Research Article

Maternal Dysbiosis Alters Hepatic Synthetic Function and Enzymatic Response to Hemorrhagic Shock

Volume: 45 Number: 1 July 24, 2026
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Maternal Dysbiosis Alters Hepatic Synthetic Function and Enzymatic Response to Hemorrhagic Shock

Abstract

Background: The gut-liver axis serves as a primary determinant of hepatic resilience; however, the extent to which early-life dysbiosis influences the liver's response to acute trauma in adulthood remains largely undefined. We hypothesized that maternal antibiotic-induced dysbiosis programs a functionally vulnerable liver phenotype, fundamentally altering the biochemical presentation of hepatocellular injury following hemorrhagic shock. Methods: A vertical transmission model of dysbiosis was established using Sprague Dawley rats. Pregnant dams received broad-spectrum antibiotics (Vancomycin and Amoxicillin) during late gestation and lactation. Male offspring (n=7/group) continued the regimen until 8 weeks of age, followed by a 4-week washout period. At 12 weeks, a volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock (1.5 mL/100g body weight) was induced. Hepatic status was assessed using a comprehensive biochemical panel, including aminotransferases (ALT, AST), markers of synthetic function (Total Protein, Albumin, Globulin, TIBC), and Vitamin B12. Results: While control animals exhibited the expected surge in serum aminotransferases typical of hemorrhagic shock, the dysbiotic group displayed a paradoxical enzymatic silence. This was characterized by significantly blunted ALT and AST responses (p < 0.001). Despite the absence of a canonical enzymatic surge, severe cellular injury was biochemically evident through a significant elevation in serum Vitamin B12 (p = 0.004), which served as an indicator of membrane integrity loss. Furthermore, dysbiotic hosts demonstrated a collapse in synthetic capacity, evidenced by significantly reduced total protein (p < 0.001), globulin (p < 0.001), and total iron-binding capacity. Consequently, the De Ritis ratio (AST/ALT) in the dysbiotic group rose to levels significantly higher than those observed in controls (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Maternal antibiotic-induced dysbiosis uncouples biochemical markers of hepatocellular leakage from canonical enzymatic signaling, resulting in a novel phenotype of Silent Liver Failure. In this context, standard biomarkers like ALT are deceptively low, likely due to metabolic exhaustion and cofactor depletion. This study identifies acute hypervitaminosis B12 and an elevated De Ritis Ratio as superior indicators of hepatocellular distress in the dysbiotic host, urging a paradigm shift in the assessment of trauma patients with a history of microbiome disruption.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This study was supported by the Bursa Uludağ University Scientific Research Projects (BAP) under Project Number TGA-2022-1216.

Project Number

TGA-2022-1216

Ethical Statement

This study was conducted in accordance with protocols approved by the Bursa Uludağ University Animal Experimentation Local Ethics Committee (Approval No: 2024-03/03).

Thanks

We would like to express our gratitude to the staff of the Bursa Uludağ University Experimental Animal Application and Research Center for their expert assistance in animal care and husbandry throughout the study.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Veterinary Sciences (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

July 24, 2026

Submission Date

February 22, 2026

Acceptance Date

June 16, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 45 Number: 1

APA
Semen, Z., Güvenç Bayram, G., & Yalçın, M. (2026). Maternal Dysbiosis Alters Hepatic Synthetic Function and Enzymatic Response to Hemorrhagic Shock. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine, 45(1), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.30782/jrvm.1894974
AMA
1.Semen Z, Güvenç Bayram G, Yalçın M. Maternal Dysbiosis Alters Hepatic Synthetic Function and Enzymatic Response to Hemorrhagic Shock. J Res Vet Med. 2026;45(1):51-58. doi:10.30782/jrvm.1894974
Chicago
Semen, Zeynep, Gökçen Güvenç Bayram, and Murat Yalçın. 2026. “Maternal Dysbiosis Alters Hepatic Synthetic Function and Enzymatic Response to Hemorrhagic Shock”. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine 45 (1): 51-58. https://doi.org/10.30782/jrvm.1894974.
EndNote
Semen Z, Güvenç Bayram G, Yalçın M (July 1, 2026) Maternal Dysbiosis Alters Hepatic Synthetic Function and Enzymatic Response to Hemorrhagic Shock. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine 45 1 51–58.
IEEE
[1]Z. Semen, G. Güvenç Bayram, and M. Yalçın, “Maternal Dysbiosis Alters Hepatic Synthetic Function and Enzymatic Response to Hemorrhagic Shock”, J Res Vet Med, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 51–58, July 2026, doi: 10.30782/jrvm.1894974.
ISNAD
Semen, Zeynep - Güvenç Bayram, Gökçen - Yalçın, Murat. “Maternal Dysbiosis Alters Hepatic Synthetic Function and Enzymatic Response to Hemorrhagic Shock”. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine 45/1 (July 1, 2026): 51-58. https://doi.org/10.30782/jrvm.1894974.
JAMA
1.Semen Z, Güvenç Bayram G, Yalçın M. Maternal Dysbiosis Alters Hepatic Synthetic Function and Enzymatic Response to Hemorrhagic Shock. J Res Vet Med. 2026;45:51–58.
MLA
Semen, Zeynep, et al. “Maternal Dysbiosis Alters Hepatic Synthetic Function and Enzymatic Response to Hemorrhagic Shock”. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine, vol. 45, no. 1, July 2026, pp. 51-58, doi:10.30782/jrvm.1894974.
Vancouver
1.Zeynep Semen, Gökçen Güvenç Bayram, Murat Yalçın. Maternal Dysbiosis Alters Hepatic Synthetic Function and Enzymatic Response to Hemorrhagic Shock. J Res Vet Med. 2026 Jul. 1;45(1):51-8. doi:10.30782/jrvm.1894974