Coach-Perpetrated Emotional Maltreatment in Organized Sport Settings: Differences by Sport-Related and Demographic Variables

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine coach-perpetrated emotional maltreatment among athletes participating in individual and team sports according to gender, age, sport type, weekly training frequency, and duration of working with their current coach. A cross-sectional survey design was employed. The study group consisted of 368 athletes selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected online using a Personal Information Form and the Coach–Athlete Relationship Emotional Maltreatment Scale. Independent samples t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's post hoc test, Cohen's d, and eta squared (η²) were used for data analysis. The findings indicated no significant gender differences in coach-perpetrated emotional maltreatment. Athletes aged 22 years and older reported significantly higher scores for performance-based degradation, intimidating behaviors, and the overall emotional maltreatment score than younger athletes. Regarding sport type, a significant difference was found only in the indirect personal degradation subscale, with individual sport athletes reporting higher scores than team sport athletes. No significant differences were found according to weekly training frequency or duration of working with the current coach. Overall, coach-perpetrated emotional maltreatment varied only across some demographic characteristics, whereas coaches' behaviors and the quality of the sporting environment appeared to play a greater role. The findings may contribute to developing safe sport environments and sport management practices that prioritize athlete welfare.

Keywords

• : Coach-Perpetrated Emotional Maltreatment
• Sport Organizations
• Safe Sport
• Athlete Welfare
• Coach–Athlete Relationship

Organize Spor Ortamlarında Antrenör Kaynaklı Duygusal Kötü Muamele: Sporla İlgili ve Demografik Değişkenlere Göre Farklılıklar

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, bireysel ve takım sporlarına katılan sporcuların antrenör kaynaklı duygusal kötü muamele düzeylerini cinsiyet, yaş, spor türü, haftalık antrenman sıklığı ve mevcut antrenörleriyle çalışma süresi değişkenlerine göre incelemektir. Araştırmada kesitsel tarama deseni kullanılmıştır. Araştırma grubu, kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen 368 sporcudan oluşmaktadır. Veriler, Kişisel Bilgi Formu ve Antrenör–Sporcu İlişkisi Duygusal Kötü Muamele Ölçeği kullanılarak çevrim içi ortamda toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde bağımsız örneklemler t-testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA), Tukey post hoc testi, Cohen's d ve eta kare (η²) etki büyüklüğü istatistikleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, antrenör kaynaklı duygusal kötü muamele açısından cinsiyete göre anlamlı bir farklılık olmadığını göstermiştir. Yirmi iki yaş ve üzerindeki sporcuların performansa dayalı aşağılama, göz korkutucu davranışlar ve toplam duygusal kötü muamele puanlarının daha genç sporculara göre anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Spor türü açısından ise yalnızca dolaylı kişisel aşağılama alt boyutunda anlamlı farklılık bulunmuş; bireysel sporlarla uğraşan sporcuların takım sporlarıyla uğraşan sporculara göre daha yüksek puanlara sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. Haftalık antrenman sıklığı ve mevcut antrenörle çalışma süresine göre ise anlamlı farklılık bulunmamıştır. Genel olarak, antrenör kaynaklı duygusal kötü muamelenin yalnızca bazı demografik özelliklere göre farklılaştığı, buna karşın antrenör davranışları ile sportif ortamın niteliğinin daha belirleyici olduğu görülmüştür. Elde edilen bulguların, güvenli spor ortamlarının geliştirilmesine ve sporcu refahını önceleyen spor yönetimi uygulamalarının oluşturulmasına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

• Antrenör Kaynaklı Duygusal Kötü Muamele
• Spor Organizasyonları
• Güvenli Spor
• Sporcu Refahı
• Antrenör–Sporcu İlişkisi

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