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AT ÇİFTLİKLERİNDE VE TESİSLERİNDE BULAŞICI HASTALIKLARLA MÜCADELEDE BİYOEMNİYET ÖNLEMLERİ: GENEL BAKIŞ

Year 2024, Volume: 2 Issue: 4, 12 - 26, 30.06.2024

Abstract

Enfeksiyöz hastalıklar günümüzde, geçmişe bakıldığında hiç olmadığı kadar bölgesel ve global çapta maddi ve manevi kayıplara neden olan bununla birlikte hayvan refahını olumsuz yönde etkileyen bir tehdit olarak, milyarlarca dolarlık bir endüstri haline gelen at yarışçılığı ve yetiştiriciliği sektöründe önemli zararlara neden olabilmektedir. Endemik hastalıklarla mücadeleler bir yanda devam etmekte iken, yeni ortaya çıkan hastalık etkenleri de salgınlara varabilen şekilde yıkıcı olmaktadır. Atlarda dahil olmak üzere birçok hayvan türünde eskiden beri görülen veya yeni ortaya çıkan patojenlerin büyük bir kısmının zoonoz karakterde olması hayvan sağlığı ve refahının yanı sıra halk sağlığı açısından da ciddi tehditler barındırmaktadır.
Enfeksiyöz hastalıklardan tamamen korunmanın imkânsız olduğu bilinmekle birlikte alınacak birtakım önlemler ile patojenlerin sürüye girmesi ve yayılmasının büyük oranda önüne geçilebildiği de bir gerçektir. Günümüzde yarış, gösteri, turistik, damızlık veya farklı amaçlarla ülke içerisinde veya uluslararası olarak at hareketlerinin arttığı bir dönemde her ne kadar enfeksiyöz hastalıklardan korunma ve mücadelesi zorlaşsa da sektördeki tüm paydaşların hastalıklardan korunma ve kontrol tedbirleri hakkında bilgilerinin arttırılması, kurallara uyma ve konulan kuralların altında yatan motivasyonun iyi anlatılarak benimsenmesi halinde bulaşıcı hastalıklarla mücadelede ileri gidilebileceği düşünülmektedir. Biyoemniyet önlemleri uygun aşılama programları ile birlikte yürütülerek enfeksiyöz ajanların yayılmasını engellemek, çalışanları, hayvanları ve toplumu korumak için çeşitli seviyelerde uygulanmaktadır. Bu önlemler arasında personel eğitimi, kişisel koruyucu ekipmanların kullanımı, belirli hijyen standartlarının uygulanması, at hareketlerinin düzenlenmesi, ayırma- izolasyon işlemleri, mera ve açık alanların kullanım protokolleri ile çevresel kontrol uygulamaları kapsamında temizlik, dezenfeksiyon, atık yönetimi- imhası, rezervuarların kontrolleri ve vektörlerle mücadele olarak sıralanmaktadır.
Bu derleme ile at yarışçılığı ve yetiştiriciliği sektöründe faaliyet gösteren tesis ve işletmelerde uygulanabilecek biyoemniyet önlemlerine genel bir bakış yapılması amaçlanmıştır.

