Application of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization in microbiological domain

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 133 - 153, 23.10.2022

Ali Jaber

Abstract

Mass spectrometry became more and more widespread and many new ionization and ion separation techniques were introduced. For instance, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a proteomics method that permits rapid and accurate identification of microbial species from positive cultures. This method applies to biomolecules as well as peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and oligonucleotides and it is considered more cost effective than other techniques used in microbiology. The faster identification of the pathogen and the determination of antimicrobial susceptibility is a key in the management of patients with suspected infection. Various organisms can be identified by this technique including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Bacteria are the most identified species followed by fungi and finally parasites. Here we present a scientific review that evaluates the performance of MALDI-TOF MS in identifying clinical pathogenic microorganisms.

Keywords

Mass spectrometry, Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass, Mass spectrometry, fungi, bacteria

Application of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization in microbiological domain

Abstract

Mass spectrometry became more and more widespread and many new ionization and ion separation techniques were introduced. For instance, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a proteomics method that permits rapid and accurate identification of microbial species from positive cultures. This method applies to biomolecules as well as peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and oligonucleotides and it is considered more cost effective than other techniques used in microbiology. The faster identification of the pathogen and the determination of antimicrobial susceptibility is a key in the management of patients with suspected infection. Various organisms can be identified by this technique including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Bacteria are the most identified species followed by fungi and finally parasites. Here we present a scientific review that evaluates the performance of MALDI-TOF MS in identifying clinical pathogenic microorganisms.

Keywords

Mass spectrometry, Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass, bacteria, fungi, parasites.

