Determination of Diltiazem Hydrochloride using Paperbased ECL sensor

Hilal Torul

Determination of Diltiazem Hydrochloride using Paperbased ECL sensor

Abstract

In this study, a paper-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor was developed for the determination of diltiazem hydrochloride (DTZ-HCl), which is a vasodilator of the calcium channel blocker. Herein, the ability of DTZ to act as a co-reactant for Ru(bpy)32+ in the ECL system was utilized. The pharmaceutical dosage forms were studied to verify the applicability of the developed ECL method. A paper electrode was fabricated by mimicking commercial screen-printed electrodes (SPE) and decorated with gold nanoparticles by using an electrodeposition technique in order to enhance the ECL signals. To generate the excited states of the Ru-(bpy)32+/DTZ-HCl pair, the potential in a range from -0.5 to 1.3 V at a scan rate of 100 mV/s was applied by utilizing cyclic voltammetry (CV) to the gold nanoparticle decorated paper electrode (AuNPs@PE). The ECL signals were recorded using the μStat ECL potentiostat, which is controlled by DropView 8400 Software, concurrently. The coefficient of determination and limit of detection obtained from the standard addition method were found as 0.997 and 0.12 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the usage of conventional SPE electrodes confirmed that the results obtained by the developed method were acceptable with the similarity of 97.2% in terms of average recovery value, for the detection of DTZ-HCl in pharmaceutical dosage forms. This study is a startup method to develop highly selective paper-based ECL sensors in routine drug analysis that is fast and low cost.

Keywords

References

[1] Deng B, Lu H, Li L, Shi A, Kang Y, Xu Q. 2010; Determination of the number of binding sites and binding constant between diltiazem hydrochloride and human serum albumin by ultrasonic microdialysis coupled with online capillary electrophoresis electrochemiluminescence. J Chromatogr A. 1217:4753–4756. [CrossRef]
[2] Sposito HGM, Lobato A, Tasić N, Maldaner AO, Paixão TRLC, Gonçalves LM. 2022; Swift electrochemical sensing of diltiazem employing highly-selective molecularly-imprinted 3-amino-4- hydroxybenzoic acid. J Electroanal Chem. 911:1–7. [CrossRef]
[3] Ostovar S, Maghsoudi S, Mousavi M. 2021; Development of a sensitive voltammetric sensor for diltiazem determination in biological samples using MWCNT/PPy-PBA modified glassy carbon electrode. Synth Met. 281:116928. [CrossRef]
[4] Salamanca-Neto CAR, Felsner ML, Galli A, Sartori ER. 2019; In-house validation of a totally aqueous voltammetric method for determination of diltiazem hydrochloride. J Electroanal Chem. 837:159–166. [CrossRef]
[5] Imani R, Shabani-Nooshabadi M, Ziaie N. 2022; Fabrication of a sensitive sensor for electrochemical detection of diltiazem in presence of methyldopa. Chemosphere. 297:134170. [CrossRef]
[6] USP. 2017; U.S. Pharmacopoeia-National Formulary [USP 40 NF 35], United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Md
[7] Fiorentin TR, Logan BK, Martin DM, Browne T, Rieders EF. 2020; Assessment of a portable quadrupolebased gas chromatography mass spectrometry for seized drug analysis. Forensic Sci Int. 313:110342. [CrossRef]
[8] Sanchez MA, Rocha FRP. 2011; Liquid-liquid microextraction without phase separation in a multicommuted flow system for diltiazem determination in pharmaceuticals. Anal Chim Acta. 694:95– 99. [CrossRef]

