SPORCULARDA ERGOJENİK DESTEK KULLANIMI: BİLİM TEMELLİ YAKLAŞIMLAR, RİSKLER VE GELECEK PERSPEKTİFLERİ

Öz

Bu derleme çalışması, sporcu beslenmesinin temel ilkelerini ve ergojenik destek ürünlerinin performans, toparlanma ve genel sağlık üzerindeki etkilerini bilimsel literatür ışığında incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın temel amacı, ergojenik desteklerin bilimsel temelli kullanımının performans artışı ve sağlık riski dengesi açısından değerlendirilmesidir. Sporcuların rekabet düzeylerini artırmak için başvurdukları besin destekleri, doğru kullanıldığında fizyolojik kazanımlar sağlarken; yanlış dozaj, kontrolsüz kullanım ve bilgi eksikliği durumlarında ciddi sağlık ve etik riskler oluşturabilmektedir. Makro ve mikro besin öğelerinin rolü, beslenme zamanlaması, hidrasyon, bireyselleştirilmiş planlama gibi temel konuların yanı sıra, kreatin, kafein, beta-alanin, nitrat, protein takviyeleri ve omega-3 gibi bilimsel olarak desteklenmiş ergojenik ürünlerin etkinliği değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, bitkisel içerikli takviyeler, multivitamin kullanımı, kontaminasyon riski, doping tehlikesi ve uzun dönem etkileri gibi tartışmalı alanlara da yer verilmiştir. Mevcut literatür, destek ürünlerinin etkinliği konusunda bazı alanlarda fikir birliği sağlamış olsa da özellikle genç, kadın ve vegan sporcular gibi özel gruplarda kanıt eksiklikleri dikkat çekmektedir. Sonuç olarak, ergojenik desteklerin yalnızca performans artışı değil, aynı zamanda etik, sürdürülebilir ve bireye özgü bir sağlık yaklaşımı çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• bireyselleştirilmiş beslenme
• doğal takviyeler
• doping riski
• ergojenik destek
• sporcu beslenmesi
• takviye ürünleri

Kaynakça

1. AIS. (2023). Australian Institute of Sport. Australian Sports Commission. https://www.ais.gov.au/nutrition/supplements (Access: 01/08/2025)
2. Alcock, R., Hislop, M., Vidgen, H.A., & Desbrow, B. (2024). Youth and Adolescent Athlete Musculoskeletal Health: Dietary and Nutritional Strategies to Optimise Injury Prevention and Support Recovery. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 9(4), 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040221
3. Amawi, A., AlKasasbeh, W., Jaradat, M., Almasri, A., Alobaidi, S., Hammad, A. A., Bishtawi, T., et al. (2024). Athletes’ nutritional demands: A narrative review of nutritional requirements. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1331854. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1331854
4. Antonio, J., Ellerbroek, A., Silver, T., Vargas, L., Tamayo, A., Buehn, R., & Peacock, C.A. (2016). A high protein diet has no harmful effects: a one‐year crossover study in resistance‐trained males. Journal of nutrition and metabolism, 9104792. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9104792
5. Arent, S.M., Cintineo, H.P., McFadden, B.A., Chandler, A.J., & Arent, M.A. (2020). Nutrient timing: a garage door of opportunity? Nutrients, 12(7), 1948. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071948
6. Bayır, E., Kurt, M.S., & Cebe, G.E. (2025). The Science of Performance: Nutrition and Herbal Products in Sport. International Journal of Sports Engineering and Biotechnology, 3(1), 1-9 e-ISSN: 3023-6010
7. Beck, K.L., Thomson, J.S., Swift, R.J., & Von Hurst, P.R. (2015). Role of nutrition in performance enhancement and postexercise recovery. Open access journal of sports medicine, 259-267. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S33605
8. Beck, K.L., von Hurst, P.R., O'Brien, W.J., & Badenhorst, C.E. (2021). Micronutrients and athletic performance: A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 158, 112618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112618

9. Bedrač, L., Deutsch, L., Terzić, S., Červek, M., Šelb, J., Ašič, U., Verstraeten, L. M., et al. (2024).Towards precision sports nutrition: A scoping review of systems biology approaches in endurance athletes. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202410.0849.v1
10. Bonilla, D.A., Boullosa, D., & Del Coso, J. (2023). Advances in nutrition, dietary supplements and ergogenic AIDS for athletic performance: Trends and future prospects. Nutrients, 15 (10), MDPI, pp. 2246. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102246
11. Bonilla, D.A., Stout, J.R., & Kreider, R.B. (2025). Proceedings of the International creatine conference 2025–Munich, Germany, Vol. 22, Taylor & Francis, pp. 2536389. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2536389
12. Burke, L.M., & Hawley, J.A. (2018). Swifter, higher, stronger: what’s on the menu? Science, 362(6416), 781-787. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2093
13. Burke, L.M., Hawley, J.A., Wong, S.H., & Jeukendrup, A.E. (2013). Carbohydrates for training and competition. Food, Nutrition and Sports Performance III, 17-27.
