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Toñuquq ve Yuanzhen Arasındaki İlişkiye Yeniden Bakış: Qutlugh’un Qaghan İlan Edildiği Zaman ve Yer Üzerine

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 270 - 301, 18.08.2025

Ken Chen

https://doi.org/10.35236/jots.1687990

Abstract

Toñuquq was not from the Ashide tribe, but from the Xueyantuo tribe. Yuanzhen was from the Ashide tribe and was the cousin of Funian. Toñuquq and Yuanzhen were not the same person, and they joined Qutlugh on different date. Toñuquq’s joining marked the confluence of the Turks and the remnants of the Xueyantuo who rebelled against the Tang Dynasty. Yuanzhen joined later, but he had an older age and a higher status. Qutlugh became Qaghan in 681, not 682, and the location was Mount Zongcai in the northwest of Lanzhou, not Heisha City at the northern foot of Yinshan Mountains.

Keywords

Toñuquq Yuanzhen Qutlugh Turk Sir Ashide

References

  • Arden-Wong, L. A. (2014). Tang Governance and Administration in the Turkic Period. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 7(2), 9-20.
  • Arden-Wong, L. A. et al. (2015). Reflecting on the Rooftops of the Eastern Uighur Khaganate: A Preliminary Study of Uighur Roof Tiles. Sino-Platonic Papers, 258, 1-72.
  • Aydın, E. (2018). Name, Titles, And Identity in the Küli Čor Inscription. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 24, 5-18.
  • Aydın, E. (2019). On the Name and Titles of Toñuquq. Türkbilig, 37 (2019): 1-10.
  • Bai, Y. (2023). 阙利啜碑译注 [The Köli Čor Tablet: Revised Text, Translation and Commentaries]. 中国语言学研究 [Journal of Studies on Languages in China], 1, 254-288.
  • Bao, W. (2020). 与黑沙及相关地理考释 [Interpretation of qara qum, Heisha and Relevant Geography]. 敦煌学辑刊 [Journal of Dunhuang Studies], 1, 159-170.
  • Bao, W. (2021). Čuγay yïš与阴山山脉及相关地名考释 [Interpretation of čuγay yïš, Yinshan Mountains and Related Geographical Names]. 朔方论丛 [Shuofang Forum], 8, 102-118.
  • Bazin, L. (1991). Les systèmes chronologiques dans le monde turc ancien. Budapest: Akademiai Kiadó.
  • Cen, Z. (1958). 突厥集史 [A Compilation of Chinese Sources on the Early Turks]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
  • Chen, H. (2017). 阙特勤碑》南面铭文的作者与镌刻年代问题 [The Background of the South Side of Kül Tégin Inscription]. 学术月刊 [Academic Monthly], 6, 148-154.
  • Chen, H. (2021). A History of the Second Türk Empire (ca. 682-745 AD). Leiden/Boston: Brill.
  • Chen, H. (2024). 《暾欲谷碑》所见开元初突厥政局 [The political landscape of Turkic Khaganate at the beginning of Kai-yuan era as seen from the Tonyukuk inscriptions]. 西域研究 [The Western Regions Studies], 4, 127-138.
  • Chen, K. (2017). 突厥鐵勒史探微 [Türk-Oğuz History Exploration]. New Taipei: Hua Mulan Cultural Publishing House.
  • Chen, K. (2019). Yigän (Yijian) and Čïqan (Shijian): Ancient Türkic Titles Derived from Kinship Terms. Eurasian Studies, 7, 162-193.
  • Clauson, S. G. & Tryjarski, E. (1971). The Inscription at Ikhe Khushotu. Rocznik Orientalistyczny, 34, 1, 7–33.
  • Czeglédy, K. (1972). On the Numerical Composition of the Ancient Turkish Tribal Confederations. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 25, 275-281.
  • Dong, G. et al. (1983). 全唐文 [Complete Prose of the Tang Dynasty]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
  • Erdal, M. & Chen, H. (2017). The Khocho Toñukuk Tradition in Runiform, Uyghur and Chinese Sources. Central Asiatic Journal, 60(1–2), 109–117.
  • Ezhenkhan-uli, B. (1992). 辽代的拔悉密部落 [The Basmil tribe in the Liao Dynasty]. 西北民族研究 [Journal of Northwestern Ethnic Studies], 1, 137-147.
