Morphology, myxocarpy, mineral content and in vitro antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of mericarps of the vulnerable Turkish endemic Salvia pilifera

Sevda Güzel Kara; Ahmet Kahraman; Mahmut Ülger; Yusuf Özay; İbrahim Bozgeyik; Özkan Sarıkaya

Morphology, myxocarpy, mineral content and in vitro antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of mericarps of the vulnerable Turkish endemic Salvia pilifera

Abstract

Salvia L., the largest genus of the family Lamiaceae, is composed of many well-known plants of medicinal value. This study provides the first data on micromorphology, myxocarpy, mineral content and in vitro antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of mericarps of Salvia pilifera, considered to be a vulnerable endemic species from Turkey. The macro- and micromorphological mericarp traits were documented and illustrated via stereo microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Mineral content of mericarps was analyzed using ICP-MS. Ethanol extract of mericarps was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Aeromonas hydrophila, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida glabrata using broth microdilution method. Antimycobacterial activity was performed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv using resazurin microtiter plate method. Ampicillin, Ethambutol, Isoniazid, and Fluconazole were chosen as reference drugs. Antiproliferative effect of the extract was tested against A549 human lung cancer cell lines using MTT test. The size of the mericarps was 4.38±0.17 mm in length and 3.28±0.13 mm in width. The general shape was elliptic to widely elliptic. The abscission scar was nearly rounded. The ornamentation pattern of the surface was colliculate with polygonal exocarp cells. Myxocarpy was observed on the surface of the mericarps when they become hydrated. Transparent mucilaginous cells showed a moderate reaction with extensions more than 0.1 mm long. Potassium and calcium were determined as major minerals (80.662±0.234 and 41.892±0.399 µg/g, respectively). The extract showed greater antibacterial activity against A. baumannii compared to Ampicillin (62.5 and 125 µg/mL MIC values, respectively). Cell viability level of the extract (100 μg/mL) was found to be statistically lower than control group against A549 human lung cancer cell lines (P<0.05).

Keywords

References

[1] Kahraman A, Buyukkartal HN, Dogan M. Pericarp ultrastructure of Salvia section Hemisphace (Mentheae; Nepetoideae; Lamiaceae). Commagene J Biol. 2018; 2(1): 1-7. [CrossRef]
[2] Kamatou GPP, Makunga NP, Ramogola WPN, Viljoen AM. South African Salvia species: a review of biological activities and phytochemistry. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 119: 664-672. [CrossRef]
[3] Topcu G, Turkmen Z, Schilling JK, Kingston DGI, Pezzuto JM, Ulubelen A. Cytotoxic activity of some Anatolian Salvia extracts and isolated abietane diterpenoids. Pharm Biol. 2008; 46(3): 180-184. [CrossRef]
[4] Baytop T. Therapy with Medicinal Plants in Turkey (Past and Present). Nobel Medical Presshouse, Istanbul, Turkey, 1999.
[5] Perry N, Court G, Bidet N, Court J, Perry E. European herbs with cholinergic activities: potential in dementia therapy. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1996; 11: 1063-1069. [CrossRef]
[6] Kirmizibekmez H, Bardakci Altan H, Liktor-Busa E, Zana A, Yesilada E, Hohmann J. Chemical constituents of Salvia dichroantha. Biochem Syst Ecol. 2012; 42: 18-20. [CrossRef]
[7] Temel HE, Demirci B, Demirci F, Celep F, Kahraman A, Doğan M, Başer KHC. Chemical characterization and anticholinesterase effects of essential oils derived from Salvia species. J Essent Oil Res. 2016; 28(4): 322-331. [CrossRef]
[8] Ullah R, Nadeem M, Khalique A, Imran M, Mehmood S, Javid A, Hussain J. Nutritional and therapeutic perspectives of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.): a review. J Food Sci Technol. 2016; 53(4): 1750-1758. [CrossRef]