References

• Alanio, A., Beretti, J.-L., Dauphin, B., Mellado, E., Quesne, G., Lacroix, C., Amara, A., Berche, P., Nassif, X., & Bougnoux, M.-E. (2011). Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for fast and accurate identification of clinically relevant Aspergillus species. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 17(5), 750–755. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03323.x
• Alatoom, A. A., Cazanave, C. J., Cunningham, S. A., Ihde, S. M., & Patel, R. (2012). Identification of Non-diphtheriae Corynebacterium by Use of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 50(1), 160–163. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.05889-11
• Alcaide, F., Amlerová, J., Bou, G., Ceyssens, P. J., Coll, P., Corcoran, D., Fangous, M.-S., González-Álvarez, I., Gorton, R., Greub, G., Hery-Arnaud, G., Hrábak, J., Ingebretsen, A., Lucey, B., Marekoviċ, I., Mediavilla-Gradolph, C., Monté, M. R., O’Connor, J., O’Mahony, J., … Rodriguez-Sanchez, B. (2018). How to: Identify non-tuberculous Mycobacterium species using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 24(6), 599–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.11.012
• Alcalá, L., Marín, M., Ruiz, A., Quiroga, L., Zamora-Cintas, M., Fernández-Chico, M. A., Muñoz, P., & Rodríguez-Sánchez, B. (2021). Identifying Anaerobic Bacteria Using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry: A Four-Year Experience. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11, 300. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.521014
• Alibi, S., Ferjani, A., Gaillot, O., Marzouk, M., Courcol, R., & Boukadida, J. (2015). Identification of clinically relevant Corynebacterium strains by Api Coryne, MALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry and molecular approaches. Pathologie Biologie, 63(4), 153–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patbio.2015.07.007
• Alksne, L., Makarova, S., Avsejenko, J., Cibrovska, A., Trofimova, J., & Valciņa, O. (2020). Determination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis by MALDI-TOF MS in clinical isolates from Latvia. Clinical Mass Spectrometry, 16, 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinms.2020.03.001
• Amiri-Eliasi, B., & Fenselau, C. (2001). Characterization of Protein Biomarkers Desorbed by MALDI from Whole Fungal Cells. Analytical Chemistry, 73(21), 5228–5231. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac010651t
• Azrad, M., Keness, Y., Nitzan, O., Pastukh, N., Tkhawkho, L., Freidus, V., & Peretz, A. (2019). Cheap and rapid in-house method for direct identification of positive blood cultures by MALDI-TOF MS technology. BMC Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3709-9
• Bader, M. M., Pham, P.-T. T., & Elandaloussi, E. H. (2010). Dicyanovinyl-substituted oligothiophenes. Crystal Growth & Design, 10(12), 5027–5030. https://doi.org/10.1021/cg100948m
• Bao, R., Gao, X., Hu, B., & Zhou, Z. (2017). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: A powerful tool for identification of Corynebacterium species. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 9(9), 3239–3245. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2017.09.69
• Becker, P. T., de Bel, A., Martiny, D., Ranque, S., Piarroux, R., Cassagne, C., Detandt, M., & Hendrickx, M. (2014). Identification of filamentous fungi isolates by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: Clinical evaluation of an extended reference spectra library. Medical Mycology, 52(8), 826–834. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myu064
• Berlamont, H., De Witte, C., De Bruyckere, S., Fox, J. G., Backert, S., Smet, A., Boyen, F., & Haesebrouck, F. (2021). Differentiation of Gastric Helicobacter Species Using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Pathogens, 10(3), 366. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030366
• Bernard, K. (2012). The Genus Corynebacterium and Other Medically Relevant Coryneform-Like Bacteria. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 50(10), 3152–3158. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00796-12
• Boucheikhchoukh, M., Laroche, M., Aouadi, A., Dib, L., Benakhla, A., Raoult, D., & Parola, P. (2018). MALDI-TOF MS identification of ticks of domestic and wild animals in Algeria and molecular detection of associated microorganisms. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 57, 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2018.05.002
• Branda, J. A., Rychert, J., Burnham, C.-A. D., Bythrow, M., Garner, O. B., Ginocchio, C. C., Jennemann, R., Lewinski, M. A., Manji, R., Mochon, A. B., Procop, G. W., Richter, S. S., Sercia, L. F., Westblade, L. F., & Ferraro, M. J. (2014). Multicenter validation of the VITEK MS v2.0 MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry system for the identification of fastidious gram-negative bacteria. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 78(2), 129–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.08.013
• Calderaro, A., Piergianni, M., Montecchini, S., Buttrini, M., Piccolo, G., Rossi, S., Arcangeletti, M. C., Medici, M. C., Chezzi, C., & De Conto, F. (2016). MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as a potential tool for Trichomonas vaginalis identification. BMC Infectious Diseases, 16(1), 261. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1594-z