14. Burke, L.M., Jeukendrup, A.E., Jones, A.M., & Mooses, M. (2019). Contemporary nutrition strategies to optimize performance in distance runners and race walkers. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 29(2), 117-129. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0004
15. Cadwallader, A.B. (2022). Seven Points for Athletes to Consider Before Using a Dietary Supplement. AMA Journal of Ethics, 24(5), 443-451. https://doi.org/10.1001/amajethics.2022.443.
16. Calder, P.C., Carr, A.C., Gombart, A.F., & Eggersdorfer, M. (2020). Optimal nutritional status for a well-functioning immune system is an important factor to protect against viral infections. Nutrients, 12(4), 1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041181
17. Cao, W., He, Y., Fu, R., Chen, Y., Yu, J., & He, Z. (2025). A Review of Carbohydrate Supplementation Approaches and Strategies for Optimizing Performance in Elite Long-Distance Endurance. Nutrients, 17(5), 918. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050918
18. Çelik, Ö.M., & Dağdeviren, N. (2022). Dietary intakes, nutritional habits, and nutritional supplement use of collegiate athletes: A sample from a university in Turkey. Progress in Nutrition, 24(4), e2022095. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v24i4.12264
19. Chauhan, E.S., Chaudhary, M., & Singh, R. (2022). Effects of ergogenic supplements and dietary supplements on young athletes’ performance: A review. Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance, 1(2), 71-82. https://doi.org/10.55860/VZJN9038
20. Cheng, G., Zhang, Z., Shi, Z., & Qiu, Y. (2025). An investigation into how the timing of nutritional supplements affects the recovery from post-exercise fatigue: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition, 12, 1567438. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1567438
21. Çolak, H., Eyipınar, C., Atay, S., Karaman, E., & Atlı, E. (2020). Amatör ve elit düzey futbolcuların ergojenik yardım kullanımı hakkındaki bilgi düzeylerinin ölçülmesi. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Kongresi, Tam Metin Bildiri, 551-561.