  • Fan, Y. (2024). 玉塞胡落：6~9世纪北疆民族史地研究 [Yusai and Huluo: A Study on the Ethnic Groups and Historical Geography of North Borderland in the 6~9th Century A. D.]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University. (Ph.D. dissertation)
  • Geng, S. (2005). 古代突厥文碑铭研究 [Research on ancient Turkic inscriptions]. Beijing: China Minzu University Press.
  • Hirth, F. (1899). Nachworte zur Inschrift des Tonjukuk: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Ost-Türken im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert nach chinesische Quellen. In Radlov, V. V. Die alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei. Zweite Folge, St. Petersburg.
  • Hu, K. (2022). 后突厥汗国末期史事新证——基于史源学的考察 [A New Research of the Late History of the Second Türk Khanate: Thinking based on Historiography].学术月刊 [Academic Monthly], 1, 178-193.
  • Iwasa, S. (1936). 岩佐精一郎遺稿 [Posthumous Works of Seiichiro Iwasa]. Tokyo.
  • Klyashtorny, S. G. (1964). Drevnetyurkskiye runicheskiye pamyatniki. Moskova.
  • Kotwicz, W. & Samoïlovitch, A. (1928). Le monument turc d’Ikhe-khuchotu en Mongolie Centrale. Rocznik Orientalistyczny, 4, 60-107.
  • Kubarev, G. V. (2023). Tamga roda Ashide iz rannesrednevekovogo pogrebeniya s konem na Altaye: istoriko-kul'turnyy kontekst. In Lokhov, D. N. (Ed.), Ancient Cultures of Mongolia, Baikal and Southern Siberia and Northern China: Materials of the XII International Conference (pp. 127-131). Irkutsk: Institute of Geography SB RAS Publ.
  • Le Coq, A. von. (1912). Ein manichäisches Buch-Fragment aus Chotscho. In Festschrift Vilhelm Thomsen zur vollendung des siebzigsten lebensjahres am 15. jan. 1912 (pp. 143-156). Leipzig: O. Harrassowitz.
  • Li, J. & Zhang, H. (2024). 总材山、关辅天灾与后突厥汗国的建立：以王仲玄、赵惠满墓志为中心 [Mount Zongcai, Natural Disaster in the Guanzhong Area and the Establishment of the Second Turkic Khaganate: Focus on Epitaphs of Wang Zhongxuan and Zhao Huiman]. 贵州师范大学学报（社会科学版）[Journal of Guizhou Normal University(Social Sciences Edition)], 2, 129-138.
  • Li, J. (2018). 總材山考 [Where Was Mount Zongcai (“čuγay yïš”)]. 歐亞學刊 [International Journal of Eurasian Studies], 7, 35-59.
  • Lin, B. (1994). 元和姓纂 [Compendium of Surnames from the Yuanhe Era]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
  • Liu, X. (2024). 后突厥汗国建国前史相关问题研究—从《程表墓志》谈起 [A Study on Issues Related to the Prehistory of the Second Turkic Empire: Starting from the Epitaph of Cheng Biao]. 唐史论丛 [Tang History Series], 39, 246-262.
  • Luo, F. (2010). 規矩或率意而爲—唐帝國的马印 [The Horse Brand Seal Systems of Tang Dynasty]. 唐研究 [Journal of Tang Studies], 16, 117-150.
  • Luo, X. (2009). 中古北族名号研究 [Studies on the Titulary of Medieval Inner Asian Peoples]. Beijing: Peking University Press.
  • Ma, C. (1957). 突厥人和突厥汗國 [The Turks and the Turkic Khanates]. Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House.
  • Mert, O. (2015). Köli Çor Yazıtı ve Anıt Mezar Kompleksi. Atatürk Üniversitesi.
  • Moriyasu, T. & Ochir, A. (1999). モンゴル国現存遺蹟·碑文調査研究報告 [Provisional report of researches on historical sites and inscriptions in Mongolia from 1996 to 1998]. Tokyo: The society of central Eurasian studies.
  • Moriyasu, T. (1977). チベット語史料中に現われる北方民族——DRU-GUとHOR [Northern Peoples Appearing in Tibetan Historical Materials: DRU-GU and HOR].アヅア·アフリカ言語文化研究 [Journal of Asian and African Studies], 14, 1-48.
  • Moriyasu, T. (2015). New Developments in the History of East Uighur Manichaeism. Manichaeism-New Historical and Philological Studies, Open Theology 2015, 1, 316-333.
  • Munkhtulga, R. (2022). A Newly-found Uighur Period Runic Inscription from Eastern Mongolia. ACCU Nara International Correspondent. The Twenty-eighth Regular Report, 37-42.
  • Oğuz, A. Y. (2023). Moğolistan’daki Türk Kültür ve Uygarlık Eserlerinin Bugünkü Durumu. BUGU Dil ve Eğitim Dergisi, 4(3), 245-280.
