biodiesel Fuel Synthesis from Castor Oil Using Mussel Shell-Base Catalyst (MS-BC). Energy Procedia [Internet]. 2015 Nov [cited 2022 Aug 4];79:576–83.
  • 31. Amalia S, Khalifah SN, Baroroh H, Muiz A, Rahmatullah A, Aini N, et al. Biodiesel production from castor oil using heterogeneous catalyst KOH/zeolite of natural zeolite Bandung Indonesia. In Malang, Indonesia; 2019 [cited 2022 Aug 4]. p. 080016.
  • 32. Ferdous K, Uddin MR, Mondal SK, Khan MR. Preparation of Biodiesel Using Sulfuric Acid as a Catalyst. In 2013.
  • 33. Madankar CS, Pradhan S, Naik SN. Parametric study of reactive extraction of castor seed (Ricinus communis L.) for methyl ester production and its potential use as bio lubricant. Industrial Crops and Products [Internet]. 2013 May [cited 2022 Aug 4];43:283–90.
  • 34. Karmakar B, Dhawane SH, Halder G. Optimization of biodiesel production from castor oil by Taguchi design. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering [Internet]. 2018 Apr [cited 2022 Aug 4];6(2):2684–95.
  • 35. Silitonga AS, Masjuki HH, Ong HC, Yusaf T, Kusumo F, Mahlia TMI. Synthesis and optimization of Hevea brasiliensis and Ricinus communis as feedstock for biodiesel production: A comparative study. Industrial Crops and Products [Internet]. 2016 Jul [cited 2022 Aug 4];85:274–86.
  • 36. Halder S, Dhawane SH, Kumar T, Halder G. Acid-catalyzed esterification of castor ( Ricinus communis ) oil: optimization through a central composite design approach. Biofuels [Internet]. 2015 Jul 4 [cited 2022 Aug 4];6(3–4):191–201.
  • 37. Keera ST, El Sabagh SM, Taman AR. Castor oil biodiesel production and optimization. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum [Internet]. 2018 Dec [cited 2022 Aug 4];27(4):979–84.
  • 38. Garba A, Abarshi MM, Shuaib MB, Sulaiman R. Optimization of biodiesel production from castor oil by response surface methodology. Nig J Biotechnol [Internet]. 2017 Oct 30 [cited 2022 Aug 4];33(1):66.
  • 39. Hiwot T. Investigation of the Chemical Composition, Characterization and Determination of Energy Content for Renewable Energy Source (Biodiesel) Produced from Non-Edible Ethiopian Seeds’ Particularly Castor Seed (Ricinus communis) Using Homogeneous Catalysis. ILCPA [Internet]. 2014 Aug [cited 2022 Aug 4];37:63–74.
  • 40. Deep A, Sandhu S, Chander S. Optimization of reaction parameters of Transesterification for Castor oil. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research. 2017;76:115–8.
  • 41. Rahman MS, Hossain MS, Moral MNA. Production of Biodiesel Fuels from Castor Oil Using H2SO4 as Catalyst. In Khulna, BANGLADESH: ICMIEE; 2016. p. 1–6.
  • 42. Narwal SK, Saun NK, Dogra P, Chauhan G, Gupta R. Production and Characterization of Biodiesel Using Nonedible Castor Oil by Immobilized Lipase from Bacillus aerius. BioMed Research International [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 Aug 4];2015:1–6.
  • 43. Kılıç M, Uzun BB, Pütün E, Pütün AE. Optimization of biodiesel production from castor oil using factorial design. Fuel Processing Technology [Internet]. 2013 Jul [cited 2022 Aug 4];111:105–10.
  • 44. Elango RK, Sathiasivan K, Muthukumaran C, Thangavelu V, Rajesh M, Tamilarasan K. Transesterification of castor oil for biodiesel production: Process optimization and characterization. Microchemical Journal [Internet]. 2019 Mar [cited 2022 Aug 4];145:1162–8.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Syed Ubaid Hussain This is me

Sajida Noureen This is me

Irum Razzaq This is me

Saleem Alkter This is me

Fahad Mehmood This is me

Zahra Razzaq This is me

Mussarat Jabeen 0000-0002-0818-0662

Publication Date November 30, 2022
Submission Date May 18, 2022
Acceptance Date July 28, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 4

Cite

Vancouver Ubaid Hussain S, Noureen S, Razzaq I, Alkter S, Mehmood F, Razzaq Z, Jabeen M. Optimization and characterization of acid catalyzed castor biodiesel and its blends. JOTCSA. 2022;9(4):1007-22.