Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of extracts and compounds from endophytic fungi isolated from roots of Physalis angulata and their combination effects

Year 2025, Volume: 29 Issue: 5, 2091 - 2109, 01.09.2025

Elfita Elfita , Budi Eko Wahyudi Hary Wıdjajantı , Salni Salni Mardiyanto Mardiyanto Rian Oktiansyah , Julinar Julinar

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1763687

Abstract

Natural products sourced from endophytic fungal are recognized as one of the most important resources for
drug discovery and molecular diversity. Utilizing combinations of extracts or pure compounds can produce synergistic
effects, offering strong pharmacological efficacy at relatively low concentrations. Physalis angulata L. is a medicinal plant
traditionally used by people globally. The endophytic fungi associated with this plant represent a valuable, yet
underexplored, source of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to identify extracts and pure compounds from
endophytic fungi isolated from the roots of P. angulata that exhibit antioxidant and antibacterial activities, as well as to
explore their combined effects. The endophytic fungi isolates used in this study were obtained from P. angulata roots stored
in the laboratory as stock cultures. Each isolate was re-identified morphologically for purity and cultivated in Potato
Dextrose Broth (PDB) media for 4 weeks at room temperature under static conditions. Liquid culture was extracted in ethyl
acetate and evaporated. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities were tested for each endophytic fungal extract, followed
by the isolation of active compounds from the selected extracts. The chemical structures were elucidated using
spectroscopic techniques, such as 1D and 2D NMR. The endophytic fungi responsible for producing bioactive compounds
were identified through molecular analysis. Combination effects were examined on both extracts and pure compounds
exhibiting antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The extract of Trichoderma virens endophytic fungi, which produced
two bioactive compounds, demonstrated the highest antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Spectroscopic analysis
indicated that the two compounds were 10-hydroxy-benzoisochromen-1-one (1) and 7-hydroxy-benzochromen-6-one (2).
Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of the selected endophytic fungi showed a high similarity to Trichoderma
virens. The best combination effect with strong antioxidant activity was found in the CA4+CA6 blend (test 3). The
antioxidant activity of compounds 1, 2, and their combination products exhibited weak antioxidant activity. The highest
antibacterial activity (≥ 95%) for the combination product was derived from synergistic effects (27.8%) and additive effects
(13.9%). Compound 1 had strong antibacterial activity compared to compound 2 and their combination products. Thus, for
the development of Trichoderma virens as a source of medicinal substances, extract combinations are more efficient than
pure compound combinations.

Keywords

Antioxidant , antibacterial , combination effects , endophytic fungi , Physalis angulata

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