[9] Ding Y, Lin H, Lin Y, Yang D, Yu Y, Chen R, Wang S, Chen Y. Nutritional composition in the chia seed and its processing properties on restructured ham-like products. J Food Drug Anal. 2018; 26: 124-134. [CrossRef]
[10] Ozkan G, Gokturk RS, Kiralan M, Ramadan MF. Fatty acids and tocopherols of Turkish Salvia fruticosa, Salvia tomentosa, Stachys aleurites and Stachys cretica subsp. anatolica seed oils. Riv Ital Sostanze Gr. 2018; 95: 17-21.
[11] Muñoz LA, Cobos A, Diaz O, Aguilera JM. Chia seed (Salvia hispanica): an ancient grain and a new functional food. Food Rev Int. 2013; 29: 394-408. [CrossRef]
[12] Basgel S, Erdemoglu SB. Determination of mineral and trace elements in some medicinal herbs and their infusions consumed in Turkey. Sci Total Environ. 2006; 359: 82-89. [CrossRef]
[13] Guzel S, Ozay Y, Kumas M, Uzun C, Gokalp Ozkorkmaz E, Yildirim Z, Ulger M, Guler G, Celik A, Camlica Y, Kahraman A. Wound healing properties, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Salvia kronenburgii Rech. f. and Salvia euphratica Montbret, Aucher & Rech. f. var. euphratica on excision and incision wound models in diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019; 111: 1260-1276. [CrossRef]
[14] Jian Y, Zhang L, Rupasinghe HP. Antiproliferative effects of extracts from Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge on hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017; 85: 57-67. [CrossRef]
[15] Yumrutas O, Pehlivan M, Guven C, Bozgeyik I, Bozgeyik E, Yumrutas P, Temiz E, Uckardes F. Investigation of cytotoxic effect of Salvia pilifera extracts and synthetic chlorogenic and caffeic acids on DU145 prostate cancer cell line. KSU J Agric Nat. 2018; 21(2): 141-147. [CrossRef]
[16] Alimpić A, Knežević A, Milutinović M, Stević T, Šavikin K, Stajić M, Marković S, Marin P, Matevski V, Duletić Laušević S. Biological activities and chemical composition of Salvia amplexicaulis Lam. extracts. Ind Crops Prod. 2017; 105: 1-9. [CrossRef]
[17] Kahraman A, Bagherpour S, Karabacak E, Dogan M, Dogan HM, Uysal I, Celep F. Reassessment of conservation status of the genus Salvia (Lamiaceae) in Turkey II. Turk J Bot. 2012; 36: 103-124. [CrossRef]
[18] Zona S. Fruit and seed dispersal of Salvia L. (Lamiaceae): A review of the evidence. Bot Rev. 2017; 83: 195-212. [CrossRef]
[19] Hedge IC. Observations on the mucilage of Salvia fruits. Notes R Bot Garden Edinb. 1970; 30: 79-95.
[20] Ryding O. The distribution and evolution of myxocarpy in Lamiaceae. In: Harley RM, Reynolds T. (Eds). Advances in Labiatae Science. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1992, pp. 85-96.
[21] Moon HK, Hong SP, Smets E, Huysmans S. Micromorphology and character evolution of nutlets in tribe Mentheae (Nepetoideae, Lamiaceae). Syst Bot. 2009; 34: 760-771. [CrossRef]
[22] Kahraman A, Dogan M, Celep F, Akaydin G, Koyuncu M. Morphology, anatomy, palynology and nutlet micromorphology of the rediscovered Turkish endemic Salvia ballsiana (Lamiaceae) and their taxonomic implications. Nord J Bot. 2010; 28: 91-99. [CrossRef]
[23] Buyukkartal HN, Kahraman A, Çölgeçen H, Doğan M, Karabacak E. Mericarp micromorphology and anatomy of Salvia hedgeana Dönmez, S. huberi Hedge and S. rosifolia Sm. (section Salvia Hedge, Lamiaceae). Acta Bot Croat. 2011; 70(1): 65-80. [CrossRef]
[24] Kahraman A, Celep F, Doğan M, Guerin G, Bagherpour S. Mericarp morphology and its systematic implications for the genus Salvia L. section Hymenosphace Benth. (Lamiaceae) in Turkey. Plant Syst Evol. 2011; 292: 33-39. [CrossRef]
[25] Kelen M, Tepe B. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the essential oils of three Salvia species from Turkish flora. Bioresour Technol. 2008; 99: 4096-4104. [CrossRef]
[26] Zorić L, Merkulov L, Lukvić J, Boža P. Comparative seed morphology of Trifolium L. species (Fabaceae). Period Biol. 2010; 112(3): 263-272.
[27] Hedge IC. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. In: Davis PH. (Eds). Salvia L., Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 1982, Vol. 7, pp. 400-461.
[28] Karaismailoglu MC. Seed mucilage contents in some taxa of Aubrieta Adans. genus (Brassicaceae) and their systematic importance. Turk J Life Sci. 2017; 2: 145-148.
[29] Alsirrag M, Ali R. Determination of antimicrobial and antioxidants activity of Salvia przewalskii seed oil against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. IOP Conf Series, J Phys, Conf Series. 2018; 1032: 012070. [CrossRef]
[30] Davachi SM, Shekarabi AS. Preparation and characterization of antibacterial, eco-friendly edible nanocomposite films containing Salvia macrosiphon and nanoclay. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018; 113: 66-72. [CrossRef]
[31] Kobus-Cisowska J, Szymanowska D, Maciejewska P, Kmiecik D, Gramza-Michalowska A, Kulczyński B, Cielecka-Piontek J. In vitro screening for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition and antimicrobial activity of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica). Electron J Biotechnol. 2019; 37: 1-10. [CrossRef]
[32] Bajpai VK. Antimicrobial bioactive compounds from marine algae: a mini review. Indian J Geomarine Sci. 2016; 45: 1076-1085.
[33] Lean SS, Yeo CC. Small, enigmatic plasmids of the nosocomial pathogen, Acinetobacter baumannii: good, bad, who knows? Front Microbiol. 2017; 8: 1547-1555. [CrossRef]
[34] Shamsizadeh Z, Nikaeen M, Esfahani BN, Mirhoseini SH, Hatamzadeh M, Hassanzadeh A. Detection of antibiotic resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in various hospital environments: potential sources for transmission of Acinetobacter infections. Environ Health Prev Med. 2017; 22: 1-7. [CrossRef]
[35] Rosas-Ramírez DG, Fragoso-Serrano MF, Escandón-Rivera S, Vargas-Ramírez AL, Reyes-Grajeda JP, Soriano-Gracía M. Resistance-modifying activity in vinblastine-resistant human breast cancer cells by oligosaccharides obtained from mucilage of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica). Phytother Res. 2017; 31: 906-914. [CrossRef]
[36] Jiang S, Gao Y, Hou W, Liu R, Qi X, Xu X, Li J, Bao Y, Zheng H, Hua B. Sinomenine inhibits A549 human lung cancer cell invasion by mediating the STAT3 signaling pathway. Oncol Lett. 2016; 12: 1380-1386. [CrossRef]
[37] Budantsev AL, Lobova TA. Fruit morphology, anatomy and taxonomy of tribe Nepeteae (Labiatae). Edinb J Bot. 1997; 54(2): 183-216. [CrossRef]
[38] NCCLS. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Standard – Second Edition. NCCLS document M27-A2 (ISBN 1-56238-469-4). NCCLS, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-1898 USA, 2002.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Sevda Güzel Kara ^*
Türkiye

