Characterization and investigation of antidiabetic activity of Annona squamosa-mediated silver nanoparticles

Year 2025, Volume: 29 Issue: 6 , 2527 - 2541 , 02.11.2025

Mahima Tanwar Geeta Pandey Trapti Gupta

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1798202

Cited By: 1

https://izlik.org/JA39WB79KC

Abstract

Diabetes is a growing global health challenge with significant complications if not managed effectively.
While current treatments are effective, they come with side effects that can impact the quality of life. Exploring new
treatments, such as nanoparticles, offers a promising avenue to develop more effective and safer therapies. The present
study aimed to synthesize and characterize nanoparticles of Annona squamosa (AS-AgNPs) and to explore in-vitro and in-
vivo antidiabetic potential of AS-AgNPs. Nanoparticles from Annona squamosa leaf extract were synthesized and
characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray
diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Zeta potential analyzer. The anti-diabetic potential of the
biosynthesised AS-AgNPs has been evaluated using an Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory analysis. After
that, the anti-diabetic potential of AS-AgNPs was investigated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by evaluating
serum insulin , oral glucose tolerance, and blood glucose levels following the administration of AS-AgNPs at 5, 10, and
15 mg/kg b.wt. The nanoparticles synthesized from Annona squamosa were globular in shape, evenly dispersed, with
sizes ranging from 10 to 30 nm. The XRD pattern indicates the crystalline nature of the synthesized AS-AgNPs. Zeta
potential value for silver nanoparticles indicates reduced aggregation potential. In vitro antidiabetic efficacy evaluation
showed that the synthesized AS-AgNPs inhibited the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. After 7, 14, and 21 days of
therapy, a decrease in blood glucose level of -15.72% (P≤0.05), -33.47% (P≤0.01), and -56.87% (P≤0.001) was found in the
highest dosage group compared to their baseline blood glucose level. But significant rise in the level of serum insulin in
diabetic mice when compared to diabetic control mice. The observed effects suggest that AS-AgNPs have the potential to
manage and mitigate the symptoms of diabetes effectively and warrant further exploration. Future research could focus
on understanding the underlying mechanisms of action, optimizing the dosage and delivery methods, and evaluating
the long-term safety and efficacy of AS-AgNPs in clinical settings. The promising results from this study provide a
foundation for developing novel anti-diabetic therapies based on AS-AgNPs.

