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Harf İnkılâbı’nın İlk Yılında Hazırlanan Bir Teftiş Raporundan Okul Dışı Öğrenmeye Yönelik Uygulama Örnekleri

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 43 - 65, 30.06.2021

Abstract

Okul dışı öğrenme ortamlarının etkili kullanılması durumunda; öğrenmeyi pekiştirerek kalıcı hale getirdiği, öğrencilerin ilgilerini artırdığı, tutumlarını ve yeteneklerini geliştirdiği gerçeğinden hareketle, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı 2023 Eğitim Vizyon Belgesi’nde bu konuda çalışmalar başlatmıştır. Cumhuriyetin ilanından günümüze kadar hazırlanan eğitim programları incelendiğinde, okul dışı öğrenme ortamı kavramı ile hedeflenen kazanımlara benzer hedeflerin bugünkü kadar net olmasa da farklı başlıklar altında yer aldığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Cumhuriyetin ilk kapsamlı programı kabul edilen 1926 ilkokul programının uygulamada olduğu ve Harf İnkilabı’nın gerçekleştirildiği ilk eğitim-öğretim yılında hazırlanmış olan Amasya Vilayeti Merzifon ve Gümüşhacıköy Maarif Mıntıkasının 1928-1929 Sene-i Tedriyesine Ait Umumi Teftiş Raporunda okul dışı öğrenme uygulamalarına yönelik gerçekleştirilen etkinlik örneklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma kapsamında doküman inceleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Teftiş bölgesinde okuryazarlık oranının ülke ortalamasının çok altında olduğu, bölgede tam anlamıyla yokluk ve yoksulluk hâkim iken geleceğe umutla bakmayı gerektiren tek şeyin bölge insanının Cumhuriyet idaresinin kazanımlarını benimsemiş ve sahiplenmiş olduğu görülmüştür. Teftiş raporunda okul dışı öğrenmeye yönelik uygulama örnekleri; okul gezileri, sahada uygulamalı eğitimler, müze ve kütüphane ziyaretleri olarak üç başlık altında toplanmıştır. Okul gezileri olarak bölgenin tarihi mekanları, postane ve adliye ziyaretlerinin gerçekleştirildiği görülmektedir. Sahada uygulamalı eğitimlere, ağaç dikme etkinlikleri ile hastane ortamında yaşlı ve çocuk bakımı örnek olarak verilmiştir. Kütüphane ve müzelerin eğitimin önemli bir parçası olarak görüldüğü ancak gerek mekân gerekse araç ve gereç yetersizliğinden dolayı bu faaliyetlerin başarılı bir şekilde yapılamadığı görülmüştür. Fakat raporda Merzifon Amerikan Okulu müze ve kütüphanesinin bölge öğrencileri ve ahalisi tarafından aktif olarak kullanıldığına dair bilgiler mevcuttur. Geçmişte ortaya konulan bu özverili çalışmalardan hareketle, günümüzde lojistik, finansal veya prosedürel zorluklar gibi bazı gerekçelerle ertelediğimiz okul dışı öğrenme etkinliklerini daha etkin bir şekilde zaman geçirmeden eğitimlerimize dahil etmeliyiz.

References

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  • Hull, G., & Schultz, K. (2001). Literacy and learning out of school: A review of theory and research. Review of educational research, 71(4), 575-611.
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  • Keçeci Kurt, S., Kurt, M., & Karamustafaoğlu, O. (2019). Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e eğitimde okul dışı öğrenme ortamları. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi 100. Yıl Eğitim Sempozyumu, Samsun. [In Turkish]
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  • Li, K., Peterson, M., & Wang, Q. (2021). Using community of inquiry to Scaffold language learning in out-of-school gaming: A case study. International Journal of Game-Based Learning, 11(1), 31-52.
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Examples of Practice for Out-Of-School Learning from an Inspection Report Prepared in the First Year of the Alphabet Reform