References

  • Baskerville A. (1981). Mechanisms of infection in the respiratory tract. N Z Vet J., 29 (12): 235–238.
  • Boyce J.M., Pittet D. (2002). Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR., 51 (RR-16): 1–45.
  • Boyle A.G., Timoney J.F., Newton J.R., Hines M.T., Waller A.S., Buchanan B.R. (2018). Streptococcus equi infections in horses: Guidelines for treatment, control and prevention of strangles-Revised consensus statement. J Vet Intern Med., 32:633-647.
  • Burke J.P. (2003). Infection control—a problem for patient safety. N Engl J Med., 348 (7):651–656.
  • Brandy A.B., Traub-Dargatz J.L. (2014). “Biosecurity and control of infectious disease outbreaks”, Sellon D.C., Maureen T.L., Equine Infectious Diseases, 2. bs. St. Louis, Missouri.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011). Hand Hygiene in healthcare settings: Guidelines, http://www.cdc.gov/handhygiene/Guidelines, (erişim: 16.02.2024).
  • Cremiux A., Freney J., Davin-Regli A. (2001). “Methods of testing disinfectants”, Block S.S., Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation. 5. bs. Philadelphia.
  • Dominiguez M., Münstermann S., De Guindos I., Timoney P. (2015). Equine disease events resulting from international horse movements: Systematic review and lessons learned. Equine Vet J., 0:1-13.
  • Denis-Robichaud J., Kelton D.F., Bauman C.A., Barkema H.W., Keefe G.P., Dubuc J. (2019). Biosecurity and herd management practices on Canadian dairy farms. J Dairy Sci. 102:9536-9547.
  • Dunowska M., Morley P.S., Patterson G., Hyatt D.R., Van Metre D.C. (2006). Evaluation of the efficacy of a peroxygen disinfectant-filled footmat for reduction of bacterial load on footwear in a large animal hospital setting. J Am Vet Med Assoc., 228(12):1935–1939.
  • World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Environment Programme and World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). (2023). A one health priority research agenda for antimicrobial resistance.
  • Dwyer R.M. (2004). Environmental disinfection to control equine infectious diseases. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract., 20(3): 531–542.
  • Elsheikha H.M., Murphy A.J., Mansfield L.S. (2004). Prevalence of and risk factors associated with the presence of Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts in opossum (Didelphis virginiana) from Michigan: a retrospective study. Vet Parasitol., 125(3–4):277–286.
  • Gitnux. (2024). Must-know equine industry statistics [latest report], https://gitnux.org, (erişim: 16.02.2024).
  • Haley R.W. (1995). The scientific basis for using surveillance and risk factor data to reduce nosocomial infection rates. J Hosp Infect., 30(Suppl):3–14.
  • Hall-Stoodley L., Costerton J.W., Stoodley P. (2004). Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases. Nat Rev Microbiol., 2(2):95–108.
  • Havermeyer Foundation. (2013). Report of the third Havermeyer workshop on infection control in equine populations. Equine Vet J., 45:131-136.
  • Hurd H.S., Mc Cluskey B.J., Mumford E.L. (1999). Management factors affecting the risk for vesicular stomatitis in livestock operations in the western United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc., 215(9):1263–1268. Larson E. (2001). Hygiene of the skin: when is clean too clean? Emeg Infect Dis. 7(2):225-230.
  • Mc Cluskey B.J. (2002). Biosecurity for arthropod-borne diseases. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract., 18(1):99– 114.
  • Morley P.S. (2002). Biosecurity of veterinary practices. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract., 18(1):133–155.
  • Morley P.S., Morris S.N., Hyatt D.R., Van Metre D.C. (2005). Evaluation of the efficacy of disinfectant footbaths as used in veterinary hospitals. J Am Vet Med Assoc., 226(12):2053–2058.
