Research Article
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Optimization of extraction condition of Gynura procumbens extract enriched with flavonoid and antioxidant compounds using Response Surface Methodology

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 425 - 434, 31.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1172970

Abstract

Gynura procumbens is known as one of the herbal medicinal plants found in Indonesia and has been used from time to time. It is claimed to have various efficacy such as anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hypertension, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, and antioxidant. Other studies mention that G. procumbens possessed high antioxidant compounds and had been used as a natural-based medicinal supplement. However, further studies on optimizing the extraction process of Gynura procumbens in Indonesia have yet to be reported. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the extraction condition of G. procumbens leaves by maceration with three variables: solvent concentration, extraction time, and the ratio of solid-liquid used. Each of those variables contained three different levels. Determination of total flavonoid and antioxidant activity was measured using aluminium chloride colourimetric assay and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) assay, respectively. In the optimization process, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to explore the main effects and interaction between parameters and their correlations with dependent variables. The results were analyzed using the Box-Behnken method using Minitab software 17. This study shows that the most significant effect of the variable for both flavonoid and antioxidant activity was solvent concentration, with a P<0.05. The results showed that the extraction process to obtain G. procumbens extract with optimal flavonoid content and antioxidant activity (IC50) was predicted at 70% solvent concentration, 1 h maceration time, and a solid-liquid ratio of 1:9.8 w/v, with results of 17.599 mg QE/g extract and 0.211 mg/mL, respectively. This study was expected to complement other studies and can be used as an additional reference for the development of the extraction process on a larger scale.

Thanks

This study was funded using DIPA and supported by colleagues from Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine and the National Research and Innovation Agency as a supporting institution related to the authors.

References

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  • 2. Yam MF, Sadikun A, Asmawi MZ, Rosidah. Antioxidant potential of Gynura procumbens. Pharm Biol. 2008 Sep;46(9):616–25.
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  • 13. Rosidah I, Bahua H, Mufidah R, Pongtuluran OB. Pengaruh Kondisi Proses Ekstraksi Batang Brotowali (Tinospora crispa (L) Hook.f & Thomson) Terhadap Aktivitas Hambatan Enzim Alfa Glukosidase. Vol. 25, Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. 2015;25(4):203-210.
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  • 16. Tristantini D, Setiawan H, Santoso LL. Feasibility assessment of an encapsulated longevity spinach (Gynura procumbens l.) extract plant in Indonesia. Appl Sci. 2021 May 1;11(9).
  • 17. Dyah NA, Endang K, Fahrauk F. Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Metode AlCl3 Pada Ektsrak MEtanol Kulit Buah KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.). Kartika J Ilm Farm. 2014;2(2):45–9.
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  • 19. Faulina R, Andari S, Anggraeni D. Response surface methodology (RSM) dan aplikasinya. Magister Stat Its. 2011;152–75.
  • 20. Chuyen H V., Roach PD, Golding JB, Parks SE, Nguyen MH. Optimisation of extraction conditions for recovering carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel using response surface methodology. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2017;52(4):972–80.
  • 21. Karmoker JR, Hasan I, Ahmed N, Saifuddin M, Reza MS. Development and Optimization of Acyclovir Loaded Mucoadhesive Microspheres by Box – Behnken Design. Dhaka Univ J Pharm Sci. 2019;18(1):1–12.
  • 22. Aydar AY, Bagdatlioglu N, Köseoglu O. Effect of ultrasound on olive oil extraction and optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of extra virgin olive oil by response surface methodology (RSM). Grasas y Aceites. 2017;68(2).
  • 23. Shirzad H, Niknam V, Taheri M, Ebrahimzadeh H. Ultrasound-assisted extraction process of phenolic antioxidants from Olive leaves: a nutraceutical study using RSM and LC–ESI–DAD–MS. J Food Sci Technol. 2017;54(8):2361–71.
  • 24. Elksibi I, Haddar W, Ben Ticha M, Gharbi R, Mhenni MF. Development and optimisation of a non conventional extraction process of natural dye from olive solid waste using response surface methodology (RSM). Food Chem. 2014;161:345–52.
  • 25. A. Akowuah G, Ahmad M, M. Fei Y. Effects of Gynura procumbens Leaf Extracts on Plasma Lipid Peroxidation and Total Antioxidant Status in CCl4-Treated Rats. Nat Prod Journale. 2013;2(4):247–51.
  • 26. Tian Y, Xu Z, Zheng B, Martin Lo Y. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil. Ultrason Sonochem. 2013;20(1):202–8.
  • 27. Yan F, Fan K, He J, Gao M. Ultrasonic-Assisted Solvent Extraction of Carotenoids From Rapeseed Meal: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology. J Food Qual. 2015;38(6):377–86.
  • 28. Raza A, Li F, Xu X, Tang J. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of antioxidant polysaccharides from the stem of Trapa quadrispinosa using response surface methodology. Int J Biol Macromol. 2017;94:335–44.
  • 29. Samaram S, Mirhosseini H, Tan CP, Ghazali HM, Bordbar S, Serjouie A. Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from papaya seed by response surface methodology: Oil recovery, radical scavenging antioxidant activity, and oxidation stability. Food Chem. 2015;172:7–17.
  • 30. Akowuah GA, Mariam A, Chin JH. The effect of extraction temperature on total phenols and antioxidant activity of Gynura procumbens leaf. Pharmacogn Mag. 2009;4(17):81–5.
  • 31. Zainol MK, Abd-Hamid A, Yusof S, Muse R. Antioxidative activity and total phenolic compounds of leaf, root and petiole of four accessions of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Food Chem. 2003;81(4):575–81.
  • 32. Tristantini D, Ismawati A, Tegar Pradana B, Gabriel Jonathan J. Pengujian Aktivitas Antioksidan Menggunakan Metode DPPH pada Daun Tanjung (Mimusops elengi L). Semin Nas Tek Kim Kejuangan. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia “Kejuangan” 17 Mar 2016;ISSN 1693-4393:1–7.
Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 425 - 434, 31.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1172970