22. Coso, J., Lara, B., Gallo-Salazar, C., Areces, F., Aguilar-Navarro, M., Giráldez-Costas, V., Gutiérrez-Hellín, J., et al. (2025). Exploring the potential synergistic pharmacological and psychological effects of caffeine on exercise performance: A placebo-balanced study. Biology of Sport, 43(1), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2026.153332
23. De Zan, D., Eletti, F., Fiore, G., Di Girolamo, E., Bozzini, G. G. M., Perico, V., Tosi, M., et al. (2025). Use of nutritional strategies, bioactive compounds, and dietary supplements in young athletes: From evidence to potential risks—A narrative review. Nutrients, 17(13), 2194. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132194
24. Del Giorno, R., Troiani, C., Gabutti, S., Stefanelli, K., Puggelli, S., & Gabutti, L. (2020). Impaired daytime urinary sodium excretion impacts nighttime blood pressure and nocturnal dipping at older ages in the general population. Nutrients, 12(7), 2013. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072013
25. Delimaris, I. (2013). Adverse effects associated with protein intake above the recommended dietary allowance for adults. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2013(1), 126929. https://doi.org/10.5402/2013/126929
26. Elizabeth, M. (2011). Utilization trends of dietary supplements by male rugby players in the 2006 season of Kenya cup league. Doctoral dissertation. https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/items/e46d4dc4-10c4-4e51-92f1-6a19df162167
27. Estevan Navarro, P., González-Díaz, C., García Pérez, R., Gil-Izquierdo, A., García, C.J., Giménez-Monzo, D., et al. (2025). Ergogenic and Physiological Effects of Sports Supplements: Implications for Advertising and Consumer Information. Nutrients, 17(16), 2706. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162706
28. Everett, S. (2025). Optimizing Performance Nutrition for Adolescent Athletes: A Review of Dietary Needs, Risks, and Practical Strategies. Nutrients, 17(17), 2792. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172792
29. Forbes, S.C., Best, R., & Dominguez, R. (2024). Dietary supplements and ergogenic aids in relation to health and performance, Vol. 6, Frontiers Media SA, pp. 1450604. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1450604
30. Galman, A., Chikhaoui, M., Bouhrim, M., Eto, B., Shahat, A. A., Herqash, R. N., Lotfi, R., et al. (2024).Fitness and dietary supplements: A cross-sectional study on food practices and nutrivigilance. Nutrients, 16(22), 3928. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223928
31. García-Cortés, M., Robles-Díaz, M., Ortega-Alonso, A., Medina-Caliz, I., & Andrade, R.J. (2016). Hepatotoxicity by dietary supplements: a tabular listing and clinical characteristics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(4), 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040537
32. Garthe, I. &, Maughan, R.J. (2018). Athletes and supplements: prevalence and perspectives. International journa of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 28(2), 126-138. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0429
33. Gleeson, M. (2008). Dosing and efficacy of glutamine supplementation in human exercise and sport training. The Journal of nutrition, 138(10), 2045S-2049S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.10.2045S
34. Gombart, A.F., Pierre, A., & Maggini, S. (2020). A review of micronutrients and the immune system–working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients, 12(1), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010236
35. Gonzalez, D. E., McAllister, M. J., Waldman, H. S., Ferrando, A. A., Joyce, J., Barringer, N. D., Dawes, J. J., et al. (2022). International society of sports nutrition position stand: Tactical athlete nutrition. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 19(1), 267–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2022.2086017
36. Guest, N.S., Horne, J., Vanderhout, S.M., & El-Sohemy, A. (2019). Sport nutrigenomics: personalized nutrition for athletic performance. Frontiers in nutrition, 6, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00008
37. Gunes-Bayir, A., &Çemberci, İ. (2023). A review of ergogenic nutritional supplements for athletes. Archives of Sports Medicine and Physiother, 8(1), 003-010. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/asmp.000017
38. Furrer R., Hawley, John A., & Handschin, C. (2023). The molecular athlete: exercise physiology from mechanisms to medals. Physiological Reviews 103:3, 1693-1787. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00017.20
39. Hargreaves, M., & Spriet, L.L. (2020). Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise. Nature metabolism, 2(9), 817-828. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-020-0251-4