Keywords

Diabetes , Annona squamosa , Nanotechnology , amylase , glucose

References

• Younis NS, Mohamed ME, El Semary NA. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by the cyanobacteria synechocystis sp.: characterization, antimicrobial and diabetic wound-healing actions. Marine Drugs. 2022;20(1):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20010056.
• Javed B, Ikram M, Farooq F, Sultana T, Mashwani ZU, Raja NI. Biogenesis of silver nanoparticles to treat cancer, diabetes, and microbial infections: A mechanistic overview. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021;105:2261-2275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11171-8.
• Hanna AL, Hamouda HM, Goda HA, Sadik MW, Moghanm FS, Ghoneim AM, Alenezi MA, Alnomasy SF, Alam P, Elsayed TR. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles produced by Phormidium ambiguum and Desertifilum tharense cyanobacteria. Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2022;2022(1):9072508. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9072508.
• Rehana D, Mahendiran D, Kumar RS, Rahiman AK. In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using different plant extracts. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2017;40(6):943-957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-017-1758-2.
• Al-Nemari R, Bacha AB, Al-Senaidy A, Almutairi MH, Arafah M, Al-Saran H, Abutaha N, Semlali A. Cytotoxic effects of Annona squamosa leaves against breast cancer cells via apoptotic signaling proteins. J King Saud Univ Sci. 2022;34(4):102013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102013
• Nguyen MT, Nguyen VT, Le VM, Trieu LH, Lam TD, Bui LM, Nhan LTH, Danh VT. Assessment of preliminary phytochemical screening, polyphenol content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of custard apple leaves (Annona squamosa Linn.). IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2020;736:062012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757- 899X/736/6/062012.
• Ibrahim FA, Jaber A, Ibrahim GH, Cheble ED. Antioxidant activity and total phenol content of different plant parts of Lebanese Annona squamosa Linn. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2020;12(8):100-105. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2020v12i8.36992
• Miller GL. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Anal Chem. 1959;31(3):426-428. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60147a030.
• Pistia-Brueggeman G, Hollingsworth RI. A preparation and screening strategy for glycosidase inhibitors. Tetrahedron. 2001;57(42):8773-8778. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)00877-8
• Yadav A, Yadav K, Ahmad R, Abd-Elsalam KA. Emerging frontiers in nanotechnology for precision agriculture: Advancements, hurdles and prospects. Agrochemicals. 2023;2(2):220-256. https://doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals2020016
• Safira A, Widayani P, An-Najaaty D, Rani CA, Septiani M, Putra YA, Solikhah TI, Khairullah AR, Raharjo HM. A review of an important plant: Annona squamosa leaf. Pharmacogn J. 2022;14(2) : 456-463. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2022.14.58.
• Ojiako EN. Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial screening of Moringa oleifera leaves extract. Int J Eng Sci. 2014;3(3):32-35. Research Article effects of Annona squamosa leaf extract mediated silver nanoparticles. Mater Sci Semicond Process. 2019;100:301-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2019.05.007
• Alkammash NM. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Artemisia sieberi and Calotropis procera medical plant extracts and their characterization using SEM analysis. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia. 2017;14(2):521-526. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2474
• Banerjee P, Satapathy M, Mukhopahayay A, Das P. Leaf extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from widely available Indian plants: Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial property and toxicity analysis. Bioresour Bioprocess. 2014;1:3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-014-0003-y.
• Jabir MS, Saleh YM, Sulaiman GM, Yaseen NY, Sahib UI, Dewir YH, Alwahibi MS, Soliman DA. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Annona muricata Extract as an Inducer of Apoptosis in Cancer Cells and Inhibitor for
• Ruddaraju LK, Pallela PN, Pammi SV, Padavala VS, Kolapalli VR. Synergetic antibacterial and anticarcinogenic NLRP3 Inflammasome via Enhanced Autophagy. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021;11(2):384. Nanomaterials. 2021;11(2):384. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11020384
• Singh V, Shrivastava A, Wahi N. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by plants crude extracts and their characterization using UV, XRD, TEM and EDX. Afr J Biotechnol. 2015;14(33):2554-2567. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2015.14692.
• Jackson TC, Patani BO, Udosen NN. Surface plasmon resonance and antimicrobial properties of novel silver nanoparticles prepared from some indigenous plants in Uyo, Nigeria. Afr J Biotechnol. 2018;17(24):748-752. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2017.16119.
• Kumar PV, Pammi SV, Kollu P, Satyanarayana KV, Shameem U. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Boerhaavia diffusa plant extract and their antibacterial activity. Ind Crops Prod. 2014;52:562-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.050
• Singh D, Kumar A. Effects of nano silver oxide and silver ions on growth of Vigna radiata. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2015;95:379-384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-015-1595-4.
• Paosen S, Saising J, Septama AW, Voravuthikunchai SP. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plants from Myrtaceae family and characterization of their antibacterial activity. Mater Lett. 2017;209:201-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.07.102
• El‐Kemary M, Zahran M, Khalifa SA, El‐Seedi HR. Spectral characterisation of the silver nanoparticles biosynthesised using Ambrosia maritima plant. Micro Nano Lett. 2016;11(6):311-314. https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2015.0572
• Gu S, Sun H, Zhang X, Huang F, Pan L, Zhu Z. Structural characterization and inhibitions on α-glucosidase and α- amylase of alkali-extracted water-soluble polysaccharide from Annona squamosa residue. Int J Biol Macromol. 2021;166:730-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.230
• Sun YY, Sun HQ, Pan LC, Jia YQ, Liu CY, Wang HX, Liu XC, Zhu ZY, Si CL Preparation, structure and α- glucosidase inhibitory of oligosaccharides by enzymatic hydrolysis from Annona squamosa polysaccharide. Ind Crops Prod. 2022;177:114468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114468
• Nirmala A, Eliza J, Rajalakshmi M, EdelPriya EP, Daisy P. Effect of hexane extract of Cassia fistula barks on blood glucose and lipid profile in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Int J Pharmacol. 2008;292-296. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2008.292.296.
• Bogdanet D, O’Shea P, Lyons C, Shafat A, Dunne F. The oral glucose tolerance test—Is it time for a change?—A literature review with an emphasis on pregnancy. J Clin Med. 2020;9(11):3451. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113451.
• Davis JA, Sharma S, Mittra S, Sujatha S, Kanaujia A, Shukla G, Katiyar C, Lakshmi BS, Bansal VS, Bhatnagar PK. Antihyperglycemic effect of Annona squamosa hexane extract in type 2 diabetes animal model: PTP1B inhibition, a possible mechanism of action? Indian J Pharmacol. 2012;44(3):326-332. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.96304.
• Gupta RK, Kesari AN, Watal G, Murthy PS, Chandra R, Maithal K, Tandon V. Hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Annona squamosa (L.) in experimental animal. Curr Sci. 2005;88(8):1244-1254.
• Sharma SK, Gupta ML, Kumar B. Hypocholesterolemic efficacy of Annona squamosa (L.) extract in mice diabetic models. J Biotechnol Biochem. 2019;5:41-55. https://doi.org/10.9790/264X-0501024145.
• Kumar M, Changan S, Tomar M, Prajapati U, Saurabh V, Hasan M, Sasi M, Maheshwari C, Singh S, Dhumal S, Radha, Thakur M, Punia S, Satankar V, Amarowicz R, Mekhemar M. Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Leaves: Nutritional Composition, Phytochemical Profile, and Health-Promoting Biological Activities. Biomolecules. 2021;11(5):614. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11050614.