  • Osawa, T. (2007). Who Was Apa Tarkan during the Reign of the Second Eastern Turkic Kaghanate in Mongolia? 欧亚学刊 [Eurasian Studies], 6, 206-219.
  • Osawa, T. (2023). The archaeological complex of Qutlugh Qaghan’s ruins and stele (Preliminary report by the joint expedition of the International Turkic Academy and the Mongolian Academy of Sciences Archaeological Research Institute “Nomgon 2019, 2022”. 金大考古 [Kanazawa University Archaeology], 82, 48-65.
  • Rogozhinskiy, A. E. & Tishin, V. V. (2021). Tamgi dinastii Ashina v Tsentral’noy Azii. In Smirnov, N. Yu. (Ed.), Tvorets kul'tury, Material'naya kul'tura i dukhovnoye prostranstvo cheloveka v svete arkheologii, istorii i etnografii: Sbornik nauchnykh statey, posvyashchennyy 80-letiyu professora Dmitriya Glebovicha Savinova (pp. 582-599). St. Petersburg: IHMC RAS.
  • Rui, C. (1998). 古突厥碑铭研究 [Study of Ancient Turkic Inscriptions]. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House.
  • Rybatzki, V. (1997). Die Toňuquq-Inschrift. Szeged: University of Szeged.
  • Rybatzki, V. (2000). Titles of Türk and Uigur Rulers in the Old Turkic Inscriptions. Central Asiatic Journal, 44(2), 205-292.
  • Samashev, Z. et al. (2010). Ancient turkic tamga-signs. Almaty: ABDI Company.
  • Shang, Y. (2013). 元史及西域史丛考 [Yuan History and Western Regions History]. Beijing: China Minzu University Press.
  • Suzuki, K. (2006). 三十姓突厥の出現——突厥第二可汗国をめぐる北アジア情勢 [The Emergence of the Thirty Turks: The Situation in North Asia Surrounding the Second Türk Qaghanate]. Shigaku Zasshi, 115/10, 1-36.
  • Tekin, T. (1968). A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic. Bloomington: Indiana University.
  • Voitov, V. E. (1987). Kamennye izvayaniya iz Ungetu. Tsentral’naya Aziya. Novye pamyatniki i isskustva. Moscow: 97-109.
  • Wang, Q. et al. (1989). 宋本册府元龜 [Song Edition of the Cefu Yuangui (Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau)]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
  • Wu, Y. (2009). 突厥第二汗國漢文史料編年輯考 [Chronicle of the Chinese Historical Materials of the Second Türk Qaghanate]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
  • Xiao, Q. (2007). 内北国而外中国：蒙元史研究 [Inner Northern Country and Outer China: Research on Mongol and Yuan History]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
  • Xu, C. (2024). 唐朝漠北羁縻府州地望新探 [The New Exploration of Position with Jimi Prefectures in Mobei District in the Tang Dynasty]. 唐史论丛 [Essays on Tang History], 38, 422-489.
  • Yavrucuk, G. (2023). Xueyantuoların Kökenleri ve Tarihlerindeki Boşluklar. Belleten, 87(310), 833-852.
  • Zhang, K. (2024). 再論總材山 [Further Discussion on the Location of Mount Zongcai]. 唐研究 [Journal of Tang Studies], 29, 635-652.
  • Zhang, Z. (2005). 朝野僉載 [Miscellany of Court and Country]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
  • Zheng, L. (2012). 试析《阙特勤碑》分词符的省略 [The Analysis of the Omission of Punctuation Marks on the Kül Tigin Inscription]. 伊犁师范学院学报（社会科学版）[Journal of Yili Normal University (Social Science Edition)], 1, 58-61.
  • Zheng, Q. (1995). 通志二十略 [Comprehensive Records — Twenty Treatises]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
  • Zhong, H. (2021). “唐朝系拓跋国家论”命题辨析——以中古民族史上“阴山贵种”问题的检讨为切入点 [Was the Tang Dynasty a Tuoba Dynasty? An Analysis Centering on the Examination of Defining the “Noble Scions of Yinshan” in the National History of Middle Ages]. 史学月刊 [Journal of Historical Science], 7, 38-61.
  • Zhu, Y. (1943). 突厥暾欲谷碑銘譯文箋證 [Translation and Annotation of the Turkic Toñuquq Inscription]. 志林 [Annals], 4, 1-9.
  • Zhu, Z. (2012). 突厥第二汗国建国考 [A study on the founding of the Second Türk Qaghanate]. 欧亚学刊 [Eurasian Studies], 10, 83-129.