40. Hottenrott, L. (2025). Supplementation. in: Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, Springer, pp. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27830-3_183-1
41. Hurst, P., Schiphof-Godart, L., Kavussanu, M., Barkoukis, V., Petroczi, A., & Ring, C. (2023). Are dietary supplement users more likely to dope than non-users?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Drug Policy, 117, 104077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104077
42. Jäger, R., Kerksick, C.M., Campbell, B.I., Cribb, P.J., Wells, S.D., Skwiat, T.M., Purpura, M., et al. (2017). International society of sports nutrition position stand: protein and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8
43. Jayawardena, R., Weerasinghe, K., Nanayakkara, I., Madhujith, T., Hills, A.P., & Kalupahana, N.S. (2025a). The effects of a nutritional intervention on the sports nutrition knowledge and nutritional status of track and field athletes: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 26(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-024-08683-9
44. Jayawardena, R., Weerasinghe, K., Nanayakkara, I., Madhujith, T., Hills, A.P., & Kalupahana, N.S. (2025b). Improvements in competition performance of track and field athletes following a personalized nutrition intervention: A mixed methods approach. This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal .https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6571056/v1
45. Jeukendrup, A.E. (2017). Periodized nutrition for athletes. Sports medicine, 47(Suppl 1), 51-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0694-2
46. Jyoti, A.N., Tiwari, K.H., & Kalpana, K. (2023). Role of hydration status on cognitive functioning in athletes: A scoping review. Malaysian Journal of Movement, Health & Exercise, 12(2), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.4103/mohe.mohe_6_23
47. Karlic, H., Krammer, U., & Haslberger, A. (2022). Nutritional supplements for athletes and personalization; a short review. Functional Food Science-Online ISSN: 2767-3146, 2(10), 224-241. ttps://doi.org/10.31989/ffs.v2i10.993
48. Kerksick, C. M., Arent, S., Schoenfeld, B. J., Stout, J. R., Campbell, B., Wilborn, C. D., Taylor, L., et al. (2017). International society of sports nutrition position stand: Nutrient timing. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4
49. Kerksick, C. M., Wilborn, C. D., Roberts, M. D., Smith-Ryan, A., Kleiner, S. M., Jäger, R., Collins, R., et al. (2018). ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: Research & recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y
50. Kovács, I., Liska, F., & Veres, Z. (2023). Motivational drivers behind the consumption of dietary supplements by leisure-time athletes. Foods, 12(16), 3044. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12163044
51. Kozjek, N.R., Tonin, G., & Gleeson, M. (2025). Nutrition for optimising immune function and recovery from injury in sports. Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 66, 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.01.031
52. Larrosa, M., Gil-Izquierdo, A., González-Rodríguez, L. G., Alférez, M. J. M., San Juan, A. F., Sánchez-Gómez, Á., Calvo-Ayuso, N., et al. (2025). Nutritional strategies for optimizing health, sports performance, and recovery for female athletes and other physically active women: A systematic review. Nutrition Reviews, 83(3), e1068–e1089. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuae082
53. Li, H., Early, K.S., Zhang, G., Ma, P., & Wang, H. (2024). Personalized hydration strategy to improve fluid balance and intermittent exercise performance in the heat. Nutrients, 16(9), 1341. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091341
54. Lin, J.K., & S.v Tujios, S.R. (2023). Hidden dangers: herbal and dietary supplement induced hepatotoxicity. Livers, 3(4), 618-636. https://doi.org/10.3390/livers3040041
55. Lippi, G., Franchini, M., & Guidi, G.C. (2008). Doping in competition or doping in sport? British medical bulletin, 86(1), 97-107. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldn014
56. López-Samanes, A., Trakman, G., & Roberts, J.D. (2024). Nutrition for team and individual sport athletes, Vol. 6, Frontiers Media SA, pp. 1524748. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1524748
57. López-Torres, O., Rodríguez-Longobardo, C., Escribano-Tabernero, R., & Fernández-Elías, (2023). Hydration, hyperthermia, glycogen, and recovery: crucial factors in exercise performance—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 15(20), 4442. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204442
58. Lowery, L.M. (2004). Dietary fat and sports nutrition: a primer. Journal of sports science & medicine, 3(3), 106-117.
