The formulation of ginger oil nanoemulsions of three varieties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) as natural antioxidant

Abstract

One of traditional plants in Indonesia that could be potentially developed as antioxidant is ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). There are three varieties, namely elephant ginger, yellow ginger, and red ginger. Its contents mainly essential oil consisted of many antioxidant compounds. Nevertheless, the use of ginger oil in topical dosage form formula is less effective, unstable, and volatile which affects its bioavailability. In this study, nanoemulsion formulas of ginger oil were optimized according to the ratio of tween 80 as surfactant and ethanol as cosurfactant using simplex lattice design (SLD) method. The optimum nanoemulsion formulas of each varieties were characterized and the result showed that nanoemulsion of yellow ginger oil had the highest percentage transmittance (99.676 ± 0.096%) and halfmaximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value (3.010 ± 0.008 mg/mL). Furthermore, all optimum formulas had complied the other nanoemulsion specifications. The study indicated that nanoemulsion formulas of three varieties of ginger essential oils could be developed as potential antioxidant agent.

Keywords

• Ginger oil
• nanoemulsion
• tween 80
• ethanol
• antioxidant

References

1. [1] Gogte VM, Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal plants (Dravyaganvigyan), first ed., Chaukhambha Publications, Mumbai, 2009.
2. [2] Mahboubi M. Zingiber officinale Rosc. essential oil, a review on its composition and bioactivity. Clin Phytosci. 2019; 5: 6. [CrossRef]
3. [3] Govindarajan VS. Ginger − chemistry, technology and quality evaluation: Part I. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1982; 17(1): 1-96. [CrossRef]
4. [4] Raina VK, Kumar A, Aggarwal KK. Essential oil composition of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizomes from different place in India. J Essent Oil Bear Plants. 2005; 8(2): 187–191. [CrossRef]
5. [5] Bellik Y, Benabdesselam F, Ayad A, Dahmani Z, Boukraa L, Nemmar A, Iguer-Ouada M. Antioxidant activity of the essential oil and oleoresin of Zingiber officinale Roscoe as affected by chemical environment. Int J Food Prop. 2013; 16(6): 1304–1313. [CrossRef]
6. [6] Jeena K, Liju VB, Kuttan R. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of essential oil from ginger. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2013; 57(1): 51–62.
7. [7] Bellik Y. Total antioxidant activity and antimicrobial potency of the essential oil and oleoresin of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Asia Pac J Trop Dis. 2014; 4(1): 40–44. [CrossRef]
8. [8] Mesomo MC, Corazza ML, Ndiaye PM, Dalla Santa OR, Cardozo L, Scheer AP. Supercritical CO2 extracts and essential oil of ginger (Zingiber officinale R.): Chemical composition and antibacterial activity. J Supercrit Fluids. 2013; 80(Supplement C): 44–49. [CrossRef]