Re-examination of the relationship between Toñuquq and Yuanzhen: Also on the time and place when Qutlugh proclaimed Qaghan

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 270 - 301, 18.08.2025

Ken Chen

https://doi.org/10.35236/jots.1687990

Abstract

Toñuquq was not from the Ashide tribe, but from the Xueyantuo tribe. Yuanzhen was from the Ashide tribe and was the cousin of Funian. Toñuquq and Yuanzhen were not the same person, and they joined Qutlugh on different date. Toñuquq’s joining marked the confluence of the Turks and the remnants of the Xueyantuo who rebelled against the Tang Dynasty. Yuanzhen joined later, but he had an older age and a higher status. Qutlugh became Qaghan in 681, not 682, and the location was Mount Zongcai in the northwest of Lanzhou, not Heisha City at the northern foot of Yinshan Mountains.

Keywords

Toñuquq Yuanzhen Qutlugh Turk Sir Ashide

References

  • Arden-Wong, L. A. (2014). Tang Governance and Administration in the Turkic Period. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 7(2), 9-20.
  • Arden-Wong, L. A. et al. (2015). Reflecting on the Rooftops of the Eastern Uighur Khaganate: A Preliminary Study of Uighur Roof Tiles. Sino-Platonic Papers, 258, 1-72.
  • Aydın, E. (2018). Name, Titles, And Identity in the Küli Čor Inscription. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 24, 5-18.
  • Aydın, E. (2019). On the Name and Titles of Toñuquq. Türkbilig, 37 (2019): 1-10.
  • Bai, Y. (2023). 阙利啜碑译注 [The Köli Čor Tablet: Revised Text, Translation and Commentaries]. 中国语言学研究 [Journal of Studies on Languages in China], 1, 254-288.
  • Bao, W. (2020). 与黑沙及相关地理考释 [Interpretation of qara qum, Heisha and Relevant Geography]. 敦煌学辑刊 [Journal of Dunhuang Studies], 1, 159-170.
  • Bao, W. (2021). Čuγay yïš与阴山山脉及相关地名考释 [Interpretation of čuγay yïš, Yinshan Mountains and Related Geographical Names]. 朔方论丛 [Shuofang Forum], 8, 102-118.
  • Bazin, L. (1991). Les systèmes chronologiques dans le monde turc ancien. Budapest: Akademiai Kiadó.
  • Cen, Z. (1958). 突厥集史 [A Compilation of Chinese Sources on the Early Turks]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
  • Chen, H. (2017). 阙特勤碑》南面铭文的作者与镌刻年代问题 [The Background of the South Side of Kül Tégin Inscription]. 学术月刊 [Academic Monthly], 6, 148-154.
  • Chen, H. (2021). A History of the Second Türk Empire (ca. 682-745 AD). Leiden/Boston: Brill.
  • Chen, H. (2024). 《暾欲谷碑》所见开元初突厥政局 [The political landscape of Turkic Khaganate at the beginning of Kai-yuan era as seen from the Tonyukuk inscriptions]. 西域研究 [The Western Regions Studies], 4, 127-138.
  • Chen, K. (2017). 突厥鐵勒史探微 [Türk-Oğuz History Exploration]. New Taipei: Hua Mulan Cultural Publishing House.
  • Chen, K. (2019). Yigän (Yijian) and Čïqan (Shijian): Ancient Türkic Titles Derived from Kinship Terms. Eurasian Studies, 7, 162-193.
  • Clauson, S. G. & Tryjarski, E. (1971). The Inscription at Ikhe Khushotu. Rocznik Orientalistyczny, 34, 1, 7–33.
  • Czeglédy, K. (1972). On the Numerical Composition of the Ancient Turkish Tribal Confederations. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 25, 275-281.
  • Dong, G. et al. (1983). 全唐文 [Complete Prose of the Tang Dynasty]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
  • Erdal, M. & Chen, H. (2017). The Khocho Toñukuk Tradition in Runiform, Uyghur and Chinese Sources. Central Asiatic Journal, 60(1–2), 109–117.