• Cassagne, C., Cella, A.-L., Suchon, P., Normand, A.-C., Ranque, S., & Piarroux, R. (2013). Evaluation of four pretreatment procedures for MALDI-TOF MS yeast identification in the routine clinical laboratory. Medical Mycology, 51(4), 371–377. https://doi.org/10.3109/13693786.2012.720720
• Cassagne, C., Normand, A.-C., Bonzon, L., L’Ollivier, C., Gautier, M., Jeddi, F., Ranque, S., & Piarroux, R. (2016). Routine identification and mixed species detection in 6,192 clinical yeast isolates. Medical Mycology, 54(3), 256–265. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myv095
• Cassagne, C., Pratlong, F., Jeddi, F., Benikhlef, R., Aoun, K., Normand, A.-C., Faraut, F., Bastien, P., & Piarroux, R. (2014). Identification of Leishmania at the species level with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 20(6), 551–557. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12387
• Ceballos-Garzón, A., Cortes, G., Morio, F., Zamora-Cruz, E. L., Linares, M. Y., Ariza, B. E., Valderrama, S. L., Garzón, J. R., Alvarez-Moreno, C. A., Le Pape, P., & Parra-Giraldo, C. M. (2019). Comparison between MALDI-TOF MS and MicroScan in the identification of emerging and multidrug resistant yeasts in a fourth-level hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. BMC Microbiology, 19(1), 106. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-019-1482-y
• Cercenado, E. (2017). Utility of rapid microbiological techniques for the diagnosis of severe infections. Revista Espanola De Quimioterapia: Publicacion Oficial De La Sociedad Espanola De Quimioterapia, 30 Suppl 1, 52–55.
• Chen, X.-F., Hou, X., Xiao, M., Zhang, L., Cheng, J.-W., Zhou, M.-L., Huang, J.-J., Zhang, J.-J., Xu, Y.-C., & Hsueh, P.-R. (2021). Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) Analysis for the Identification of Pathogenic Microorganisms: A Review. Microorganisms, 9(7), 1536. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071536
• Chitasombat, M. N., Kofteridis, D. P., Jiang, Y., Tarrand, J., Lewis, R. E., & Kontoyiannis, D. P. (2012). Rare opportunistic (non-Candida, non-Cryptococcus) yeast bloodstream infections in patients with cancer. Journal of Infection, 64(1), 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2011.11.002
• Coltella, L., Mancinelli, L., Onori, M., Lucignano, B., Menichella, D., Sorge, R., Raponi, M., Mancini, R., & Russo, C. (2013). Advancement in the routine identification of anaerobic bacteria by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases: Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology, 32(9), 1183–1192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-013-1865-1
• Conesa, A., Dieser, S., Barberis, C., Bonetto, C., Lasagno, M., Vay, C., Odierno, L., Porporatto, C., & Raspanti, C. (2020). Differentiation of non-aureus staphylococci species isolated from bovine mastitis by PCR-RFLP of groEL and gap genes in comparison to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Microbial Pathogenesis, 149, 104489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104489
• Cuénod, A., Foucault, F., Pflüger, V., & Egli, A. (2021). Factors Associated With MALDI-TOF Mass Spectral Quality of Species Identification in Clinical Routine Diagnostics. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11, 104. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.646648
• CULHA, G., AKYAR, I., YILDIZ ZEYREK, F., KURT, Ö., GÜNDÜZ, C., ÖZENSOY TÖZ, S., ÖSTAN, I., CAVUS, I., Gülkan, B., Kocagöz, T., Özbel, Y., & Özbilgin, A. (2014). Leishmaniasis in Turkey: Determination of Leishmania Species by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 9(2), 239–248.
• Dai, Y., Xu, X., Yan, X., Li, D., Cao, W., Tang, L., Hu, M., & Jiang, C. (2021). Evaluation of a Rapid and Simplified Protocol for Direct Identification of Microorganisms From Positive Blood Cultures by Using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11, 154. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.632679
• de Almeida, J. N., Favero Gimenes, V. M., Francisco, E. C., Machado Siqueira, L. P., Gonçalves de Almeida, R. K., Guitard, J., Hennequin, C., Colombo, A. L., Benard, G., & Rossi, F. (2017). Evaluating and Improving Vitek MS for Identification of Clinically Relevant Species of Trichosporon and the Closely Related Genera Cutaneotrichosporon and Apiotrichum. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 55(8), 2439–2444. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00461-17
• de Almeida Júnior, J. N., Figueiredo, D. S. Y., Toubas, D., Del Negro, G. M. B., Motta, A. L., Rossi, F., Guitard, J., Morio, F., Bailly, E., Angoulvant, A., Mazier, D., Benard, G., & Hennequin, C. (2014). Usefulness of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for identifying clinical Trichosporon isolates. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 20(8), 784–790. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12502
• de Almeida Júnior, J. N., & Hennequin, C. (2016). Invasive Trichosporon Infection: A Systematic Review on a Re-emerging Fungal Pathogen. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1629. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01629
