The Effects of Prebiotic Dietary Fibers on Colon Microbial and Health

Abstract

Dietary fibers are indigestible nutrients in the human metabolism and are expected to carry certain chemical properties, while prebiotics stimulate microorganisms that have a positive effect on health. Examples of prebiotic fibers are inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides, resistant starch, polydextrose, xylo-oligosaccharide and isomalto-oligosaccharide. Benefits of dietary fibers with prebiotic effects include increases in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus populations, production of useful metabolites, increases in calcium absorption, decreased protein fermentation, decreased pathogen bacterial populations, reduced risk of allergies, improved immune system defense. The activity of dietary fibers with prebiotic activity on our intestinal flora will also vary according to the individual. Prebiotic dietary fibers will allow the growth of different groups of microorganisms or support the production of different metabolite products. For this reason, it is also important to determine the type of dietary fiber and optimum consumption amounts individually.

Keywords

• Prebiotics,Dietary fibers,Colon microflora,Healthy life

Prebiyotik Diyet Liflerinin Kolon Mikrobiyatası ve Sağlık Üzerine Etkileri

Abstract

Prebiyotikler sağlık üzerine olumlu etkide bulunan mikroorganizmaları uyarırken diyet lifleri, insan vücudunda sindirilemeyen besin maddeleri olup belirli kimyasal özellikleri taşıması beklenir. Prebiyotik liflere, inülin, frukto-oligosakaritler, galakto-oligosakaritler, dirençli nişasta, polidekstroz, ksilo-oligosakarit ve izomalto-oligosakarit örnek verilebilir. Prebiyotik etkisi bulunan diyet liflerinin faydaları arasında, Bifidobacterium ve Lactobacillus popülasyonlarında artışlar, faydalı metabolitlerin üretimi, kalsiyum emiliminde artışlar, protein fermantasyonunda azalma, patojen bakteri popülasyonlarında azalma, alerji riskinde düşüş, bağırsak bariyer geçirgenliği üzerindeki olumlu etkiler, gelişmiş immün sistem savunması şeklinde sıralanabilir. Prebiyotik etkinliği olan diyet liflerinin bağırsak floramız üzerindeki etkinlikleri de kişiye göre farklılık gösterecektir. Prebiyotik diyet lifleri farklı mikroorganizma gruplarının büyümesini sağlayacak ya da farklı metabolit ürünlerin üretimini destekleyecektir. Bu sebeple kişiye özel olarak diyet lifi çeşidi ve optimum tüketim miktarlarının belirlenmesi de önem taşımaktadır.

Keywords

• Prebiyotikler,Diyet lifleri,Bağırsak mikroflorası,Sağlıklı yaşam

References

1. [1] Pamir MH (1985). Fermantasyon Mikrobiyolojisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları No:936, Ankara, Türkiye.
2. [2] Holscher HD (2017). Dietary fiber and prebiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota. Gut Microbes, 8 (2): 172-184.
3. [3] Cantarel BL, Lombard V, Henrissat B (2012). Complex Carbohydrate Utilization by the Healthy Human Microbiome. Public Library of Science One, 7(6): e28742.
4. [4] Sears CL (2005) A dynamic partnership: Celebrating our gut flora. Anaerobe, 11 (5): 247-251.
5. [5] Hooper L, Gordon J (2001). Commensal host-bacterial relationships in the gut. Science, 292 (5519): 1115-1118.
6. [6] Guarner F, Malagelada JR (2003). Gut flora in health and disease. The Lancet, 361 (9356): 512-519.
7. [7] Gibson GR, Scott KP, Rastall RA (2010). Dietary prebiotics: Current status and new definition. Food Science & Technology Bulletin Functional Food, 7 (1): 1-19.
8. [8] Delzennea NM, Olivares M, Neyrinck AM, Beaumont M, Kjølbæk L, Larsen TM, Benítez-Páez A, Romaní-Pérez M, Garcia-Campayo V, Bosschere D, Sanz Y, Kamp JWD (2019). Nutritional interest of dietary fiber and prebiotics in obesity: Lessons from the My New Gut consortium. Clinical Nutrition, 5614 (19): 30115.