  • Morley P.S., Strohmeyer R.A., Tankson J.D., Hyatt D.R., Dargatz D.A., Fedorka-Cray P.J. (2006). Evaluation of the association between feding raw meat and Salmonella enterica infections at a Greyhound breeding facility. J Am Vet Med Assoc., 228 (10):1524–1532.
  • Olivo G., Zakia L.S., Riberio M.G., Da Cunha M.L.R.S., Riboli D.F.M., Mello P.L., Teixeira N.B., De Araujo C.E.T., Oliveira-Filho J.P., Borges A.S. (2024). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. investigation in hospitalized horses and contacting personel in a teaching veterinary hospital. J Equine Vet Sci., 7:105031.
  • Patterson G., Morley P.S., Blehm K.D., Lee D.E., Dunowska M. (2005). Efficacy of directed misting application of a peroxygen disinfectant for environmental decontamination of a veterinary hospital. J Am Vet Med Assoc., 227(4): 597–602.
  • Pusterla N., Mapes S., Rejmanek D., Gebhart C. (2008). Detection of Lawsonia intracellularis by real-time PCR in the feces of freeliving animals from equine farms with documented occurrence of equine proliferative enteropathy. J Wildl Dis., 44:992–998.
  • Rendle D., Courouce A, Goehring L., Ivens P., Marr C., Newton R., Osterreider K. (2023). How do we prevent and control future outbreaks of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy at equestrian gatherings. UK Vet Equine., 7:1.
  • Robertson I.D. (2020). Disease control, prevention and on-farm biosecurity: The role of veterinary epidemiology. Eng J., 6:20-25.
  • Rogers C.W., Cogger N. (2010). A cross-sectional survey of biosecurity practices on thoroughbred stud farms in New Zealand. N Z Vet J., 58(2):64-68.
  • Rosanowski S.M., Cogger N., Rogers C.W. (2013). An investigation of the movement patterns and biosecurity practices on thoroughbred and standardbred stud farms in New Zealand. Prev. Vet. Med., 108: 178-187.
  • Sack A., Oladunni F.S., Gonchigoo B., Chambers T.M., Gray G.C. (2020). Zoonotic diseases from horses: A systematic review. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 20(7): 484-495.
  • Scheftel J.M., Elchos B.L., Cherry B., De Bess E.E., Hopkins S.G., Levine J.F., Williams C.J., Bell M.R., Dvorak G.D., Funk R.H., Just S.D., Samples O.M., Schaefer E.C., Silvia C.A. (2010). Compendium of veterinary standard precautions for zoonotic disease prevention in veterinary personnel: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Veterinary Infection Control Committee 2010. J Am Vet Med Assoc., 237(12):1403–1422.
  • Sellon D.C. (1993). Equine infectious anemia. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract., 9(2):321–336.
  • Soza-Ossandon P., Rivera D., Tardone R., Riquelme-Neira R., Garcia P., Hamilton-West C., Adell A.D., Gonzalez- Rocha G., Moreno-Switt A.I. (2020). Widespread environmental presence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella in an equine veterinary hospital that received local and international horses. Front Vet Sci., 7:346.
  • Stewart P.S., Costerton J.W. (2001). Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms. Lancet, 358 (9276): 135 138.
  • Taylor L.H., Latham S.M., Woolhouse M.E. (2001). Risk factors for human disease emergence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci., 356(1411): 983–989.
  • Tillotson K, Savage CJ, Salman MD, Gentry-Weeks C.R., Rice D., Fedorka-Cray P.J., Hendrikson D.A., Jones R.L., Welson W., Traub-Dargatz J.L. (1997). Outbreak of Salmonella infantis infection in a large animal veterinary teaching hospital. J Am Vet Med Assoc., 211(12):1554–1557.
  • Weese J.S. (2014). Infection control and biosecurity in equine disease control. Equine Vet J., 46:654-660. Westbury H. (2000). Hendra virus: a highly lethal zoonotic agent. Vet. J., 160 (3): 165–166. Wilson A., Mair T., Williams N., McGowen C., Pinchbeck G. (2023). Antimicrobial prescribing and antimicrobial resistance surveillance in equine practice. Equine Vet J., 55:494–505.
Year 2024, Volume: 2 Issue: 4, 12 - 26, 30.06.2024

