A Brief Overview of the Studies on Fungal Deterioration of Monuments in Turkey

Abstract

Cultural heritages are at risk of biodeterioration caused by diverse populations of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, lichens and cyanobacteria. For example, stone monuments may be discolored and degraded by growth and activity of microorganisms. Especially fungal communities cause aesthetic and structural damage. The fungal deterioration of stone monuments in many countries has become a serious threat for their existence. A brief overview of work on fungal deteriorations on stone monuments in Turkey, including recent studies resulting from molecular biology, is presented and fungal species causing degradation are discussed.

Keywords

• Stone,Monuments,Fungi,Deterioration,Turkey

References

1. [1] Bogolomova EV, Minter DW (2003). Phaeococcomyces chersonesos, a new microcolonial lithobiontic fungus from marble in Chersonesus (Crimea, Ukraine). Mycotaxon 86: 195-204.
2. [2] Decrouez D, Chamay J, Zezza F (1992). The conservation of monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, Proc 2nd Int. Sym., Musee d’Atr et d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva.
3. [3] Dix NJ Webster, J (1995). Fungal Ecology, pp. 2-20. Chapman & Hall, London, U.K.
4. [4] Gorbushina AA, Krumbein WE, Hamman CH, Panina L, Soukharjevski S, Wollenzien U (1994). Role of black fungi in color change and biodeterioration of antique marbles. Geomicrobiology Journal 11: 205-220.
5. [5] Gravesen S, Frisvad JC, Samson RA (1994). Micro-fungi. Damaging effects on building materials, pp 20. Munksgaard, Copenhagen.
6. [6] KJ Martin, PT Rygiewicz (2005). Fungal-specific PCR primers developed for analysis of the ITS region of environmental DNA extracts, BMC microbiology, 5:28
7. [7] Krumbein WE (1969). Über den Einfluss der Mikroflora auf die exogene Dynamik (Verwitterung und Krustenbildung). Geologische Rundschau 58: 333-363.
8. [8] Selbmann L, de Hoog GS, Mazzaglia A, Friedmann EI, Onofri S (2004). Fungi at the edge of life: cryptoendolithic black fungi from Antarctic deserts. Studies in Mycology 51: 8–38.

9. [9] Sert HB, Sümbül H, Sterflinger K (2007a). A new species of Capnobotryella from monument surfaces. Mycological Research 3:1235– 1241.
10. [10] Sert HB, Sümbül H, Sterflinger K (2007b). Microcolonial fungi from antique marbles in Perge/Side/Termessos (Antalya/Turkey). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 91: 217-227.
11. [11] Sert HB, Sümbül H, Sterflinger K (2007c). Sarcinomyces sideticae, a new black yeast from historical marble monuments in Side (Antalya, Turkey). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 154: 373-380.
12. [12] Staley JT, Palmer FE, Adams JB (1982). Microcolonial fungi: common inhabitans on dessert rocks? Science 215: 1093-1095.
13. [13] Sterflinger K (2005). Black yeasts and meristematic fungi: ecology, diversity and identification. In Rosa C.A and Gabor P. (eds.) Yeast Handbook, Springer Verlag.
14. [14] Sterflinger, Katja (2010): Fungi: Their role in the deterioration of cultural heritage. Fungal Biology Reviews, 24, 47-55; ISSN 1749-4613.
15. [15] Sterflinger K, Krumbein WE (1997). Dematiaceous fungi as a major agent of biopitting for Mediterranean marbles and limestones. Geomicrobiology Journal 14: 219-230.
16. [16] Sterflinger K, Krumbein WE, Lellau T, Rullkötter J (1998). Two cases of biogenic patina formation on rock. Ancient Biomolecules 3: 51-65.
17. [17] Sterflinger K, de Hoog GS, Haase G (1999). Phylogeny and ecology of meristematic ascomycetes. Studies in Mycology 43:5–22.
18. [18] Sterflinger K, Prillinger H (2001). Molecular taxonomy and biodiversity of rock fungal communities in an urban environment (Vienna, Austria). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 80: 275-286.
19. [19] Sterflinger K, Lopandic K, Pandey RV, Blasi B, Kriegner (2014). A Nothing Special in the Specialist? Draft Genome Sequence of Cryomyces antarcticus, the Most Extremophilic Fungus from Antarctica. Plos one 9(10).
20. [20] Taylor-George S, Palmer F, Staley JT, Borns DJ, Curtıss B, Adams JB (1983). Fungi and bacteria involved in desert varnish formation. Microbial Ecology 9: 227-245.
21. [21] Turian G (1977). Coniosporium aeroalgicolum sp. nov. moisissure dematiee semi-lichenisante. Berichte der Schweiz Bot Ges 87:19–24.
22. [22] Urzi C, Krumbein WE (1994). Microbiological impact on the cultural heritage. In Report on the Dahlem Workshop on Durability and Change: The science, responsibility and cost of sustaining cultural heritage, eds. W. E. Krumbein, P. Brimblecombe, D.E. Cosgrove, and S. Staniforth. Chichester: Wiley.
23. [23] Wollenzien U, de Hoog GS, Krumbein WE, Urzi C (1995). On the isolation of microcolonial fungi occurring on and in marble and other calcareous rocks. Sci. Total. Environm. 167: 287-294.