  • Ezhenkhan-uli, B. (1992). 辽代的拔悉密部落 [The Basmil tribe in the Liao Dynasty]. 西北民族研究 [Journal of Northwestern Ethnic Studies], 1, 137-147.
  • Fan, Y. (2024). 玉塞胡落：6~9世纪北疆民族史地研究 [Yusai and Huluo: A Study on the Ethnic Groups and Historical Geography of North Borderland in the 6~9th Century A. D.]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University. (Ph.D. dissertation)
  • Geng, S. (2005). 古代突厥文碑铭研究 [Research on ancient Turkic inscriptions]. Beijing: China Minzu University Press.
  • Hirth, F. (1899). Nachworte zur Inschrift des Tonjukuk: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Ost-Türken im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert nach chinesische Quellen. In Radlov, V. V. Die alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei. Zweite Folge, St. Petersburg.
  • Hu, K. (2022). 后突厥汗国末期史事新证——基于史源学的考察 [A New Research of the Late History of the Second Türk Khanate: Thinking based on Historiography].学术月刊 [Academic Monthly], 1, 178-193.
  • Iwasa, S. (1936). 岩佐精一郎遺稿 [Posthumous Works of Seiichiro Iwasa]. Tokyo.
  • Klyashtorny, S. G. (1964). Drevnetyurkskiye runicheskiye pamyatniki. Moskova.
  • Kotwicz, W. & Samoïlovitch, A. (1928). Le monument turc d’Ikhe-khuchotu en Mongolie Centrale. Rocznik Orientalistyczny, 4, 60-107.
  • Kubarev, G. V. (2023). Tamga roda Ashide iz rannesrednevekovogo pogrebeniya s konem na Altaye: istoriko-kul'turnyy kontekst. In Lokhov, D. N. (Ed.), Ancient Cultures of Mongolia, Baikal and Southern Siberia and Northern China: Materials of the XII International Conference (pp. 127-131). Irkutsk: Institute of Geography SB RAS Publ.
  • Le Coq, A. von. (1912). Ein manichäisches Buch-Fragment aus Chotscho. In Festschrift Vilhelm Thomsen zur vollendung des siebzigsten lebensjahres am 15. jan. 1912 (pp. 143-156). Leipzig: O. Harrassowitz.
  • Li, J. & Zhang, H. (2024). 总材山、关辅天灾与后突厥汗国的建立：以王仲玄、赵惠满墓志为中心 [Mount Zongcai, Natural Disaster in the Guanzhong Area and the Establishment of the Second Turkic Khaganate: Focus on Epitaphs of Wang Zhongxuan and Zhao Huiman]. 贵州师范大学学报（社会科学版）[Journal of Guizhou Normal University(Social Sciences Edition)], 2, 129-138.
  • Li, J. (2018). 總材山考 [Where Was Mount Zongcai (“čuγay yïš”)]. 歐亞學刊 [International Journal of Eurasian Studies], 7, 35-59.
  • Lin, B. (1994). 元和姓纂 [Compendium of Surnames from the Yuanhe Era]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
  • Liu, X. (2024). 后突厥汗国建国前史相关问题研究—从《程表墓志》谈起 [A Study on Issues Related to the Prehistory of the Second Turkic Empire: Starting from the Epitaph of Cheng Biao]. 唐史论丛 [Tang History Series], 39, 246-262.
  • Luo, F. (2010). 規矩或率意而爲—唐帝國的马印 [The Horse Brand Seal Systems of Tang Dynasty]. 唐研究 [Journal of Tang Studies], 16, 117-150.
  • Luo, X. (2009). 中古北族名号研究 [Studies on the Titulary of Medieval Inner Asian Peoples]. Beijing: Peking University Press.
  • Ma, C. (1957). 突厥人和突厥汗國 [The Turks and the Turkic Khanates]. Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House.
  • Mert, O. (2015). Köli Çor Yazıtı ve Anıt Mezar Kompleksi. Atatürk Üniversitesi.
  • Moriyasu, T. & Ochir, A. (1999). モンゴル国現存遺蹟·碑文調査研究報告 [Provisional report of researches on historical sites and inscriptions in Mongolia from 1996 to 1998]. Tokyo: The society of central Eurasian studies.
