Research Article
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Use of SCM in Manufacturing the Compressed Brick Optimizing Embodied Energy and Carbon Emission

Year 2023, , 260 - 268, 19.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47481/jscmt.1384925

Abstract

Brick is one of the most used building materials in masonry construction. Conventionally burnt clay bricks are used. These bricks are manufactured from clay and burnt in a kiln at a higher temperature. This results in a very high amount of CO2 emission and has high embodied energy, which highly affects the environment. Compressed bricks are one of the sustainable solutions to overcome these issues of high CO2 emission and embodied energy. Adopting sustainable alter- natives, such as compressed bricks incorporating supplementary cementitious materials or envi- ronmentally friendly brick manufacturing processes, can help mitigate these issues and promote more sustainable construction practices. In this study, attempts have been made to manufacture and test the bricks with different proportions of the soil, i.e., the mix of locally available soil with sand, cement as the cementitious materials, and SCMs like fly ash & GGBS. The research methodology involves the formulation of different mixtures with varying proportions of SCMs. The specimens were then prepared using a compression molding technique and cured under controlled conditions. This research paper aims to investigate the effects of incorporating sup- plementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the properties of compressed bricks. The study focuses on evaluating the density, compressive strength, water absorption, and efflorescence, as well as calculating the embodied energy and carbon dioxide emissions associated with the pro- duction of these bricks. Furthermore, the paper comprehensively analyzes the embodied energy and CO2 emissions associated with producing compressed bricks. These calculations consider the energy consumed and CO2 emitted in manufacturing, including raw material extraction, transportation, and brick fabrication. The study's results demonstrate the influence of SCMs on the properties of the compressed bricks. The analysis of embodied energy and CO2 emissions provided valuable insights into the environmental sustainability of the brick production process.

References

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  • Tsakiridis, P., Papadimitriou, G., Tsivilis, S., & Koroneos, C. (2008). Utilization of steel slag for Portland cement clinker production. J Hazard Mater, 152(2), 805811. [CrossRef]
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  • Malhotra, S. K., & Tehri, S. P. (1996). Development of bricks from granulated blast furnace slag. Constr Build Mater, 10(3), 191193. [CrossRef]
  • Mathew, B. J., Sudhakar, M., & Natarajan, C. (2013). Development of coal ash-GGBS based geopolymer bricks. Eur Int J Sci Technol, 2(3), 133139.
  • Soil Engineering Sectional Committee. (1983). IS 2720- part IV: Methods of test for soils: Grain size analysis. Bureau of Indian Standards.
  • BIS. (1985). IS 2720 - part V: Methods of test for soils: Determination of liquid and plastic limit. Bureau of Indian Standards.
  • Soil Engineering Sectional Committee. (1970). IS 383: Specifications for Coarse and Fine Aggregate from natural sources for concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards.
  • BIS. (2015). IS 269: Ordinary Portland Cement - Specification. Bureau of Indian Standards.
  • Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee. (2013). IS 3812 - part 1: Specification for Pulverized Fuel Ash - For Use as Pozzolana in Cement, Cement Mortar and Concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards.
  • BIS. (2018). IS 16714: Ground granulated blast furnace slag for use in cement, mortar, and concrete - specification. Bureau of Indian Standards.
  • BIS. (1982). IS 1725: Soil-based blocks used in general building construction. Bureau of Indian Standards.
  • Jagadish, K. S. (2019). Sustainable building technologies. Government of India I.K. International Publishing House.
Year 2023, , 260 - 268, 19.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47481/jscmt.1384925

