WELFARE STATE IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: BIRTH, RISE AND RESTRUCTURING PROCESS

Abstract

This study handles the arguments on emergence, development and transformation of welfare state in developed Western countries with regard to state intervention and marketisation. Welfare state, which emerged by the end of 19th century in Western Europe, found a basis of practise in developed capitalist countries, following the Second World War. The increasing social expenditure of that period, the social protection measures, the social welfare services and the graduated tax rates intended to avoid the social risks are the basic policies that are used in descibing the interventionist state approach. Petrol shocks and crises, which took place in 1970’s, caused severe critisism of generous welfare expenditures made by the Western Europen governments, as a result of which, the welfare state faced strong pressure for downsizing. Welfare states, whose financial and fiscal sustainability was being critised, had to struggle againsy the transformation of economic structure caused by the increasing internationalisation and competiton on one hand, anf the effects of the demographic crisis that took place together with thr trnasformation in social structure. Meanwhile, severe discussions on decrease of the social expenditures and replacement of social welfare with the market economy went on. Though the studies on welfare state commonly argue that welfare state was downsizing or being eliminated, this study suggests that welfare state has not got weaker, the social expenditures keep on rising, state intervention is still affective, though not highly, in redistribution of the welfare, marketisation takes place only in several welfare services, sowelfare state will maintain its influence in the future, as well.

Keywords

• Welfare State,State Intervention,Marketization,Social Expenditure,Neoliberalism

TARİHSEL PERSPEKTİFTE REFAH DEVLETİ: DOĞUŞ, YÜKSELİŞ VE YENİDEN YAPILANMA SÜRECİ

Öz

Bu çalışmada, tarihsel perspektifte gelişmiş Batılı ülkelerde refah devletinin ortaya çıkışı, gelişimi ve dönüşümü ile ilgili tartışmalar devlet müdahalesi ve piyasalaşma çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Batı Avrupa’da 19. Yüzyılın sonlarında ortaya çıkan refah devleti, İkinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra gelişmiş kapitalist ülkelerde uygulama zemini bulmuştur. Bu dönemde artan sosyal harcamalar, sosyal korumaya ilişkin önlemler, sosyal refah hizmetleri ve sosyal riskleri önlemede kullanılan artan oranlı vergi uygulamaları müdahaleci devlet anlayışını betimleyen temel politikalardır. 1970'li yıllarda ortaya çıkan petrol şokları ve krizler özellikle Batı Avrupa’da hükümetlerin cömert refah harcamalarının eleştirilmesine neden olmuş ve refah devletleri bu süreçte küçülme yönünde baskılara maruz kalmıştır. Finansal ve mali açıdan sürdürülebilirliği eleştiri konusu olan refah devletleri bir yandan uluslararasılaşma ve rekabetin artmasıyla oluşan iktisadi yapıda yaşanan dönüşüm, diğer taraftan demografik kriz ve sosyal yapıda meydana gelen dönüşümün etkileriyle mücadele etmek durumunda kalmıştır. Bu doğrultuda sosyal harcamaların azaltılması ve refah devleti yerine piyasasının geçmesi tartışmaları yoğun bir şekilde devam etmiştir. Refah devleti ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalarda her ne kadar refah devletinin geri çekildiği ya da tasfiye edildiği gibi iddialar yaygın bir şekilde dillendirilse de bu çalışmada, refah devletinin güç kaybetmediği, sosyal harcamaların yükselmeye devam ettiği, devlet müdahalesinin yoğun olmasa da refah dağıtımında halen etkin olduğu, piyasalaşmanın sadece bazı refah hizmetlerinde ortaya çıktığı, dolayısıyla gelecekte de refah devletinin etkinliğini koruyacağı ileri sürülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Refah Devleti,Devlet Müdahalesi,Piyasa,Sosyal Harcamalar,Neoliberalizm

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