9. [9] Filippo CD, Cavalieri D, Paola MD, Ramazzotti M, Poullet JB, Massart S, Collini S, Pieraccini G, Lionetti P, Hartl DL (2010). Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107 (33): 14691-14696.
10. [10] Jandhyala SM, Talukdar R, Subramanyam C, Vuyyuru H, Sasikala M, Reddy DN (2015). Role of the normal gut microbiota. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 21 (29): 8787-8803.
11. [11] Sonnenburg ED, Smits SA, Tikhonov M, Higginbottom SK, Wingreen NS , Sonnenburg JL (2016). Diet-induced extinctions in the gut microbiota compound over generations. Nature, 529 (7585): 212-215.
12. [12] Makki K, Deehan EC, Walter J, Bäckhed F (2018). The Impact of Dietary Fiber on Gut Microbiota in Host Health and Disease. Cell Host and Microbe, 23 (6): 705-715.
13. [13] Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB (1995). Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition, 125 (6): 1401-1412.
14. [14] Carlson JL, Erickson JM, Lloyd BB, Slavin JL (2018). Health Effects and Sources of Prebiotic Dietary Fiber. Current Developments in Nutrition, 2 (3): nzy005.
15. [15] Patel S, Goyal A (2012). The current trends and future perspectives of prebiotics research: a review. 3 Biotech, 2 (2): 115-125.
16. [16] Anonymous (2017). Probiotics and prebiotics. https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/UserFiles/file/guidelines/probiotics-and-prebiotics-english-2017.pdf. /, (Erişim tarihi: November 1, 2019).
17. [17] Slavin J (2013). Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits. Nutrients, 5(4): 1417-1435.
18. [18] Jones JM (2014). CODEX-aligned dietary fiber definitions help to bridge the ‘fiber gap’. Nutrition Journal., 13 (1): 34.
19. [19] Stephen AM, Champ MMJ, Cloran SJ, Fleith M, Lieshout LV, Mejborn H, Burley VJ (2017). Dietary fibre in Europe: current state of knowledge on definitions. Nutrition Research Reviews, 30 (2): 149-190.
20. [20] Elleuch M, Bedigian D, Roiseux O, Besbesa S, Blecker C, Attiaa H (2011). Dietary fibre and fibre-rich by-products of food processing: Characterisation, technological functionality and commercial applications: A review. Food Chemistry, 124 (2): 411-421.
21. [21] Umu OCO, Rudi K, Diep DB (2017). Modulation of the gut microbiota by prebiotic fibres and bacteriocins. Microbial Ecology in Health Disease, 28 (1): 1348886.
22. [22] Lovegrove A, Edwards CH, Noni ID, Patel H, El SN, Grassby T, Zielk C, Ulmius M, Nilsson L, Butterworth PJ, Ellis PR, Shewry PR (2017). Role of polysaccharides in food, digestion, and health. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 57 (2): 237-253.
23. [23] Zuleta A (2013). Dietary Fiber: From Concept to Realization. (Ed: D Betancur-Ancona, L Chel-Guerrero, M Segura-Campos) Dietary Fiber : Sources, Properties and Their Relationship to Health, s. 189-206, Nova Yayıncılık, Yucatán, Meksika.
24. [24] Dulger D, Sahan Y (2011). Diyet Lifin Özellikleri ve Sağlık Üzerindeki Etkileri. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludag University, 25 (2): 147-157.
25. [25] Burdurlu HS, Karadeniz F (2003). Gıdalarda Diyet Lifinin Önemi. 3. Gıda Mühendisliği Kongresi, s. 18-25, Ankara, Türkiye.
26. [26] Anderson JW, Baird P, Davis Jr RH, Ferreri S, Knudtson M, Koraym A, Waters V, Williams CL (2009). Health benefits of dietary fiber. Nutrition Reviews, 67 (4): 188-205.
27. [27] King DE, Manious AG, Lambourne CA (2012). Trends in Dietary Fiber Intake in the United States, 1999-2008. Journal of the Acedemy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 112 (5): 642-648.