9. [9] Liu L, Shao W, Lin G. Microcalorimetry studies on the antimicrobial actions of volatile oil of dry ginger. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2012; 107(2): 831–835. [CrossRef]
10. [10] Intorasoot A, Chornchoem P, Sookkhee S, Intorasoot S. Bactericidal activity of herbal volatile oil extracts against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol. 2017; 6(2): 218–222. [CrossRef]
11. [11] Funk JL, Frye JB, Oyarzo JN, Chen J, Zhang H, Timmermann BN. Antiinflammatory effects of the essential oils of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in experimental rheumatoid arthritis. PharmaNutrition. 2016; 4(3): 123–131. [CrossRef]
12. [12] Chiba N, Aiuchi T, Suzuki T, Mori T, Shibasaki M, Kawahito Y, Shioda S. Comparison of antinociceptive and antiinflammatory/analgesic essential oils in experimental animal model. Jpn J Pharm Palliat Care Sci. 2014; 7: 63–70.
13. [13] Yong-Liang J, Jun-Ming Z, Lin-Hui Z, Bao-Shan S, Meng-Jing B, Fen-fen L, Jian S, Hui-Jun S, Yu-Qing Z, Qiang-Min X. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger oil. Chin Herb Med. 2011; 3(2): 150–155.
14. [14] Nogueira de Melo GA, Grespan R, Fonseca JP, Farinha TO, da Silva EL, Romero AL, Bersani-Amado CA, Cuman RKN. Inhibitory effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) essential oil on leukocyte migration in vivo and in vitro. J Nat Med. 2011; 65(1): 241–246. [CrossRef]
15. [15] Sritoomma N, Moyle W, Cooke M, O'Dwyer S. The effectiveness of Swedish massage with aromatic ginger oil in treating chronic low back pain in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2014; 22(1): 26– 33. [CrossRef]
16. [16] Santos PASR, Avanço GB, Nerilo SB, Marcelino RIA, Janeiro V, Valadares MC, Machinski M. Assessment of cytotoxic activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), and ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) essential oils in cervical cancer cells (HeLa). Sci World J. 2016; 2016: 1-8. [CrossRef]
17. [17] Rashidian A, Mehrzadi S, Ghannadi AR, Mahzooni P, Sadr S, Minaiyan M. Protective effect of ginger volatile oil against acetic acid-induced colitis in rats: a light microscopic evaluation. J Integr Med. 2014; 12(2): 115–120. [CrossRef]
18. [18] Zhou HL, Deng YM, Xie QM. The modulatory effects of the volatile oil of ginger on the cellular immune response in vitro and in vivo in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 105(1-2): 301–305. [CrossRef]
19. [19] Wiedhayati D, Export news Indonesia: ginger, Directorate General of National Export Development, Ministry of Trade of The Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, 2016.
20. [20] Pham-huy L A, He H, Pham-huy C. Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. Int J Biomed Sci. 2008; 4(2): 89– 96.
21. [21] Kristiningrum N, Wulandari L, Zuhriyah A. Phytochemical screening, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of water, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions from mistletoe Moringa oleifera Lam. (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.)Miq.). Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2018; 11(10): 104-106. [CrossRef]
22. [22] Gele MV, Geusens B, Brochez L, Speeckaert R, Lambert J. Three-dimensional skin models as tools for transdermal drug delivery: challenges and limitations. Expert Opin. Drug Delivery. 2011; 8(6): 705–720. [CrossRef]
23. [23] Nguyen G, Torres A. Systemic antioxidants and skin health. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012; 11(9): e1-4.
24. [24] Bilia AR, Guccione C, Isacchi B, Righeschi C, Firenzuoli F, Bergonzi MC. Essential oils loaded in nanosystems : a developing strategy for a successful therapeutic approach. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014; 2014(1): 1– 14. [CrossRef]
25. [25] Pavoni L, Perinelli DR, Bonacucina G, Cespi M, Palmieri GF. An overview of micro- and nanoemulsions as vehicles for essential oils: formulation, preparation, and stability. Nanomaterials. 2020; 10(1): 135. [CrossRef]
26. [26] Jaiswal M, Dudhe R. Nanoemulsion : an advanced mode of drug delivery system. Biotech. 2015; 5: 123–127. [CrossRef]