Abstract

References

  • 1. Tan H, Chan K, Pusparajah P, Lee L, Goh B, Lee L. Gynura procumbens : An Overview of the Biological Activities. Front Pharmacol. 2016;7(52):1–14.
  • 2. Yam MF, Sadikun A, Asmawi MZ, Rosidah. Antioxidant potential of Gynura procumbens. Pharm Biol. 2008 Sep;46(9):616–25.
  • 3. Werdhasari A. Peran Antioksidan Bagi Kesehatan. J Biotek Medisiana Indones. 2014;3(2):59–68.
  • 4. Francenia Santos-Sánchez N, Salas-Coronado R, Villanueva-Cañongo C, Hernández-Carlos B. Antioxidant Compounds and Their Antioxidant Mechanism. IntechOpen. 2019;1–28.
  • 5. Kaewseejan N, Sutthikhum V, Siriamornpun S. Potential of Gynura procumbens leaves as source of flavonoid-enriched fractions with enhanced antioxidant capacity. J Funct Foods [Internet]. 2015;12:120–8.
  • 6. Kim J, Lee C, Kyung E, Lee S, Park N, Kim H, et al. Inhibition effect of Gynura procumbens extract on UV-B-induced matrix-metalloproteinase expression in human dermal fibroblasts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(1):427–33.
  • 7. Montgomery DC. Design and Analysis of Experiments Eighth Edition. Arizona State University. Vol. 2009, Copyright. 2013. 2001 p. ISBN: 978-1-118-14692-7.
  • 8. Şahin S, Şamli R. Optimization of olive leaf extract obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction with response surface methodology. Ultrason Sonochem. 2013;20(1):595–602.
  • 9. Khuri AI, Mukhopadhyay S. Response surface methodology. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics. 2010;2(2):128–49.
  • 10. Vuong Q V., Nguyen VT, Thanh DT, Bhuyan DJ, Goldsmith CD, Sadeqzadeh E, et al. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for euphol from the medicinal plant, Euphorbia tirucalli, using response surface methodology. Ind Crops Prod. 2015;63:197–202.
  • 11. Khuri AI. Response Surface Methodology and Its Applications In Agricultural and Food Sciences. Biometrics Biostat Int J. 2017;5(5):155–63.
  • 12. Hairon H, Sabtu R, Talib NA, Awang MA, Aziz R, Suan CL, et al. Extraction of Gynura procumbens Leaves (Sambung Nyawa) with Different Parameters Using Maceration Process. In: 6th International Conference on Biotechnology for the Wellness Industry (ICBWI ). Malaka, Malaysia: Institute of Bioproduct Development, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; 2016. p. 131–3.
  • 13. Rosidah I, Bahua H, Mufidah R, Pongtuluran OB. Pengaruh Kondisi Proses Ekstraksi Batang Brotowali (Tinospora crispa (L) Hook.f & Thomson) Terhadap Aktivitas Hambatan Enzim Alfa Glukosidase. Vol. 25, Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. 2015;25(4):203-210.
  • 14. Krishnan V, Ahmad S, Mahmood M. Antioxidant Potential in Different Parts and Callus of Gynura procumbens and Different Parts of Gynura bicolor. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015.
  • 15. S.S. Maw, M.M. Mon, Z.K. Oo. Study on Antioxidant and Antitumor Activities of Some Herbal Extracts. World Acad Sci Eng Technol. 2011;51:450–5.
  • 16. Tristantini D, Setiawan H, Santoso LL. Feasibility assessment of an encapsulated longevity spinach (Gynura procumbens l.) extract plant in Indonesia. Appl Sci. 2021 May 1;11(9).
  • 17. Dyah NA, Endang K, Fahrauk F. Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Metode AlCl3 Pada Ektsrak MEtanol Kulit Buah KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.). Kartika J Ilm Farm. 2014;2(2):45–9.
  • 18. Pant G, Simaria C, Varsi RAH, Bhan P, Sibi G. In vitro Anti-Cholesterol and Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extracts from Flax Seeds ( Linum usitatissimum L .). Res J Med Plant. 2015;9(6):300–6.