28. [28] Anonymous (2018). Understanding Prebiotics and Fiber. http://4cau4jsaler1zglkq3wnmje1-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Prebiotic-Fiber-Infographic-Final.pdf./, (Erişim tarihi: November 1, 2019).
29. [29] Christophe MC, Swennen K, Verjans P, Delcour JA (2009). Heat and pH stability of prebiotic arabinoxylooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides and fructooligosaccharides. Food Chemistry, 112 (4): 831-837.
30. [30] Ozyurt H, Otles S (2014). Prebiyotikler: Metabolizma İçin Önemli Bir Gıda Bileşeni. Academic Food Journal, 12 (1): 115-123.
31. [31] Cruz‐Guerrero A, Hernández‐Sánchez H, Rodríguez‐Serrano G, Gómez‐Ruiz L, García‐Garibay M, Figueroa‐González I (2014). Commercial probiotic bacteria and prebiotic carbonhydrats: a fundamental study at prebiotics uptake, antimicrobial production and inhibition of pathogens. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94 (11): 2246-2252.
32. [32] Shuai L, Mengyun J, Jiajun C, Haisheng W, Ruihong D, Shaoping N, Mingyong X, Qiang Y (2019). Removal of bound polyphenols and its effect on antioxidant and prebiotics properties of carrot dietary fiber. Food Hydrocolloids, 93: 284-292.
33. [33] Hariis S (2017). Exploring the Relationship between the Structure of Wheat Dietary Fibre and Prebiotic Activity. Doktora tezi (Basılmış), University of Reading, Berkshire, İngiltere.
34. [34] Praveen MA, Parvathy KK, Jayabalan R, Balasubramanian P (2019). Dietary fiber from Indian edible seaweeds and its in-vitro prebiotic effect on the gut microbiota. Food Hydrocolloids, 96: 343-353.
35. [35] Mumcu AS, Temiz A (2014). Effects of prebiotics on growth and acidifying activity of prebiotic bacteria. Gıda, 39 (2): 71-77.
36. [36] Finegold SM, Li Z, Summanen PH, Downes J, Thames G, Corbett K, Dowd SE, Krak M, Heber D (2014). Linking the chemistry and physics of food with health and nutrition Xylooligosaccharide increases bifidobacteria but not lactobacilli in human gut microbiota. Food Function, 5(3): 436-445.
37. [37] Waitzberg DL, Pereira CCA, Logullo L, Jacintho TM, D, Silva MLT, Torrinhas RSM (2012). Microbiota benefits after inulin and partially hydrolized guar gum supplementation – a randomized clinical trial in constipated women. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 27 (1): 123-129.
38. [38] Salazar N, Dewulf EM, Neyrinck AM, Bindels LB, Cani PD, Mahillon J, Vos WM, Thissen JP, Gueimonde M, Reyes-Gavilán CGI, Delzenne NM (2015). Inulin-type fructans modulate intestinal Bifidobacterium species populations and decrease fecal short-chain fatty acids in obese women. Clinical Nutrition, 34 (3): 501-507.
39. [39] Vulevic J, Juric A, Walton GE, Claus SP, Tzortzis G, Toward RE, Gibson GR (2015). Influence of galacto-oligosaccharide mixture (B-GOS) on gut microbiota, immune parameters and metabonomics in elderly persons. British Journal of Nutrition, 114 (4): 586-595.
40. [40] Lefranc-Millot C, Gruerin-Deremaux L, Wils D, Neut C, Miller LE, Saniez-Degrave MH (2012). Impact of a resistant dextrin on intestinal ecology: How altering the digestive ecosystem with NUTRIOSE, a soluble fiber with prebiotic properties, may be beneficial for health. The Journal of International Medical Research, 40 (1): 211-224.
41. [41] Calame W, Weseler AR, Viebke C, Flynn C, Siemensma AD (2008). Gum arabic establishes prebiotic functionality in healthy human volunteers in a dose-dependent manner. British Journal of Nutrition, 100 (6): 1269-1275.
