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Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant Capacity, and in vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Mentha pulegium L. (Pennyroyal) Extracts Against Selected Plant Pathogens

Year 2026, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 24 - 32, 29.01.2026

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the biopesticidal potential of Mentha pulegium L. (pennyroyal) in controlling phytopathogenic microorganisms that cause significant losses in agricultural production. In this context, the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of extracts obtained from the plant were determined. In addition, their in vitro antimicrobial effects against selected plant pathogens were evaluated.
Materials and Methods: The dried aerial parts of M. pulegium were extracted with methanol and hexane. The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the DPPH radical scavenging method, respectively. The phytochemical profile of the sample was characterized by GC-MS. Antimicrobial activity was tested by the disk diffusion method at three different concentrations (25, 50, 100 mg/mL).
Findings: The total phenolic compound content of the methanol extract was measured as 1458 µg GAE/mL at a concentration of 5 mg/mL. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the same extract increased with concentration, reaching 86.31% at the highest concentration. GC-MS analysis identified a total of 50 compounds in the extracts; the prominent compounds included dihydrocarvyl acetate (9.66%), piperitone (4.84%), p-menthone (3.57%), limonene (3.43%), dihydrocarveol(3.34%), and menthol (3.18%). In antimicrobial tests, the methanol extract showed a significant effect on C. michiganensis (20±0.71 mm inhibition zone) and F. oxysporum (19±1.41 mm), while the hexane extract produced a lower inhibition under the same conditions. Both extracts showed similar levels of activity against Pestalotiopsis sp. (approximately 10–12 mm).
Conclusion: M. pulegium extracts have high phenolic content and strong antioxidant capacity. In particular, the fact that the methanol extract exhibits significant antimicrobial activity against both fungal and bacterial phytopathogens indicates the potential of the M. pulegium plant to be used as an environmentally friendly biopesticide.

References

  • [1] Savary, S., Willocquet, L., Pethybridge, S. J., Esker, P., McRoberts, N., & Nelson, A. (2019). The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 3(3), 430–439.
  • [2] Cullen, E. M., Sánchez-Retuerta, V., Matías-Hernández, L., & Zhang, B. (2024). Plant disease dynamics in a changing climate: Impacts, molecular adaptations and ecosystem consequences. Discover Agriculture, 3, 257.
  • [3] Junaid, M. D., & Gökçe, A. F. (2024). Global agricultural losses and their causes. Bulletin of Biological and Allied Sciences Research, 9, 66.
  • [4] Geissen, V., Wessel, L., & Vervoort, R. (2022). Pesticide effects on soil bacterial, fungal and protist communities and associated functions. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 14(1), 67–78.
  • [5] Onilude, E., & Adeyemi, F. (2022). Pesticide resistance in arthropods: Ecology matters too. Functional Ecology, 36, 1529–1542.
  • [6] Sawyer, C., Li, J., Zhang, Y., & Patel, R. (2024). Public health implications of pesticide residues in food: Risks of chronic exposure linked to cancer, endocrine disruption and neuro developmental effects. Global Journal of Public Health, 12(4), 102–114

Mentha pulegium L. (Yarpuz) Ekstraktlarının Fitokimyasal İçeriği, Antioksidan Kapasitesi ve Bazı Bitki Patojenlerine Karşı in vitro Antimikrobiyal Etkisi

Year 2026, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 24 - 32, 29.01.2026