  • Moriyasu, T. (1977). チベット語史料中に現われる北方民族——DRU-GUとHOR [Northern Peoples Appearing in Tibetan Historical Materials: DRU-GU and HOR].アヅア·アフリカ言語文化研究 [Journal of Asian and African Studies], 14, 1-48.
  • Moriyasu, T. (2015). New Developments in the History of East Uighur Manichaeism. Manichaeism-New Historical and Philological Studies, Open Theology 2015, 1, 316-333.
  • Munkhtulga, R. (2022). A Newly-found Uighur Period Runic Inscription from Eastern Mongolia. ACCU Nara International Correspondent. The Twenty-eighth Regular Report, 37-42.
  • Oğuz, A. Y. (2023). Moğolistan’daki Türk Kültür ve Uygarlık Eserlerinin Bugünkü Durumu. BUGU Dil ve Eğitim Dergisi, 4(3), 245-280.
  • Osawa, T. (2007). Who Was Apa Tarkan during the Reign of the Second Eastern Turkic Kaghanate in Mongolia? 欧亚学刊 [Eurasian Studies], 6, 206-219.
  • Osawa, T. (2023). The archaeological complex of Qutlugh Qaghan’s ruins and stele (Preliminary report by the joint expedition of the International Turkic Academy and the Mongolian Academy of Sciences Archaeological Research Institute “Nomgon 2019, 2022”. 金大考古 [Kanazawa University Archaeology], 82, 48-65.
  • Rogozhinskiy, A. E. & Tishin, V. V. (2021). Tamgi dinastii Ashina v Tsentral’noy Azii. In Smirnov, N. Yu. (Ed.), Tvorets kul'tury, Material'naya kul'tura i dukhovnoye prostranstvo cheloveka v svete arkheologii, istorii i etnografii: Sbornik nauchnykh statey, posvyashchennyy 80-letiyu professora Dmitriya Glebovicha Savinova (pp. 582-599). St. Petersburg: IHMC RAS.
  • Rui, C. (1998). 古突厥碑铭研究 [Study of Ancient Turkic Inscriptions]. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House.
  • Rybatzki, V. (1997). Die Toňuquq-Inschrift. Szeged: University of Szeged.
  • Rybatzki, V. (2000). Titles of Türk and Uigur Rulers in the Old Turkic Inscriptions. Central Asiatic Journal, 44(2), 205-292.
  • Samashev, Z. et al. (2010). Ancient turkic tamga-signs. Almaty: ABDI Company.
  • Shang, Y. (2013). 元史及西域史丛考 [Yuan History and Western Regions History]. Beijing: China Minzu University Press.
  • Suzuki, K. (2006). 三十姓突厥の出現——突厥第二可汗国をめぐる北アジア情勢 [The Emergence of the Thirty Turks: The Situation in North Asia Surrounding the Second Türk Qaghanate]. Shigaku Zasshi, 115/10, 1-36.
  • Tekin, T. (1968). A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic. Bloomington: Indiana University.
  • Voitov, V. E. (1987). Kamennye izvayaniya iz Ungetu. Tsentral’naya Aziya. Novye pamyatniki i isskustva. Moscow: 97-109.
  • Wang, Q. et al. (1989). 宋本册府元龜 [Song Edition of the Cefu Yuangui (Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau)]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
  • Wu, Y. (2009). 突厥第二汗國漢文史料編年輯考 [Chronicle of the Chinese Historical Materials of the Second Türk Qaghanate]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
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There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Historical, Comparative and Typological Linguistics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ken Chen 0009-0005-0381-6042

Submission Date April 30, 2025
Acceptance Date May 29, 2025
Early Pub Date August 17, 2025
Publication Date August 18, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Chen, K. (2025). Re-examination of the relationship between Toñuquq and Yuanzhen: Also on the time and place when Qutlugh proclaimed Qaghan. Journal of Old Turkic Studies, 9(2), 270-301. https://doi.org/10.35236/jots.1687990