59. Maldonado, G.E.M., Renaud, V.M.G., Ocañas, L.G., & Castañeda, C.T.B. (2022). Sports supplements: a health risk? Biotecnia, 24(1), 122-132. https://doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v24i1.1557
60. Mallick, M., Camacho, C.B., Daher, J., & El Khoury, D. (2023). Dietary supplements: a gateway to doping? Nutrients, 15(4), 881. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040881
61. Marginean, E.C. (2025). Hepatotoxicity of Herbal and Dietary Supplements a Review of Diagnosis, Histologic Features, and Common Culprits: Bodybuilding and Weight Loss Supplements. Livers, 5(3), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/livers5030042
62. Martín-Rodríguez, A., Belinchón-deMiguel, P., Rubio-Zarapuz, A., Tornero-Aguilera, J.F., Martínez-Guardado, I., Villanueva-Tobaldo, C.V., & Clemente-Suárez, V.J. (2024). Advances in understanding the interplay between dietary practices, body composition, and sports performance in athletes. Nutrients, 16(4), 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16040571
63. Martínez-Sanz, J.M., Sospedra, I., Mañas Ortiz, C., Baladía, E., Gil-Izquierdo, A., & Ortiz-Moncada, R. (2017). Intended or unintended doping? A review of the presence of doping substances in dietary supplements used in sports. Nutrients, 9(10), 1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101093
64. Maughan, R. J., Burke, L. M., Dvorak, J., Larson-Meyer, D. E., Peeling, P., Phillips, S. M., Rawson, E. S., et al. (2018). IOC consensus statement: Dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(2), 104–125. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020
65. McDermott, B.P., Anderson, S.A., Armstrong, L.E., Casa, D.J., Cheuvront, S.N., Cooper, L., Kenney, W.L., et al. (2017). National athletic trainers' association position statement: fluid replacement for the physically active. Journal of athletic training, 52(9), 877-895. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.9.02
66. McGlory, C., Devries, M.C., & Phillips, S.M. (2017). Skeletal muscle and resistance exercise training; the role of protein synthesis in recovery and remodeling. Journal of applied physiology, 122(3), 541-548. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00613.2016
67. Moradi, F., Yazdani, A., Nematolahi, F., Hosseini-Roknabadi, S.M., & Sharifi, N. (2024). Prevalence of supplement usage and related attitudes and reasons among fitness athletes in the gyms of Kashan and its relationship with feeding behavior: a cross-sectional study. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 16(1), 150. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-024-00940-3
68. Mota, G.R., & Marocolo, M. (2022). Ergogenic Aids: Physiological and Performance Responses, Vol. 4, BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation pp. 902024. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-024-00940-3
69. Motta, B.A., de Arruda, L.K., & Zanella, P.B. (2025). Is isolated arginine supplementation an effective ergogenic aid for athletes and physically active individuals? A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Sport Sciences for Health, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-025-01551-2
70. Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Ackerman, K. E., Blauwet, C., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., et al. (2018). International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(4), 316–331. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0136
71. Naderi, A., Rothschild, J.A., Santos, H.O., Hamidvand, A., Koozehchian, M.S., Ghazzagh, A., Berjisian, E., et al. (2025). Nutritional strategies to improve post-exercise recovery and subsequent exercise performance: a narrative review. Sports Medicine (Auckland, Nz), 55(7), 1559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02213-6
72. Navarro, V.J., Khan, I., Björnsson, E., Seeff, L.B., Serrano, J., & Hoofnagle, J.H. (2017). Liver injury from herbal and dietary supplements. Hepatology, 65(1), 363-373. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/hep.28813
73. Nuccio, R.P., Barnes, K.A., Carter, J.M., & Baker, L.B. (2017). Fluid balance in team sport athletes and the effect of hypohydration on cognitive, technical, and physical performance. Sports Medicine, 47(10), 1951-1982. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0738-7
74. O’Leary, F., & Samman, S. (2010). Vitamin B12 in health and disease. Nutrients, 2(3), 299-316. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2030299
75. Ordovas, J.M., Ferguson, L.R., Tai, E.S., & Mathers, J.C. (2018). Personalised nutrition and health. Science and Politics of Nutrition, 361. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2173
76. Papadopoulou, S.K. (2020). Rehabilitation nutrition for injury recovery of athletes: the role of macronutrient intake. Nutrients, 12(8), 2449. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082449