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, tarımsal üretimde önemli kayıplara neden olan fitopatojenik mikroorganizmaların kontrolünde Mentha pulegium L. (yarpuz) bitkisinin biyopestisit potansiyelini araştırmaktır. Bu bağlamda, bitkiden elde edilen ekstraktların toplam fenolik içeriği ve antioksidan kapasitesi belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, seçilen bitki patojenlerine karşı in vitro antimikrobiyal etkileri değerlendirilmiştir.
Materyal ve Yöntem: M. pulegium'un kurutulmuş toprak üstü kısımları metanol ve hekzan ile ekstrakte edilmiştir. Toplam fenolik içeriği ve antioksidan kapasitesi sırasıyla Folin-Ciocalteu yöntemi ve DPPH radikal süpürme yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Numunenin fitokimyasal profili GC-MS ile karakterize edilmiştir. Antimikrobiyal aktivite, üç farklı konsantrasyonda (25, 50, 100 mg/mL) disk difüzyon yöntemi ile test edilmiştir .
Bulgular: Metanol ekstraktının toplam fenolik bileşik içeriği, 5 mg/mL konsantrasyonda 1458 µg GAE/mL olarak ölçülmüştür. Aynı ekstraktın DPPH radikal temizleme aktivitesi konsantrasyonla birlikte artmış ve en yüksek konsantrasyonda %86,31'e ulaşmıştır. GC-MS analizi, ekstraktlarda toplam 50 bileşik tanımlamıştır; öne çıkan bileşikler arasında dihidrokarvil asetat (%9,66), piperiton (%4,84) ve p-menton (%3,5) bulunmaktadır. GC-MS analizi, ekstraktlarda toplam 50 bileşik tespit etmiştir; öne çıkan bileşikler arasında dihidrokarvil asetat (%9,66), piperiton (%4,84), p-menton (%3,57), limonen (%3,43), dihidrokarveol (%3,34) ve mentol (%3,18) bulunmaktadır. Antimikrobiyal testlerde, metanol ekstraktı C. michiganensis (20±0,71 mm ) ve F. oxysporum (19±1,41 mm) üzerinde önemli bir etki gösterirken, hekzan ekstraktı aynı koşullar altında daha düşük bir inhibisyon üretti. Her iki ekstrakt da Pestalotiopsis sp. (yaklaşık 10–12 mm) karşı benzer aktivite seviyeleri göstermiştir.
Sonuç: M. pulegium ekstraktları yüksek fenolik içeriğe ve güçlü antioksidan kapasiteye sahiptir. Özellikle, metanol ekstraktının hem fungal hem de bakteriyel fitopatojenlere karşı önemli antimikrobiyal aktivite göstermesi, M. pulegium bitkisinin çevre dostu bir biyopestisit olarak kullanılma potansiyelini göstermektedir.

References

  • [1] Savary, S., Willocquet, L., Pethybridge, S. J., Esker, P., McRoberts, N., & Nelson, A. (2019). The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 3(3), 430–439.
  • [2] Cullen, E. M., Sánchez-Retuerta, V., Matías-Hernández, L., & Zhang, B. (2024). Plant disease dynamics in a changing climate: Impacts, molecular adaptations and ecosystem consequences. Discover Agriculture, 3, 257.
  • [3] Junaid, M. D., & Gökçe, A. F. (2024). Global agricultural losses and their causes. Bulletin of Biological and Allied Sciences Research, 9, 66.
  • [4] Geissen, V., Wessel, L., & Vervoort, R. (2022). Pesticide effects on soil bacterial, fungal and protist communities and associated functions. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 14(1), 67–78.
  • [5] Onilude, E., & Adeyemi, F. (2022). Pesticide resistance in arthropods: Ecology matters too. Functional Ecology, 36, 1529–1542.
  • [6] Sawyer, C., Li, J., Zhang, Y., & Patel, R. (2024). Public health implications of pesticide residues in food: Risks of chronic exposure linked to cancer, endocrine disruption and neuro developmental effects. Global Journal of Public Health, 12(4), 102–114
There are 6 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Botany (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Şükrü Canpolat 0000-0001-8223-7260

Emine Ferhan Bozoğlu 0000-0002-2101-9101

Elif Yürümez Canpolat 0000-0003-1470-1169

Cemil İşlek 0000-0002-6690-2846

Submission Date August 16, 2025
Acceptance Date October 5, 2025
Publication Date January 29, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Canpolat, Ş., Bozoğlu, E. F., Yürümez Canpolat, E., & İşlek, C. (2026). Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant Capacity, and in vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Mentha pulegium L. (Pennyroyal) Extracts Against Selected Plant Pathogens. IYYU Journal of PhytoPharmacy, 2(1), 24-32. https://izlik.org/JA94XA83AS