Ahmet Kahraman
Türkiye

Mahmut Ülger
Türkiye

Yusuf Özay
Türkiye

İbrahim Bozgeyik
Türkiye

Özkan Sarıkaya
Türkiye

Publication Date

June 27, 2025

Submission Date

February 26, 2019

Acceptance Date

May 21, 2019

Published in Issue

Year 2019 Volume: 23 Number: 4

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA24FG74DU

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Güzel Kara, S., Kahraman, A., Ülger, M., Özay, Y., Bozgeyik, İ., & Sarıkaya, Ö. (2025). Morphology, myxocarpy, mineral content and in vitro antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of mericarps of the vulnerable Turkish endemic Salvia pilifera. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 23(4), 729-739. https://izlik.org/JA24FG74DU

AMA

1.Güzel Kara S, Kahraman A, Ülger M, Özay Y, Bozgeyik İ, Sarıkaya Ö. Morphology, myxocarpy, mineral content and in vitro antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of mericarps of the vulnerable Turkish endemic Salvia pilifera. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;23(4):729-739. https://izlik.org/JA24FG74DU

Chicago

Güzel Kara, Sevda, Ahmet Kahraman, Mahmut Ülger, Yusuf Özay, İbrahim Bozgeyik, and Özkan Sarıkaya. 2025. “Morphology, Myxocarpy, Mineral Content and in Vitro Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Activities of Mericarps of the Vulnerable Turkish Endemic Salvia Pilifera”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 23 (4): 729-39. https://izlik.org/JA24FG74DU.

EndNote

Güzel Kara S, Kahraman A, Ülger M, Özay Y, Bozgeyik İ, Sarıkaya Ö (June 1, 2025) Morphology, myxocarpy, mineral content and in vitro antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of mericarps of the vulnerable Turkish endemic Salvia pilifera. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 23 4 729–739.

IEEE

[1]S. Güzel Kara, A. Kahraman, M. Ülger, Y. Özay, İ. Bozgeyik, and Ö. Sarıkaya, “Morphology, myxocarpy, mineral content and in vitro antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of mericarps of the vulnerable Turkish endemic Salvia pilifera”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 729–739, June 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA24FG74DU

ISNAD

Güzel Kara, Sevda - Kahraman, Ahmet - Ülger, Mahmut - Özay, Yusuf - Bozgeyik, İbrahim - Sarıkaya, Özkan. “Morphology, Myxocarpy, Mineral Content and in Vitro Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Activities of Mericarps of the Vulnerable Turkish Endemic Salvia Pilifera”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 23/4 (June 1, 2025): 729-739. https://izlik.org/JA24FG74DU.

JAMA

1.Güzel Kara S, Kahraman A, Ülger M, Özay Y, Bozgeyik İ, Sarıkaya Ö. Morphology, myxocarpy, mineral content and in vitro antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of mericarps of the vulnerable Turkish endemic Salvia pilifera. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;23:729–739.

MLA

Güzel Kara, Sevda, et al. “Morphology, Myxocarpy, Mineral Content and in Vitro Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Activities of Mericarps of the Vulnerable Turkish Endemic Salvia Pilifera”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 23, no. 4, June 2025, pp. 729-3, https://izlik.org/JA24FG74DU.

Vancouver

1.Sevda Güzel Kara, Ahmet Kahraman, Mahmut Ülger, Yusuf Özay, İbrahim Bozgeyik, Özkan Sarıkaya. Morphology, myxocarpy, mineral content and in vitro antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of mericarps of the vulnerable Turkish endemic Salvia pilifera. J. Res. Pharm. [Internet]. 2025 Jun. 1;23(4):729-3. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA24FG74DU