  • 19. Faulina R, Andari S, Anggraeni D. Response surface methodology (RSM) dan aplikasinya. Magister Stat Its. 2011;152–75.
  • 20. Chuyen H V., Roach PD, Golding JB, Parks SE, Nguyen MH. Optimisation of extraction conditions for recovering carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel using response surface methodology. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2017;52(4):972–80.
  • 21. Karmoker JR, Hasan I, Ahmed N, Saifuddin M, Reza MS. Development and Optimization of Acyclovir Loaded Mucoadhesive Microspheres by Box – Behnken Design. Dhaka Univ J Pharm Sci. 2019;18(1):1–12.
  • 22. Aydar AY, Bagdatlioglu N, Köseoglu O. Effect of ultrasound on olive oil extraction and optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of extra virgin olive oil by response surface methodology (RSM). Grasas y Aceites. 2017;68(2).
  • 23. Shirzad H, Niknam V, Taheri M, Ebrahimzadeh H. Ultrasound-assisted extraction process of phenolic antioxidants from Olive leaves: a nutraceutical study using RSM and LC–ESI–DAD–MS. J Food Sci Technol. 2017;54(8):2361–71.
  • 24. Elksibi I, Haddar W, Ben Ticha M, Gharbi R, Mhenni MF. Development and optimisation of a non conventional extraction process of natural dye from olive solid waste using response surface methodology (RSM). Food Chem. 2014;161:345–52.
  • 25. A. Akowuah G, Ahmad M, M. Fei Y. Effects of Gynura procumbens Leaf Extracts on Plasma Lipid Peroxidation and Total Antioxidant Status in CCl4-Treated Rats. Nat Prod Journale. 2013;2(4):247–51.
  • 26. Tian Y, Xu Z, Zheng B, Martin Lo Y. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil. Ultrason Sonochem. 2013;20(1):202–8.
  • 27. Yan F, Fan K, He J, Gao M. Ultrasonic-Assisted Solvent Extraction of Carotenoids From Rapeseed Meal: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology. J Food Qual. 2015;38(6):377–86.
  • 28. Raza A, Li F, Xu X, Tang J. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of antioxidant polysaccharides from the stem of Trapa quadrispinosa using response surface methodology. Int J Biol Macromol. 2017;94:335–44.
  • 29. Samaram S, Mirhosseini H, Tan CP, Ghazali HM, Bordbar S, Serjouie A. Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from papaya seed by response surface methodology: Oil recovery, radical scavenging antioxidant activity, and oxidation stability. Food Chem. 2015;172:7–17.
  • 30. Akowuah GA, Mariam A, Chin JH. The effect of extraction temperature on total phenols and antioxidant activity of Gynura procumbens leaf. Pharmacogn Mag. 2009;4(17):81–5.
  • 31. Zainol MK, Abd-Hamid A, Yusof S, Muse R. Antioxidative activity and total phenolic compounds of leaf, root and petiole of four accessions of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Food Chem. 2003;81(4):575–81.
  • 32. Tristantini D, Ismawati A, Tegar Pradana B, Gabriel Jonathan J. Pengujian Aktivitas Antioksidan Menggunakan Metode DPPH pada Daun Tanjung (Mimusops elengi L). Semin Nas Tek Kim Kejuangan. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia “Kejuangan” 17 Mar 2016;ISSN 1693-4393:1–7.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLES
Authors

Devi Permatasari 0000-0003-3512-935X

Anisyah Is Purwati This is me 0000-0002-4320-8421

Hismiaty Bahua 0000-0002-3592-3548

Agus Supriyono This is me 0000-0002-8733-6548

Publication Date May 31, 2023
Submission Date September 15, 2022
Acceptance Date March 14, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Permatasari D, Is Purwati A, Bahua H, Supriyono A. Optimization of extraction condition of Gynura procumbens extract enriched with flavonoid and antioxidant compounds using Response Surface Methodology. JOTCSA. 2023;10(2):425-34.