77. Penggalih, M.H.S.T., Sutanto, Y.S., Taslim, N.A., Syahputra, R.A., Hardinsyah, H., Tjandrawinata, R.R.. & Nurkolis, F. (2025). Precision nutrition in sports science: an opinion on omics-based personalization and athletic outcomes. Frontiers in Nutrition, 12, 1611440. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1611440
78. Petróczi, A.. & Boardley, I.D. (2022). The meaning of “clean” in anti-doping education and decision making: moving toward integrity and conceptual clarity. Frontiers in sports and active living, 4, 869704. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.869704
79. Petróczi, A.. & Naughton, D.P. (2007). Supplement use in sport: is there a potentially dangerous incongruence between rationale and practice? Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 2(1), https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-2-4
80. Piattoly, T.J. (2022). Dietary supplement safety: risk vs reward for athletes. Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine, 30(1), 150891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsm.2022.150891
81. Poortmans, J.R.. & Dellalieux, O. (2000). Do regular high protein diets have potential health risks on kidney function in athletes? International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 10(1), 28-38. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.10.1.28
82. Rashani, S.A.N., Pigera, S., Fernando, P.N.J., Niriella, M.A., Jayawickreme, S.J.. & De Silva, A.P. (2021). Dietary supplement usage, Associated Knowledge and attitudes of Sri Lankan national-level athletes: A Cross Sectional Study. Journal of Exercise and Nutrition, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.53520/2021.10398
83. Reddy, P., Jialal, I. (2018). Biochemistry, fat soluble vitamins. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL). PMID: 30521290
84. Sapuppo, W., Giacconi, D., Monda, A., Messina, A., Saccenti, D., Mineo, C. M., Casillo, M., et al. (2025). Health-related quality of life and dietary supplement use in physically active people and athletes: A cross-sectional study. Sports, 13(9), 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090321
85. Saunders, B., El-Sohemy, A., & Derave, W. (2019). Personalized sport and exercise nutrition. Frontiers in Nutrition, 6, 139. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00139
86. Sim, M., Garvican-Lewis, L.A., Cox, G.R., Govus, A., McKay, A.K., Stellingwerff, T., & Peeling, P. (2019). Iron considerations for the athlete: a narrative review. European journal of applied physiology, 119(7), 1463-1478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y
87. Stecker, R.A., Harty, P.S., Jagim, A.R., Candow, D.G., &Kerksick, C.M. (2019). Timing of ergogenic aids and micronutrients on muscle and exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 16(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0304-9
88. Stickel, F., Kessebohm, K., Weimann, R., & Seitz, H.K. (2011). Review of liver injury associated with dietary supplements. Liver International, 31(5), 595-605. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-3231.2010.02439.x
89. Sutehall, S., & Pitsiladis, Y. (2025). Personalized Nutrition for the Enhancement of Elite Athletic Performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 35(4), e70044. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70044
90. Thomas, D.T., Erdman, K.A., & Burke, L.M. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: nutrition and athletic performance. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(3), 501-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006
91. Trexler, E. T., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Stout, J. R., Hoffman, J. R., Wilborn, C. D., Sale, C. Kreider, R. B., et al. (2015). International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y
92. Tsao, J.P., Wu, P.Y., Kuo, H.T., Hong, W.H., Chen, C.C., Wang, M.Y., Korivi, M., et al. (2025). Effect of astaxanthin supplementation on cycling performance, muscle damage biomarkers and oxidative stress in young adults: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 17(1), 180. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01221-3
93. Volpe, S.L. (2007). Micronutrient requirements for athletes. Clinics in sports medicine, 26(1), 119-130.
94. WADA. (2024). World Anti-Doping Code International Standart Prohibited List https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2023 09/2024list_en_final_22_september_2023.pdf. (01/08/2025)
95. Williams, M.H. (1999). Nutrition for health, fitness and sport. No. Ed. 5. Publisher: WCB/McGraw-Hill ISBN : 978-0-697-29510-1
96. Zart, S., & Fröhlich, M. (2025). Ergogenic effects of supplement combinations on endurance performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 22(1), 2524033. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2524033