27. [27] Sutradhar KB, Amin L. Nanoemulsions: increasing possibilities in drug delivery. Eur J Nanomed. 2013; 5(2): 97–110. [CrossRef]
28. [28] Hasan F, Pereshki A, Hamishehkar H. Effect of surfactant and oil type on size droplets of surfactant and oil type on size droplets of betacarotene-bearing nanoemulsions the use of nano carriers for hydrophobic. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2017; 9: 146–155.
29. [29] Rowe RC, Sheske PJ, Quinn ME, Handbook of pharmaceutical excipients, sixth ed., Pharmaceutical Press, Washington, 2015.
30. [30] Azeem A, Rizwan M, Ahmad FJ, Iqbal Z, Khar RK, Aqil M, Talegaonkar S. Nanoemulsion components screening and selection: a technical note. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech. 2009; 10(1): 69–76. [CrossRef]
31. [31] Bali V, Ali M, Ali J. Study of surfactant combinations and development of a novel nanoemulsion for minimising variations in bioavailability of ezetimibe. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2010; 76(2): 410–420. [CrossRef]
32. [32] Rizwan M, Aqil M, Azeem A, Talegaonkar S, Sultana Y, Ali A. Enhanced transdermal delivery of carvedilol using nanoemulsion as a vehicle. J Exp Nanosci. 2015; 5(5): 390–411. [CrossRef]
33. [33] Lamaallam S, Bataller H, Dicharry C, Lachaise J. Formation and stability of miniemulsions produced by dispersion of water/oil/surfactants concentrates in a large amount of water. Colloids Surf A. 2005; 2005: 270−271. [CrossRef]
34. [34] McClements DJ. Edible nanoemulsions: fabrication, properties, and functional performance. Soft Matter. 2011; 7(6): 2297−2316. [CrossRef]
35. [35] Salim N, Basri M, Rahman MA, Abdullah DK, Basri H, Salleh AB. Phase behaviour, formation and characterization of palm-based esters nanoemulsion formulation containing ibuprofen. J Nanomed Nanotechnol. 2011; 2(4): 1-5. [CrossRef]
36. [36] Naibaho OH, Yamlean PVY, Wiyono W. Pengaruh basis salep terhadap formulasi sediaan salep ekstrak daun kemangi (Ocimum sanctum L.) pada kulit punggung kelinci yang dibuat infeksi Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmacon Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi. 2013; 2(02): 27–34.
37. [37] Chuacharoen T, Prasongsuk S, Sabliov CM. Effects of surfactant concentrations on physicochemical properties and functionality curcumin nanoemulsions under conditions relevant to commerrcial utilization. Molecules. 2019; 24:2744. [CrossRef]
38. [38] Wungkana I, Suryanto E, Momuat L. Aktivitas antioksidan dan tabir surya fraksi fenolik dari limbah tongkol jagung (Zea mays L.). Pharmacon. 2013; 2(4):149–155.
39. [39] Gupta PK, Pandit JK, Kumar A, Swaroop P, Gupta S. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology novel nanoemulsion-high energy emulsification preparation, evaluation, and application. T Ph Res. 2010; 3: 117-138.
40. [40] Panjaitan R, Ni’mah S, Romdhonah, Annisa L. Pemanfaatan minyak biji labu kuning (Cucurbita moschata Durch) menjadi sediaan nanoemulsi topikal sebagai agen pengembangan cosmetical anti aging. Khazanah. 2016; 7(2): 61–81. [CrossRef]
41. [41] Narang AS, Delmarre D, Gao D. Stable drug encapsulation in micelles and microemulsions. Int J Pharm. 2007; 345(1– 2): 9–25. [CrossRef]
42. [42] Pratiwi L, Fudholi A, Martien R, Pramono S. Physical and chemical stability test of snedds (self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system) and nanoemulsion ethyl acetate fraction of Garcinia mangostana L. Trad Med J. 2018; 23(2): 84– 90. [CrossRef]
43. [43] Cinar K. A review on nanoemulsions: preparation methods and stability. Trakya Univ J Eng Sci. 2017; 18(1): 73-83.
44. [44] Nidhin M, Indumathy R, Sreeram KJ, Nair BU. Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles of narrow size distribution on polysaccharide templates. Bull Mater Sci. 2008; 31(1): 93–96. [CrossRef]
45. [45] Gurpreet K, Singh SK. Review of nanoemulsion formulation and characterization techniques. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2018; 80(5): 781-789. [CrossRef]
46. [46] Sulistyaningsih E, Amalia TY, Kartikasari R. Antioxidant and antimalarial activity of Leea indica leaf extract against malaria-mice model. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2017; 7(12): 163-168. [CrossRef]