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SHAKESPEARE AND SOVEREIGNTY: A BIOPOLITICAL READING OF MACBETH

Year 2021, Issue: 7, 122 - 131, 12.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.48131/jscs.918757

Abstract

Biopolitics has brought new perspectives on power relations in society with the conceptualization of Michelle Foucault. Although the history of the concept goes back to the past, biopolitics has been used to analyze the power and social power relations in many areas from body control to population politics, thanks to Foucault. Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben has carried the concept of biopolitics to another point and contributed to the concept of biopolitics with his studies on sovereignty. Unlike Foucault, who claims that biopolitics is a modern thought, Agamben traces biopolitics in ancient texts. In his book Homo Sacer, Agamben allows us to reflect on the limits of sovereignty with the concept of bare life. Agamben searches for the holy man who can be killed but not sacrificed in Roman Law and makes analyzes on social power relations and sovereignty through this concept. In this article, it is aimed to make a biopolitical reading of William Shakespeare's play Macbeth, based on Agamben's analysis of the Homo Sacer. As Macbeth kills King Duncan and becomes king himself, his struggle with the ghost of sovereignty begins. While this article seeks the reasons for Macbeth's inability to legitimize his power as the possessor of sovereignty and power in Elizabethan political theology and ideological structure, it reveals, in a biopolitical reading, that Macbeth has fallen into the position of the Homo Sacer, who cannot be sacrificed but is legitimate to be killed, that the sovereign is not above sovereignty, and that the king's mystical existence is separated from bodily existence. It is intended to analyze that with the killing of the king, Macbeth seeks to retain sovereignty while trying to cope with the pain of breaking the sacred order as an object of the dominant ideology. In this article, the reason why Macbeth's sovereignty cannot be legitimized is discussed based on the argument that power has a productive rather than an oppressive nature, while examining how his position has transformed into the Homo Sacer in Agamben's theory.

References

  • Althusser, L. (1978). Lenin and Philosophy. (Trans. By Ben Brewster). New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Agamben, G. (1998). Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. (Translated by D. Heller-Roazen.) Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Deleuze, G, and Guattari, F. (1987). A Thousand Plateaus. (Trans. Brian Massumi). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Derrida, J. (2006). Specters of Marx, (trans. by Peggy Kamuf). New York, Routledge Classics.
  • Foucault, M. (1980). Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon. New York: Pantheon.
  • Foucault, M. (2003). Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France 1975-1976. ed. Mauro Bertani and Alessandro Fontana. (trans. David Macey). New York: Picador.
  • Foucault, Michel (1998) The History of Sexuality: The Will to Knowledge, London, Penguin.
  • Kantorowicz, E. (1997). The Two Bodies of the King: A Study in Medieval Political Theology. New Haven, Princeton Univ. Press.
  • Schmitt, C. (1985). Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty, (trans. George Schwab), Cambridge, Mass.; London: MIT Press.
  • Shakespeare, W. (1990). Macbeth. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Parris, B. (2012). ‘‘The body is with the King, but the King is not with the body’’: Sovereign Sleep in Hamlet and Macbeth, Shakespeare Studies, ed Susan Zimmerman, Rosemont Publishing.
  • Rabinow, P. (1991) The Foucault Reader: An introduction to Foucault’s Thought, London, Penguin.

SHAKESPEARE VE EGEMENLİK: MACBETH’İN BİYOPOLİTİK BİR OKUMASI

Year 2021, Issue: 7, 122 - 131, 12.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.48131/jscs.918757