[9] Li N, He S, Li C, Yang F, Dong Y. 2021; Sensitive Analysis of Metoprolol Tartrate and Diltiazem Hydrochloride in Human Serum by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Combining on Column Field- Amplified Sample Injection. J Chromatogr Sci. 59:465–472. [CrossRef]
[10] Wu HY, Cunningham BT. 2014; Point-of-care detection and real-time monitoring of intravenously delivered drugs via tubing with an integrated SERS sensor. Nanoscale. 6:5162–5171. [CrossRef]
[11] Ayad MM, Shalaby A, Abdellatef HE, Hosny MM. 2003; New colorimetric methods for the determination of trazodone HCl, famotidine, and diltiazem HCl in their pharmaceutical dosage forms. Anal Bioanal Chem. 376:710–714. [CrossRef]
[12] Rahman N, Azmi SNH. 2000; Spectrophotometric determination of diltiazem hydrochloride with sodium metavanadate. Microchem J. 65:39–43. [CrossRef]
[13] Torul H, Gumustas M, Urguplu B, Uzunoglu A, Boyaci IH, Celikkan H, Tamer U. 2021; Disposable electrochemical flow cell with paper-based electrode assemble. J Electroanal Chem. 891:115268. [CrossRef]
[14] Torul H, Yarali E, Eksin E, Ganguly A, Benson J, Tamer U, Papakonstantinou P, Erdem A. 2021; Paperbased electrochemical biosensors for voltammetric detection of miRNA biomarkers using reduced graphene oxide or MoS2 nanosheets decorated with gold nanoparticle electrodes. Biosensors. 11:236. [CrossRef]
[15] Adsetts JR, Chu K, Hesari M, Ma J, Ding Z. 2021; Absolute Electrochemiluminescence E ffi ciency Quanti fi cation Strategy Exempli fi ed with Ru(bpy) 32+ in the Annihilation Pathway. Anal Chem. 93:11626–11633. [CrossRef]
[16] Li L, Chen Y, Zhu J. 2017; Recent Advances in Electrochemiluminescence Analysis. Anal Chem. 89:358– 371. [CrossRef]
[17] Kirschbaum SEK, Baeumner AJ. 2015; A review of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) in and for microfluidic analytical devices. Anal Bioanal Chem. 407:3911–3926. [CrossRef]
[18] Liu Y, Guo W, Su B. 2019; Recent advances in electrochemiluminescence imaging analysis based on nanomaterials and micro- / nanostructures. Chinese Chem Lett J. 30:1593–1599. [CrossRef]
[19] Wang X, Liu H, Qi H, Gao Q, Zhang C. 2020; Highly efficient electrochemiluminescence of ruthenium complex-functionalized CdS quantum dots and their analytical application. J Mater Chem B. 8:3598– 3605. [CrossRef]
[20] Wang H, Chai Y, Li H, Yuan R. 2018; Sensitive electrochemiluminescent immunosensor for diabetic nephropathy analysis based on tris(bipyridine) ruthenium(II) derivative with binary intramolecular self-catalyzed property. Biosens Bioelectron. 100:35–40. [CrossRef]
[21] Zhang A, Guo W, Ke H, Zhang X, Zhang H, Huang C, Yang D, Jia N, Cui D. 2018; Sandwich-format ECL immunosensor based on Au star@BSA-Luminol nanocomposites for determination of human chorionic gonadotropin. Biosens Bioelectron. 101:219–226. [CrossRef]
[22] Ma C, Yue C, Xiaodan G, Jun-Jie Z. 2020; Recent Progress in Electrochemiluminescence Sensing and Imaging. Anal Chem. 92:431–454. [CrossRef]
[23] Yuan F, Hao K, Sheng S, Haile T, Ma X, Xu G. 2020; 2- ( Dibutylamino ) ethyl acrylate as a highly ef fi cient co-reactant of 3 electrochemiluminescence for selective detection of cysteine. Electrochim Acta. 329:135117. [CrossRef]
[24] Miao W, Choi J, Bard AJ. 2002; Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence 69: The Tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) System Revisited-A New Route Involving TPrA • + Cation Radicals. J Am Chem Soc. 124:14478–14485. [CrossRef]
[25] Liu C, Song D, Yang Z, Wang Z, Pan P, Liu J, Yang X, Li R, Zhu Z, Xue F. 2021; Research on advanced methods of electrochemiluminescence detection combined with optical imaging analysis for the detection of sulfonamides. Analyst. 146:7611–7617. [CrossRef]
[26] Ge L, Yu J, Ge S, Yan M. 2014; Lab-on-paper-based devices using chemiluminescence and electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection. Anal Bioanal Chem. 406:5613–5630. [CrossRef]
[27] Zheng W, Wang K, Xu H, Zheng C, Cao B, Qin Q, Jin Q, Cui D. 2021; Strategies for the detection of target analytes using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. Anal Bioanal Chem. 413:2429–2445. [CrossRef]
[28] Noviana E, McCord CP, Clark KM, Jang I, Henry CS. 2020; Electrochemical paper-based devices: Sensing approaches and progress toward practical applications. Lab Chip. 20:9–34. [CrossRef]
[29] Liu Y, Liu Y, Qiao L, Liu Y, Liu B. 2018; Advances in signal amplification strategies for electrochemical biosensing. Curr Opin Electrochem. 12:5–12. [CrossRef]
[30] Husain RA, Barman SR, Chatterjee S, Khan I, Lin ZH. 2020; Enhanced biosensing strategies using electrogenerated chemiluminescence: recent progress and future prospects. J Mater Chem B. 8:3192– 3212. [CrossRef]
[31] Zhao C, Niu L, Wang X, Sun W. 2019; Small Size Effect and Concentration Response of Gold Nanoparticles in Electrochemiluminescence Reaction. Electroanalysis. 31:1752–1757. [CrossRef]
[32] Zhao C, Niu L, Wang X, Sun W. 2018; Electrochemiluminescence of gold nanoparticles and gold nanoparticle-labelled antibodies as co-reactants. RSC Adv. 8:36219–36222. [CrossRef]
[33] Eksin E, Torul H, Yarali E, Tamer U, Papakonstantinou P, Erdem A. 2021; Paper-based electrode assemble for impedimetric detection of miRNA. Talanta. 225:122043. [CrossRef]
[34] Yarali E, Eksin E, Torul H, Ganguly A, Tamer U, Papakonstantinou P, Erdem A. 2022; Impedimetric detection of miRNA biomarkers using paper-based electrodes modified with bulk crystals or nanosheets of molybdenum disulfide. Talanta. 241:123233. [CrossRef]
[35] Mahajan N, Deshmukh S, Farooqui M. 2021; A novel stability-indicating method for known and unknown impurities profiling for diltiazem hydrochloride pharmaceutical dosage form (tablets). Futur J Pharm Sci. 7:1–13. [CrossRef]

