Polyphenol harmony: Ferulic acid and protocatechuic acid combination attenuates diabetic nephropathy in Sprague-Dawley rats

Manojkumar Mahajan; Sunil Pandit; Aman Upaganlwar; Chandrashekhar Upasani

Polyphenol harmony: Ferulic acid and protocatechuic acid combination attenuates diabetic nephropathy in Sprague-Dawley rats

Abstract

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is an alarming consequence of diabetes mellitus, characterized by progressive kidney dysfunction and damage. Despite advancements in diabetes management, the prevalence of DN remains a significant concern. Natural compounds such as ferulic acid (FA) and protocatechuic acid (PCA) have shown potential in ameliorating diabetic complications. This research paper investigates the individual and combined effects of FA and PCA in an experimental model of DN in rats. Male rats were assigned into five groups: Control, Diabetic control, FA-treated (100 mg/kg, p.o.), PCA-treated (100 mg/kg, p.o.), and FA + PCA-treated groups. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection (55 mg/kg, i.p.), and the treatment groups received oral administration of FA, PCA, or their combination for eight weeks. Renal function, oxidative stress markers, and histopathological changes were assessed at the end of the study. The diabetic control group exhibited impaired renal function, increased oxidative stress, and histological abnormalities in the kidney tissues. Treatment with FA, PCA, and FA + PCA significantly improved renal function, as evidenced by reduced serum creatinine, cystatin C, blood urea nitrogen, and urine albumin levels. Moreover, these treatments led to a decline in oxidative stress markers and restoration of antioxidant enzyme activities. The combination of FA and PCA showed a synergistic effect, demonstrating a more pronounced improvement in renal parameters and histological changes compared to individual treatments. These findings highlight the potential renoprotective effects of FA and PCA in diabetic nephropathy.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Medical Pharmacology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Manojkumar Mahajan ^* This is me
0000-0003-4204-2666
India

Sunil Pandit This is me
0000-0002-9278-2673
India

Aman Upaganlwar This is me
0000-0002-5247-5775
India

Chandrashekhar Upasani This is me
0000-0003-4446-1557
India

Publication Date

June 28, 2025

Submission Date

August 26, 2023

Acceptance Date

December 21, 2023

Published in Issue

Year 2024 Volume: 28 Number: 5

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA45FK26RP

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Mahajan, M., Pandit, S., Upaganlwar, A., & Upasani, C. (2025). Polyphenol harmony: Ferulic acid and protocatechuic acid combination attenuates diabetic nephropathy in Sprague-Dawley rats. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 28(5), 1492-1500. https://izlik.org/JA45FK26RP

AMA

1.Mahajan M, Pandit S, Upaganlwar A, Upasani C. Polyphenol harmony: Ferulic acid and protocatechuic acid combination attenuates diabetic nephropathy in Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28(5):1492-1500. https://izlik.org/JA45FK26RP

Chicago

Mahajan, Manojkumar, Sunil Pandit, Aman Upaganlwar, and Chandrashekhar Upasani. 2025. “Polyphenol Harmony: Ferulic Acid and Protocatechuic Acid Combination Attenuates Diabetic Nephropathy in Sprague-Dawley Rats”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28 (5): 1492-1500. https://izlik.org/JA45FK26RP.

EndNote

Mahajan M, Pandit S, Upaganlwar A, Upasani C (July 1, 2025) Polyphenol harmony: Ferulic acid and protocatechuic acid combination attenuates diabetic nephropathy in Sprague-Dawley rats. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28 5 1492–1500.

IEEE

[1]M. Mahajan, S. Pandit, A. Upaganlwar, and C. Upasani, “Polyphenol harmony: Ferulic acid and protocatechuic acid combination attenuates diabetic nephropathy in Sprague-Dawley rats”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 1492–1500, July 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA45FK26RP

ISNAD

Mahajan, Manojkumar - Pandit, Sunil - Upaganlwar, Aman - Upasani, Chandrashekhar. “Polyphenol Harmony: Ferulic Acid and Protocatechuic Acid Combination Attenuates Diabetic Nephropathy in Sprague-Dawley Rats”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28/5 (July 1, 2025): 1492-1500. https://izlik.org/JA45FK26RP.

JAMA

1.Mahajan M, Pandit S, Upaganlwar A, Upasani C. Polyphenol harmony: Ferulic acid and protocatechuic acid combination attenuates diabetic nephropathy in Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28:1492–1500.

MLA

Mahajan, Manojkumar, et al. “Polyphenol Harmony: Ferulic Acid and Protocatechuic Acid Combination Attenuates Diabetic Nephropathy in Sprague-Dawley Rats”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 28, no. 5, July 2025, pp. 1492-00, https://izlik.org/JA45FK26RP.

Vancouver

1.Manojkumar Mahajan, Sunil Pandit, Aman Upaganlwar, Chandrashekhar Upasani. Polyphenol harmony: Ferulic acid and protocatechuic acid combination attenuates diabetic nephropathy in Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Res. Pharm. [Internet]. 2025 Jul. 1;28(5):1492-500. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA45FK26RP