Abstract

Biyopolitika Michelle Foucault’nun kavramsallaştırmasıyla beraber toplumdaki güç ilişkilerine ilişkin yeni bakış açıları kazandırmıştır. Kavramın tarihi eskiye uzansa da biyopolitika Foucault sayesinde beden kontrolünden nüfus politikalarına kadar pek çok alanda iktidar ve toplumsal güç ilişkilerini çözümlemek için kullanılmıştır. İtalyan filozof Giorgio Agamben biyopolitika kavramını başka bir noktaya taşıyarak egemenlik üzerine çalışmalarıyla biyopolitika kavramına katkı sağlamıştır. Biyopolitikanın modern bir düşünce olduğunu öne süren Foucault’nun aksine Agamben biyopolitikanın izini antik metinlerde sürer. Kutsal İnsan adlı eserinde Agamben, çıplak hayat kavramsallaştırmasıyla egemenliğin sınırları üzerine düşünmemizi sağlar. Agamben öldürülebilen ama kurban edilemeyen kutsal insanı Roma Hukuku’nda arar ve bu kavram üzerinden toplumsal güç ilişkileri ve egemenlik üzerine analizler yapar. Bu makalede Agamben’in Kutsal İnsan çözümlemesinden hareketle William Shakespeare’in Macbeth oyununun biyopolitik bir okumasını yapmak amaçlanmıştır. Macbeth’in kral Duncan’ı öldürmesiyle ve kendinin kral olmasıyla beraber egemenlik hayaletiyle mücadelesi başlar. Bu makale Macbeth’in egemenliğin ve gücün sahibi olarak iktidarını meşrulaştıramamasının sebeplerini Elizabeth dönemi politik teolojisinde ve ideolojik yapısında ararken, biyopolitik bir okumayla Macbeth’in kurban edilemeyen ama öldürülmesi meşru olan Kutsal İnsan pozisyonuna düştüğünü, egemenin egemenliğin üstünde olmadığını ve kralın mistik varoluşunun bedensel varoluştan ayrılışını analiz etmek amaçlanmıştır. Macbeth kralı öldürmesiyle, bir taraftan egemen ideolojinin bir nesnesi olarak kutsal düzeni bozmanın sancılarıyla baş etmeye çalışırken diğer taraftan egemenliği elinde tutmanın yollarını arar. Bu makalede, Macbeth’in egemenliğini meşrulaştıramamasının sebebi gücün baskıcı değil üretken bir doğası olduğu savından hareketle tartışılırken, kendi pozisyonunun Agamben’in teorisindeki kutsal insana nasıl dönüştüğü irdelenmektedir.

References

  • Althusser, L. (1978). Lenin and Philosophy. (Trans. By Ben Brewster). New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Agamben, G. (1998). Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. (Translated by D. Heller-Roazen.) Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Deleuze, G, and Guattari, F. (1987). A Thousand Plateaus. (Trans. Brian Massumi). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Derrida, J. (2006). Specters of Marx, (trans. by Peggy Kamuf). New York, Routledge Classics.
  • Foucault, M. (1980). Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon. New York: Pantheon.
  • Foucault, M. (2003). Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France 1975-1976. ed. Mauro Bertani and Alessandro Fontana. (trans. David Macey). New York: Picador.
  • Foucault, Michel (1998) The History of Sexuality: The Will to Knowledge, London, Penguin.
  • Kantorowicz, E. (1997). The Two Bodies of the King: A Study in Medieval Political Theology. New Haven, Princeton Univ. Press.
  • Schmitt, C. (1985). Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty, (trans. George Schwab), Cambridge, Mass.; London: MIT Press.
  • Shakespeare, W. (1990). Macbeth. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Parris, B. (2012). ‘‘The body is with the King, but the King is not with the body’’: Sovereign Sleep in Hamlet and Macbeth, Shakespeare Studies, ed Susan Zimmerman, Rosemont Publishing.
  • Rabinow, P. (1991) The Foucault Reader: An introduction to Foucault’s Thought, London, Penguin.
There are 12 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Analysis
Authors

Deniz Karaca 0000-0003-4961-0443

Publication Date June 12, 2021
Submission Date April 17, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 7

Cite

APA Karaca, D. (2021). SHAKESPEARE AND SOVEREIGNTY: A BIOPOLITICAL READING OF MACBETH. Toplum Ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi(7), 122-131. https://doi.org/10.48131/jscs.918757

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