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Hilal Torul ^*
0000-0002-6877-2440
Türkiye

Publication Date

June 28, 2025

Submission Date

June 22, 2022

Acceptance Date

August 7, 2022

Published in Issue

Year 2022 Volume: 26 Number: 5

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA48TM33KZ

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Torul, H. (2025). Determination of Diltiazem Hydrochloride using Paperbased ECL sensor. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 26(5), 1472-1483. https://izlik.org/JA48TM33KZ

AMA

1.Torul H. Determination of Diltiazem Hydrochloride using Paperbased ECL sensor. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;26(5):1472-1483. https://izlik.org/JA48TM33KZ

Chicago

Torul, Hilal. 2025. “Determination of Diltiazem Hydrochloride Using Paperbased ECL Sensor”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 26 (5): 1472-83. https://izlik.org/JA48TM33KZ.

EndNote

Torul H (June 1, 2025) Determination of Diltiazem Hydrochloride using Paperbased ECL sensor. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 26 5 1472–1483.

IEEE

[1]H. Torul, “Determination of Diltiazem Hydrochloride using Paperbased ECL sensor”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 1472–1483, June 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA48TM33KZ

ISNAD

Torul, Hilal. “Determination of Diltiazem Hydrochloride Using Paperbased ECL Sensor”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 26/5 (June 1, 2025): 1472-1483. https://izlik.org/JA48TM33KZ.

JAMA

1.Torul H. Determination of Diltiazem Hydrochloride using Paperbased ECL sensor. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;26:1472–1483.

MLA

Torul, Hilal. “Determination of Diltiazem Hydrochloride Using Paperbased ECL Sensor”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 26, no. 5, June 2025, pp. 1472-83, https://izlik.org/JA48TM33KZ.

Vancouver

1.Hilal Torul. Determination of Diltiazem Hydrochloride using Paperbased ECL sensor. J. Res. Pharm. [Internet]. 2025 Jun. 1;26(5):1472-83. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA48TM33KZ