42. [42] Hiel S, Bindels LB, Pachikian BD, Kalala G, Broers V, Zamariola G, Chang BPI, Kambashi B, Rodriguez J, Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Thissen JP, Luminet O, Bindelle J (2019). Effects of a diet based on inulin-rich vegetables on gut health and nutritional behavior in healthy humans. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 109 (6): 1683-1695.
43. [43] Everard A, Belzer C, Geurts L, Ouwerkerk JP, Druart C, Bindels LB, Guiot Y, Derrien M, Muccioli GG, Delzenne NM, Vos WM, Cani PD (2013). Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110 (22): 9066-9071.
44. [44] Carmo MMR, Sarmento UC, Cavalheiro LF, Fernandes A, Filiú WFO, Gielow KCF, Costa DS, Guercio AC, Nascimento VA (2018). Intake of Polydextrose Alters Hematology and the Profile of Short Chain Fatty Acids in Partially. Nutrients, 10 (6): 792.
45. [45] Rengadu D, Gerrano AS, Mellem JJ (2019). Prebiotic effect of resistant starch from Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (cowpea) using an in vitro simulated digestion model. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, (in press, doi:10.1111/ijfs.14304).
46. [46] Guevara-Arauza JC, Ornelas-Paz JJ, Pimentel-González DJ, Mendoza SR, Guerra RES, Maldonado LMTP (2012). Prebiotic effect of mucilage and pectic-derived oligosaccharides from nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica). Food Science and Biotechnology, 21 (4): 997-1003.
47. [47] López-Molina D, Navarro-Martínez MD, Rojas-Melgarejo F, Hiner ANP, Chazarra S, Rodríguez-López JN (2005). Molecular properties and prebiotic effect of inulin obtained from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). Phytochemistry, 66 (12): 1476-1484.
48. [48] Rubel IA, Pérez EE, Genovese DB, Manrique GD (2014). In vitro prebiotic activity of inulin-rich carbohydrates extracted from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tubers at different storage times by Lactobacillus paracasei. Food Research International, 62: 59-65.
49. [49] Moghadam BE, Keivaninahr F, Fouladi M, Mokarram RR, Nazemi A (2019). Inulin addition to yoghurt: Prebiotic activity, health effects and sensory properties. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 72 (2): 183-199.
50. [50] Al-sheraji SH, İsmail A, Manap MY, Mustafa S, Yusof RM, Hassan FA (2013). Prebiotics as functional foods: A review. Journal of Functional Foods, 5 (4): 1542-1553.
51. [51] Mikulíková D, Masár Š, Kraic J (2008). Biodiversity of Legume Health‐promoting Starch. Starch - Starke, 60 (8): 426-432.
52. [52] Turker B, Savlak NY (2015). Dirençli Nişasta: Tipleri, Kaynakları, Fizyolojik Etkileri ve Fonksiyonel. Akademik Gıda, 13 (4): 354-359.
53. [53] Śliżewska K, Kapuśniak J, Barczyńska R, Jochym K (2012). Resistant Dextrins as Prebiotic. (Ed: CF Chang), Carbohydrates - Comprehensive Studies on Glycobiology and Glycotechnology, s. 261-288, IntechOpen Yayıncılık.
54. [54] Carlson J, Hospattankar A, Deng P, Swanson K, Slavin J (2015). Prebiotic Effects and Fermentation Kinetics of Wheat Dextrin and Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum in an In Vitro Batch Fermentation System. Foods, 4 (3): 349-358.
55. [55] Li W, Xiang X, Tang S, Hu B, Tian L, Sun Y, Ye H, Zeng X (2009). Effective Enzymatic Synthesis of Lactosucrose and Its Analogues by beta-D-Galactosidase from Bacillus circulans. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57 (9): 3927-3933.
56. [56] Hashmi A, Naeem N, Farooq Z, Masood S, Iqbal S, Naseer R (2016). Effect of Prebiotic Galacto-Oligosaccharides on Serum Lipid Profile of Hypercholesterolemics. Proteins, 8 (1): 19-30.
57. [57] Kandil M, Ersan LY, Özcan T, Bayizit AA (2017). Gamların Prebiyotik Özellikler. Journal of Food and Feed Science, 18 (2): 18-26.