Abstract

References

  • Baskerville A. (1981). Mechanisms of infection in the respiratory tract. N Z Vet J., 29 (12): 235–238.
  • Boyce J.M., Pittet D. (2002). Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR., 51 (RR-16): 1–45.
  • Boyle A.G., Timoney J.F., Newton J.R., Hines M.T., Waller A.S., Buchanan B.R. (2018). Streptococcus equi infections in horses: Guidelines for treatment, control and prevention of strangles-Revised consensus statement. J Vet Intern Med., 32:633-647.
  • Burke J.P. (2003). Infection control—a problem for patient safety. N Engl J Med., 348 (7):651–656.
  • Brandy A.B., Traub-Dargatz J.L. (2014). “Biosecurity and control of infectious disease outbreaks”, Sellon D.C., Maureen T.L., Equine Infectious Diseases, 2. bs. St. Louis, Missouri.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011). Hand Hygiene in healthcare settings: Guidelines, http://www.cdc.gov/handhygiene/Guidelines, (erişim: 16.02.2024).
  • Cremiux A., Freney J., Davin-Regli A. (2001). “Methods of testing disinfectants”, Block S.S., Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation. 5. bs. Philadelphia.
  • Dominiguez M., Münstermann S., De Guindos I., Timoney P. (2015). Equine disease events resulting from international horse movements: Systematic review and lessons learned. Equine Vet J., 0:1-13.
  • Denis-Robichaud J., Kelton D.F., Bauman C.A., Barkema H.W., Keefe G.P., Dubuc J. (2019). Biosecurity and herd management practices on Canadian dairy farms. J Dairy Sci. 102:9536-9547.
  • Dunowska M., Morley P.S., Patterson G., Hyatt D.R., Van Metre D.C. (2006). Evaluation of the efficacy of a peroxygen disinfectant-filled footmat for reduction of bacterial load on footwear in a large animal hospital setting. J Am Vet Med Assoc., 228(12):1935–1939.
  • World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Environment Programme and World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). (2023). A one health priority research agenda for antimicrobial resistance.
  • Dwyer R.M. (2004). Environmental disinfection to control equine infectious diseases. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract., 20(3): 531–542.
  • Elsheikha H.M., Murphy A.J., Mansfield L.S. (2004). Prevalence of and risk factors associated with the presence of Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts in opossum (Didelphis virginiana) from Michigan: a retrospective study. Vet Parasitol., 125(3–4):277–286.
  • Gitnux. (2024). Must-know equine industry statistics [latest report], https://gitnux.org, (erişim: 16.02.2024).
  • Haley R.W. (1995). The scientific basis for using surveillance and risk factor data to reduce nosocomial infection rates. J Hosp Infect., 30(Suppl):3–14.
  • Hall-Stoodley L., Costerton J.W., Stoodley P. (2004). Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases. Nat Rev Microbiol., 2(2):95–108.
  • Havermeyer Foundation. (2013). Report of the third Havermeyer workshop on infection control in equine populations. Equine Vet J., 45:131-136.
  • Hurd H.S., Mc Cluskey B.J., Mumford E.L. (1999). Management factors affecting the risk for vesicular stomatitis in livestock operations in the western United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc., 215(9):1263–1268. Larson E. (2001). Hygiene of the skin: when is clean too clean? Emeg Infect Dis. 7(2):225-230.
  • Mc Cluskey B.J. (2002). Biosecurity for arthropod-borne diseases. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract., 18(1):99– 114.
  • Morley P.S. (2002). Biosecurity of veterinary practices. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract., 18(1):133–155.
  • Morley P.S., Morris S.N., Hyatt D.R., Van Metre D.C. (2005). Evaluation of the efficacy of disinfectant footbaths as used in veterinary hospitals. J Am Vet Med Assoc., 226(12):2053–2058.
  • Morley P.S., Strohmeyer R.A., Tankson J.D., Hyatt D.R., Dargatz D.A., Fedorka-Cray P.J. (2006). Evaluation of the association between feding raw meat and Salmonella enterica infections at a Greyhound breeding facility. J Am Vet Med Assoc., 228 (10):1524–1532.
