Intranasal delivery of levosulpiride-decorated novel nanosized phospholipid magnesomes for the treatment of schizophrenia: Development, optimization, and in vitro characterization

Ravish J. Patel; Nidhi Trivedi; Vidhi Pandya; Amit A. Patel; Samir G. Patel; Bhupendra Prajapati

Intranasal delivery of levosulpiride-decorated novel nanosized phospholipid magnesomes for the treatment of schizophrenia: Development, optimization, and in vitro characterization

Abstract

Levosulpiride (LSP) has been studied for its wide medicinal potential. One of its uses is in the treatment of schizophrenia. LSP has limited oral bioavailability because of its low permeability, dissolvability, and P-Glycoprotein (P gp) efflux effect. Contrary to conventional methods, the intranasal route provides safe and effective treatment as well as targeted action. It can also prevent the P-gp efflux effect and increase brain bioavailability. In this research, we aimed to develop LSP-loaded Phospholipid Magnesomes (PMs), a novel vesicular nanosystem, recently fabricated for brain targeting by the Ultra-sonication method with materials including Phospholipon 90G, the combination of Propylene glycol and ethanol, magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) and water. The Box-Behnken design was utilized with 29 runs to optimize the LSP-PMs formulation. The formulation was confirmed and evaluated by the FTIR, DSC, PXRD, and TEM study. The formulation was investigated in vitro at pH 6.4, and the results showed that the formulation had improved drug release. The optimized LSP-PMs formula had a vesicle sizing of 85.035 ± 2.77 nm, a PDI of 0.392 ± 0.69, and a %EE of 76.024 %. Spherical and multilamellar morphology of LSP-PMs were visible by the TEM. The optimized LSP-PMs had the quickest medication diffusing profile, achieving 100% in one hour. The LSP-PMs formulation was stable at room temperature for 50 days when screened for the stability study. Thus, to sum up, the nano-vesicular system of LSP-PMs demonstrated to be a promising formulation for enhancing drug release of the poorly water-soluble and permeable LSP. Further investigation to analyze nasal transport to the brain, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects, local safety, and the behavior of the developed carrier will require additional research.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pharmaceutical Delivery Technologies

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Ravish J. Patel ^* This is me
0000-0002-8442-0349
India

Nidhi Trivedi This is me
0009-0004-7185-2400
India

Vidhi Pandya This is me
0000-0002-6529-1094
India

Amit A. Patel This is me
0000-0001-8223-9311
India

Samir G. Patel This is me
0000-0003-4481-8296
India

Bhupendra Prajapati
0000-0001-8242-4541
India

Publication Date

June 28, 2025

Submission Date

May 27, 2023

Acceptance Date

January 20, 2024

Published in Issue

Year 2024 Volume: 28 Number: 5

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA32CF65YR

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

J. Patel, R., Trivedi, N., Pandya, V., A. Patel, A., G. Patel, S., & Prajapati, B. (2025). Intranasal delivery of levosulpiride-decorated novel nanosized phospholipid magnesomes for the treatment of schizophrenia: Development, optimization, and in vitro characterization. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 28(5), 1674-1690. https://izlik.org/JA32CF65YR

AMA

1.J. Patel R, Trivedi N, Pandya V, A. Patel A, G. Patel S, Prajapati B. Intranasal delivery of levosulpiride-decorated novel nanosized phospholipid magnesomes for the treatment of schizophrenia: Development, optimization, and in vitro characterization. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28(5):1674-1690. https://izlik.org/JA32CF65YR

Chicago

J. Patel, Ravish, Nidhi Trivedi, Vidhi Pandya, Amit A. Patel, Samir G. Patel, and Bhupendra Prajapati. 2025. “Intranasal Delivery of Levosulpiride-Decorated Novel Nanosized Phospholipid Magnesomes for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Development, Optimization, and in Vitro Characterization”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28 (5): 1674-90. https://izlik.org/JA32CF65YR.

EndNote

J. Patel R, Trivedi N, Pandya V, A. Patel A, G. Patel S, Prajapati B (July 1, 2025) Intranasal delivery of levosulpiride-decorated novel nanosized phospholipid magnesomes for the treatment of schizophrenia: Development, optimization, and in vitro characterization. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28 5 1674–1690.

IEEE

[1]R. J. Patel, N. Trivedi, V. Pandya, A. A. Patel, S. G. Patel, and B. Prajapati, “Intranasal delivery of levosulpiride-decorated novel nanosized phospholipid magnesomes for the treatment of schizophrenia: Development, optimization, and in vitro characterization”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 1674–1690, July 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA32CF65YR

ISNAD

J. Patel, Ravish - Trivedi, Nidhi - Pandya, Vidhi - A. Patel, Amit - G. Patel, Samir - Prajapati, Bhupendra. “Intranasal Delivery of Levosulpiride-Decorated Novel Nanosized Phospholipid Magnesomes for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Development, Optimization, and in Vitro Characterization”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28/5 (July 1, 2025): 1674-1690. https://izlik.org/JA32CF65YR.

JAMA

1.J. Patel R, Trivedi N, Pandya V, A. Patel A, G. Patel S, Prajapati B. Intranasal delivery of levosulpiride-decorated novel nanosized phospholipid magnesomes for the treatment of schizophrenia: Development, optimization, and in vitro characterization. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28:1674–1690.

MLA

J. Patel, Ravish, et al. “Intranasal Delivery of Levosulpiride-Decorated Novel Nanosized Phospholipid Magnesomes for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Development, Optimization, and in Vitro Characterization”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 28, no. 5, July 2025, pp. 1674-90, https://izlik.org/JA32CF65YR.

Vancouver

1.Ravish J. Patel, Nidhi Trivedi, Vidhi Pandya, Amit A. Patel, Samir G. Patel, Bhupendra Prajapati. Intranasal delivery of levosulpiride-decorated novel nanosized phospholipid magnesomes for the treatment of schizophrenia: Development, optimization, and in vitro characterization. J. Res. Pharm. [Internet]. 2025 Jul. 1;28(5):1674-90. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA32CF65YR