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 43 - 65, 30.06.2021

Abstract

If out-of-school learning environments are used effectively, they'll make learning permanent by reinforcing it, help learners keep motivated and develop their skills and attitude. Acting on this fact, the Ministry of National Education has taken some steps in its directive Vision 2023 of Education. When the curricula have been looked into beginning from the declaration of the Turkish Republic up until the present day, it is possible to see that the learning objectives along the lines of the learning outcomes expected to attain through out-of-school learning have been present under a variety of headings even if they were not as clear as they are today. The objective of this study is to investigate the examples of out-of-school learning activities pointed out in the General Inspection Report of Academic Year 1928-1929 in the educational precincts of Merzifon and Gümüşhacıköy in the Amasya Province, which was laid out in the first academic year during which the alphabet reform was introduced and the primary school curriculum of year 1926 known as the first comprehensive curriculum of the Republic was in effect. The data were gathered through the document analysis method within the qualitative research. The findings indicate that the rate of literacy in the inspection precinct was much lower than average across the country and all that seemed to give people hope for the future in an area struck by poverty and hardships was the fact that the local people had embraced and fully supported the values set forth by the Republic. The examples of out-of-school learning activities came under three headings in the inspection report: school trips, practical on-site trainings and visits to museums and libraries. School trips were the visits to the historic sites, the post office and the courts. Examples of practical on-site trainings included planting trees and childe and aged care in hospital settings. Visits to libraries and museums were regarded as an important part of education, but they often failed to take place as desired due to the lack of venues as well as equipment. However, the report has it that the museum and library at the Merzifon American School were often visited by the local students and people. Based on these devoted efforts in the past, we should include out of school learning activities, which we postpone due to some reasons such as logistical, financial or procedural difficulties, into our education more effectively without wasting time.