Abstract

References

  • Agarwal, S. K., & Gulati, D. (2007). Utilization of industrial wastes and unprocessed microfillers for making cost-effective mortars. Constr Build Mater, 20, 9991004. [CrossRef]
  • Yazici, H. (2007). Utilization of coal combustion by-products in building blocks. Fuel, 86, 92937. [CrossRef]
  • Domínguez, E. A., & Ullmann, R. (1996). "Ecological bricks" made with clays and steel dust pollutants. Appl Clay Sci, 11, 237249. [CrossRef]
  • Wiebusch, B., & Seyfried, C. F. (1997). Utilization of sewage sludge ashes in the brick and tile industry. Water Sci Technol, 36, 251258. [CrossRef]
  • Lin, K. L. (2006). Feasibility study of using brick made from municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash slag. J Hazard Mater, 137, 18101816. [CrossRef]
  • Yang, J., Liu, W., Zhang, L., & Xiao, B. (2008). Preparation of load-bearing building materials from autoclaved phosphogypsum. Constr Build Mater, 23, 687693. [CrossRef]
  • Reddy, B. V. V., & Jagadish, K. S. (2003). Embodied energy of common and alternative building materials and technologies. Energy Build, 35, 129137. [CrossRef]
  • Morel, J. C., Mesbah, A., Oggero, M., & Walker, P. (2001). Building houses with local material: Means to drastically reduce the environmental impact of construction. Build Environ, 36, 11191126. [CrossRef]
  • Reddy, B. V. V., & Kumar, P. P. (2009). Embodied energy in cement stabilized rammed earth walls. Energy Build, 42(3), 380385. [CrossRef]
  • Deshmukh, R., & More, A. (2014). Low energy green materials by embodied energy analysis. Int J Civ Struct Eng Res, 2(1), 5865.
  • Debnath, A., Singh, S. V., & Singh, Y. P. (1995). Comparative assessment of energy requirements for different types of residential buildings in India. Energy Build, 23, 141146. [CrossRef]
  • Murmu, A. L., & Patel, A. (2018). Towards sustainable bricks production: An overview. Constr Build Mater, 165, 112125. [CrossRef]
  • Kulkarni, N. G., & Rao, A. B. (2016). Carbon footprint of solid clay bricks fired in clamps of India. J Clean Prod, 135, 13961406. [CrossRef]
  • Rajarathnam, U., Athalye, V., Ragavan, S., Maithel, S., Lalchandani, D., Kumar, S., Baum, E., Weyant, C, & Bond, T. (2014). Assessment of air pollutant emissions from brick kilns. Atmos Environ, 98, 549553. [CrossRef]
  • Yadav, V., Modi, T. Alyami, A. Y., Gacem, A., Choudhary, N., Yadav, K. K., Inwati, G. K., Wanale, S. G., Abbas, M., Ji, M. K., & Jeon, B. H. (2023). Emerging trends in the recovery of ferrospheres and plerospheres from coal fly ash waste and their emerging applications in environmental cleanup. Front Earth Sci, 11, 1160448. [CrossRef]
  • Yadav, V. K., Gacem, A., Choudhary, N., Rai, A., Kumar, P., Yadav, K. K., Abbas, M., Khedher, N. B., Awwad, N. S., Barik, D., & Islam, S. (2022). Status of coal-based thermal power plants, coal fly ash production, utilization in India and their emerging applications. Minerals, 12, 1503. [CrossRef]
  • Zhao, H., Sun, W., Wu, X., & Gao, B. (2015). The properties of the self-compacting concrete with fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag mineral admixtures. J Clean Prod, 95, 6674. [CrossRef]
  • Tsakiridis, P., Papadimitriou, G., Tsivilis, S., & Koroneos, C. (2008). Utilization of steel slag for Portland cement clinker production. J Hazard Mater, 152(2), 805811. [CrossRef]
  • Mohammadinia, A., Arulrajah, A., Horpibulsuk, S., & Chinkulkijniwat, A. (2017). Effect of fly ash on properties of crushed brick and reclaimed asphalt in pavement base/subbase applications. J Hazard Mater, 321, 547556. [CrossRef]
  • Eliche-Quesada, D., Sandalio-Pérez, J. A., Martínez-Martínez, S., Pérez-Villarejo, L., & Sánchez-Soto, P. J. (2018). Investigation of use of coal fly ash in eco-friendly construction materials: Fired clay bricks and silica-calcareous non-fired bricks. Ceram Int, 44(4), 44004412. [CrossRef]
  • Zawrah, M. F., Gado, R. A., Feltin, N., Ducourtieux, S., & Devoille, L. (2016). Recycling and utilization assessment of waste fired clay bricks (Grog) with granulated blast-furnace slag for geopolymer production. Process Saf Environ Prot, 103, 237251. [CrossRef]
  • Malhotra, S. K., & Tehri, S. P. (1996). Development of bricks from granulated blast furnace slag. Constr Build Mater, 10(3), 191193. [CrossRef]
  • Mathew, B. J., Sudhakar, M., & Natarajan, C. (2013). Development of coal ash-GGBS based geopolymer bricks. Eur Int J Sci Technol, 2(3), 133139.
  • Soil Engineering Sectional Committee. (1983). IS 2720- part IV: Methods of test for soils: Grain size analysis. Bureau of Indian Standards.
  • BIS. (1985). IS 2720 - part V: Methods of test for soils: Determination of liquid and plastic limit. Bureau of Indian Standards.
  • Soil Engineering Sectional Committee. (1970). IS 383: Specifications for Coarse and Fine Aggregate from natural sources for concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards.
  • BIS. (2015). IS 269: Ordinary Portland Cement - Specification. Bureau of Indian Standards.
  • Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee. (2013). IS 3812 - part 1: Specification for Pulverized Fuel Ash - For Use as Pozzolana in Cement, Cement Mortar and Concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards.
  • BIS. (2018). IS 16714: Ground granulated blast furnace slag for use in cement, mortar, and concrete - specification. Bureau of Indian Standards.
  • BIS. (1982). IS 1725: Soil-based blocks used in general building construction. Bureau of Indian Standards.
  • Jagadish, K. S. (2019). Sustainable building technologies. Government of India I.K. International Publishing House.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Civil Construction Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Tejas Joshı 0000-0003-2710-4056

Hasan Rangwala This is me 0000-0001-8936-9880

Apurav Prajapatı 0000-0002-8461-7977

Early Pub Date December 19, 2023
Publication Date December 19, 2023
Submission Date November 2, 2023
Acceptance Date December 11, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Joshı, T., Rangwala, H., & Prajapatı, A. (2023). Use of SCM in Manufacturing the Compressed Brick Optimizing Embodied Energy and Carbon Emission. Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, 8(4), 260-268. https://doi.org/10.47481/jscmt.1384925

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