  • Olivo G., Zakia L.S., Riberio M.G., Da Cunha M.L.R.S., Riboli D.F.M., Mello P.L., Teixeira N.B., De Araujo C.E.T., Oliveira-Filho J.P., Borges A.S. (2024). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. investigation in hospitalized horses and contacting personel in a teaching veterinary hospital. J Equine Vet Sci., 7:105031.
  • Patterson G., Morley P.S., Blehm K.D., Lee D.E., Dunowska M. (2005). Efficacy of directed misting application of a peroxygen disinfectant for environmental decontamination of a veterinary hospital. J Am Vet Med Assoc., 227(4): 597–602.
  • Pusterla N., Mapes S., Rejmanek D., Gebhart C. (2008). Detection of Lawsonia intracellularis by real-time PCR in the feces of freeliving animals from equine farms with documented occurrence of equine proliferative enteropathy. J Wildl Dis., 44:992–998.
  • Rendle D., Courouce A, Goehring L., Ivens P., Marr C., Newton R., Osterreider K. (2023). How do we prevent and control future outbreaks of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy at equestrian gatherings. UK Vet Equine., 7:1.
  • Robertson I.D. (2020). Disease control, prevention and on-farm biosecurity: The role of veterinary epidemiology. Eng J., 6:20-25.
  • Rogers C.W., Cogger N. (2010). A cross-sectional survey of biosecurity practices on thoroughbred stud farms in New Zealand. N Z Vet J., 58(2):64-68.
  • Rosanowski S.M., Cogger N., Rogers C.W. (2013). An investigation of the movement patterns and biosecurity practices on thoroughbred and standardbred stud farms in New Zealand. Prev. Vet. Med., 108: 178-187.
  • Sack A., Oladunni F.S., Gonchigoo B., Chambers T.M., Gray G.C. (2020). Zoonotic diseases from horses: A systematic review. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 20(7): 484-495.
  • Scheftel J.M., Elchos B.L., Cherry B., De Bess E.E., Hopkins S.G., Levine J.F., Williams C.J., Bell M.R., Dvorak G.D., Funk R.H., Just S.D., Samples O.M., Schaefer E.C., Silvia C.A. (2010). Compendium of veterinary standard precautions for zoonotic disease prevention in veterinary personnel: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Veterinary Infection Control Committee 2010. J Am Vet Med Assoc., 237(12):1403–1422.
  • Sellon D.C. (1993). Equine infectious anemia. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract., 9(2):321–336.
  • Soza-Ossandon P., Rivera D., Tardone R., Riquelme-Neira R., Garcia P., Hamilton-West C., Adell A.D., Gonzalez- Rocha G., Moreno-Switt A.I. (2020). Widespread environmental presence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella in an equine veterinary hospital that received local and international horses. Front Vet Sci., 7:346.
  • Stewart P.S., Costerton J.W. (2001). Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms. Lancet, 358 (9276): 135 138.
  • Taylor L.H., Latham S.M., Woolhouse M.E. (2001). Risk factors for human disease emergence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci., 356(1411): 983–989.
  • Tillotson K, Savage CJ, Salman MD, Gentry-Weeks C.R., Rice D., Fedorka-Cray P.J., Hendrikson D.A., Jones R.L., Welson W., Traub-Dargatz J.L. (1997). Outbreak of Salmonella infantis infection in a large animal veterinary teaching hospital. J Am Vet Med Assoc., 211(12):1554–1557.
  • Weese J.S. (2014). Infection control and biosecurity in equine disease control. Equine Vet J., 46:654-660. Westbury H. (2000). Hendra virus: a highly lethal zoonotic agent. Vet. J., 160 (3): 165–166. Wilson A., Mair T., Williams N., McGowen C., Pinchbeck G. (2023). Antimicrobial prescribing and antimicrobial resistance surveillance in equine practice. Equine Vet J., 55:494–505.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Veterinary Medicine
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Alper Mete 0000-0002-4810-5579

Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date February 28, 2024
Acceptance Date April 23, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 2 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Mete, A. (2024). AT ÇİFTLİKLERİNDE VE TESİSLERİNDE BULAŞICI HASTALIKLARLA MÜCADELEDE BİYOEMNİYET ÖNLEMLERİ: GENEL BAKIŞ. İstanbul Rumeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(4), 12-26.