References

  • Akyüz, Y. (2020). Türk eğitim tarihi: M.Ö. 1000-M.S.2020, Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık. [In Turkish]
  • Alan, G. (2008). Amerikan Board’ın Merzifon’daki faaliyetleri ve Anadolu Koleji. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu. [In Turkish]
  • Andersson, C., & Johansson, P. (2013). Social stratification and out-of-school learning. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A, 176(3), 679-701.
  • Anderson, D., Lawson, B., & Mayer-Smith, J. (2006). Investigating the impact of a practicum experience in an aquarium on pre-service teachers. Teaching Education, 17(4), 341-353.
  • Anderson, D., & Zhang, Z. (2003). Teacher perceptions of field-trip planning and implementation. Visitor Studies Today, 6(3), 6-11.
  • Arı, K. (2009) Mustafa Necati’nin ölümü ve ölümü sonrasında O’nun eğitimci yönüne vurgular, Ölümünün 80. Yılında Mustafa Necati ve Cumhuriyet Eğitim Devrimi Sempozyumu, İzmir. [In Turkish]
  • Balcı, S. (2014). Cumhuriyet döneminde Amasya (1923-1950) “İdari, Siyasi, Sosyal ve Kültürel Yapı” Doctoral dissertation, Atatürk Üniveristesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitsü,Tarih Anabilim Dalı, Erzurum. [In Turkish]
  • Baytop, A. (2004). Türkiye’de botanik tarihi araştırmaları (F. Günergun (Ed.)). Ankara: TÜBİTAK. [In Turkish]
  • Beyaztaş, D. İ., Kapti, S. B., & Senemoğlu, N. (2013). An analysis of elementary school curricula since the foundation of Republic of Turkey. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 46(2), 319-344. [In Turkish]
  • Budak, L., & Budak, Ç. (2014). Primary school programs from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey (1870-1936). International Journal of Turkish Literature Culture Education, Vol. 3/1, 377-393 [In Turkish]
  • Carrier, S. J., Tugurian, L. P., & Thomson, M. M. (2013). Elementary science indoors and out: Teachers, time, and testing. Research in Science Education, 43(5), 2059-2083.
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  • Dib, C. Z. (1988). Formal, non‐formal and informal education: concepts/applicability. AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 173, No. 1, 300-315.
  • Duran, E., Ballone-Duran, L., Haney, J., & Beltyukova, S. (2009). The impact of a professional development program integrating informal science education on early childhood teachers’ self-efficacy and beliefs about inquiry-based science teaching. Journal of Elementary Science Education, 21(4), 53-70.
  • Durgun, B. (2006). Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında Türkiye’de karayolu ulaşımı ve İzmir uygulamaları. Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi , 5 (13) , 25-49. [In Turkish]
  • Ergün, M. (2008). Cumhuriyet dönemi eğitim tarihi, Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, Cilt 6, Sayı 12, 321-348. [In Turkish]
  • Ergün, M. (2009). Köy öğretmen okulu denemesi ve Mustafa Necati. Ölümünün 80. Yılında Mustafa Necati ve Cumhuriyet Eğitim Devrimi Sempozyumu, 292-300, İzmir. [In Turkish]
  • Eshach, H. (2007). Bridging in-school and out-of-school learning: Formal, non-formal, and informal education. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 16(2), 171-190.
  • Fidan, N. (2012). Okulda öğrenme ve öğretme, Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık [In Turkish]
  • Fűz, N. (2018). Out-of-school learning in Hungarian primary education: Practice and barriers. Journal of Experiential Education, 41(3), 277-294.
  • Gerber, B. L., Cavallo, A. M., & Marek, E. A. (2001). Relationships among informal learning environments, teaching procedures and scientific reasoning ability. International Journal of Science Education, 23(5), 535-549.
  • Göksu Metin, M. (2020). Out-of-class learning environments: The case of village institutes, Turkish History Education Journal, 9(1), 1-16. [In Turkish]
  • Grajcevci, A., & Shala, A. (2016). Formal and non-formal education in the new era. Action Researcher in Education, 7, 119-130.
  • Hull, G., & Schultz, K. (2001). Literacy and learning out of school: A review of theory and research. Review of educational research, 71(4), 575-611.
  • JRINEN-Journal of Research in Informal Environments. (2021) https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jrinen [Accessed January 10, 2021]
  • Kalaycı, N. (2004). Cumhuriyet döneminde ilköğretim, İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları. [In Turkish]
  • Karadeniz, C., & Baloş, P. (2019). School Museum: Interactive Training Based Approach to the History of Schools and Education. Ankara Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), 153-173. [In Turkish]
  • Karadeniz, C., & Okvuran, A. (2018). Museum education in Turkey from the Proclamation of the Republic to the Present: historical development and future projections. Milli Folklor, 30 (118), 101-113. [In Turkish]
  • Keçeci Kurt, S., Kurt, M., & Karamustafaoğlu, O. (2019). Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e eğitimde okul dışı öğrenme ortamları. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi 100. Yıl Eğitim Sempozyumu, Samsun. [In Turkish]
  • Kılınç, M., Değirmenci, R., Kösterelioğlu, İ., & Orbay, M. (2021) Kimsesizler sığınağı: Amasya yetim kızlar yurdu. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık. [In Turkish] Kılınç, M., & Orbay, M. (2018a). 1928-1929 Eğitim-Öğretim Yılı Amasya İli Merzifon ve Gümüşhacıköy Eğitim Bölgesi Genel Teftiş Raporu. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık. [In Turkish]
  • Kılınç, M., & Orbay, M. (2018b). Merzifon American School (1928-1929)” In the Inspection Report of a Primary School Inspector, Mr. Remzi. Amasya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(4), 103-129. [In Turkish]
  • Kıral, B. (2020). Document Analysis as a qualitative data analysis method. Siirt University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 8(15), 170-189. [In Turkish] Kisiel, J. (2005). Understanding elementary teacher motivations for science fieldtrips. Science Education, 89(6): 936-955.
  • Li, K., Peterson, M., & Wang, Q. (2021). Using community of inquiry to Scaffold language learning in out-of-school gaming: A case study. International Journal of Game-Based Learning, 11(1), 31-52.
  • Maksudyan, N. (2013). Amerikan kaynaklarında Merzifon Anadolu Koleji’nin kısa tarihçesi. Kebikeç, 36, 131-153.
  • Matheson, D. (2014). What is education? An introduction to the study of education. New York: Routledge.
  • McNamara, A. R., Akiva, T., & Delale-O’Connor, L. (2020). Opportunity gaps in out-of-school learning: How structural and process features of programs relate to race and socioeconomic status. Applied Developmental Science, 24(4), 360-375Medrich, E. A., Roizen, J., Rubin, V., & Buckley, S. (1982). The serious business of growing up: A study of children's lives outside school, University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Medrich, E. A., Roizen, J., Rubin, V., & Buckley, S. (1982). The serious business of growing up: A study of children's lives outside school, University of California Press, Berkeley. MoNE-Ministry of National Education the 2023 Education Vision (2018). http://2023vizyonu.meb.gov.tr/ [Accessed January 10, 2021]
  • Moseley, C., Reinke, K., & Bookout, V. (2002). The effect of teaching outdoor environmental education on preservice teachers' attitudes toward self-efficacy and outcome expectancy. The Journal of Environmental Education, 34(1), 9-15.
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There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Keziban Orbay 0000-0002-7642-4139

Dr. Metin Orbay

Publication Date June 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Orbay, K., & Orbay, D. M. (2021). Examples of Practice for Out-Of-School Learning from an Inspection Report Prepared in the First Year of the Alphabet Reform. İnformal Ortamlarda Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(1), 43-65.