• de Dios Caballero, J., & Martin, O. (2018). Chapter Sixteen—Application of MALDI-TOF in Parasitology. In F. Cobo (Ed.), The Use of Mass Spectrometry Technology (MALDI-TOF) in Clinical Microbiology (pp. 235–253). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814451-0.00016-2
• Denis, J., Machouart, M., Morio, F., Sabou, M., Kauffmann-LaCroix, C., Contet-Audonneau, N., Candolfi, E., & Letscher-Bru, V. (2017). Performance of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Identifying Clinical Malassezia Isolates. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 55(1), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01763-16
• Diarra, A. Z., Almeras, L., Laroche, M., Berenger, J.-M., Koné, A. K., Bocoum, Z., Dabo, A., Doumbo, O., Raoult, D., & Parola, P. (2017). Molecular and MALDI-TOF identification of ticks and tick-associated bacteria in Mali. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 11(7), e0005762. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005762
• Drissner, D., & Freimoser, F. M. (2017). MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy of yeasts and filamentous fungi for research and diagnostics in the agricultural value chain. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 4(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-017-0095-7
• Faron, M. L., Buchan, B. W., Hyke, J., Madisen, N., Lillie, J. L., Granato, P. A., Wilson, D. A., Procop, G. W., Novak-Weekley, S., Marlowe, E., Cumpio, J., Griego-Fullbright, C., Kindig, S., Timm, K., Young, S., & Ledeboer, N. A. (2015). Multicenter Evaluation of the Bruker MALDI Biotyper CA System for the Identification of Clinical Aerobic Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolates. PLOS ONE, 10(11), e0141350. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141350
• Fei, J., Wu, H., Su, J., Jin, C., Li, N., Guo, Y., Feng, Y., & Xiao, L. (2018). Characterization of MEDLE-1, a protein in early development of Cryptosporidium parvum. Parasites & Vectors, 11(1), 312. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2889-2
• Ferreira, L., Sánchez-Juanes, F., Muñoz-Bellido, J. L., & González-Buitrago, J. M. (2011). Rapid method for direct identification of bacteria in urine and blood culture samples by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: Intact cell vs. extraction method. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 17(7), 1007–1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03339.x
• Florio, W., Tavanti, A., Barnini, S., Ghelardi, E., & Lupetti, A. (2018). Recent Advances and Ongoing Challenges in the Diagnosis of Microbial Infections by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 1097. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01097
• Fong, P., Butel-Simoes, G., Francis, M. J., Korman, T. M., & Graham, M. (2021). Corynebacterium macginleyi in the era of MALDI-TOF MS: Epidemiology, susceptibility patterns and prevalence of co-infection. Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2021.07.007
• Funke, G., Lawson, P. A., & Collins, M. D. (1998). Corynebacterium riegelii sp. Nov., an Unusual Species Isolated from Female Patients with Urinary Tract Infections. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36(3), 624–627. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.36.3.624-627.1998
• Gathercole, R., Tranfield, E., Xia, D., Perez-Cordon, G., Robinson, G., Timofte, D., Zendri, F., & Chalmers, R. m. (2021). Analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. From clinical samples by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 131(4), 1840–1847. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.15077
• Gomila, M., Renom, F., del Carmen Gallegos, M., Garau, M., Guerrero, D., Soriano, J. B., & Lalucat, J. (2012). Identification and diversity of multiresistant Corynebacterium striatum clinical isolates by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and by a multigene sequencing approach. BMC Microbiology, 12(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-12-52
• Gray, T. J., Thomas, L., Olma, T., Iredell, J. R., & Chen, S. C.-A. (2013). Rapid identification of Gram-negative organisms from blood culture bottles using a modified extraction method and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 77(2), 110–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.06.016
• Guardabassi, L., Schwarz, S., & Lloyd, D. H. (2004). Pet animals as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria: Review. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 54(2), 321–332. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkh332
• Hahne, J., Kloster, T., Rathmann, S., Weber, M., & Lipski, A. (2018). Isolation and characterization of Corynebacterium spp. From bulk tank raw cow’s milk of different dairy farms in Germany. PLOS ONE, 13(4), e0194365. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194365
• Hamzaoui, B. E., Laroche, M., Almeras, L., Bérenger, J.-M., Raoult, D., & Parola, P. (2018). Detection of Bartonella spp. In fleas by MALDI-TOF MS. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 12(2), e0006189. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006189
• Hamzaoui, B. E., Zurita, A., Cutillas, C., & Parola, P. (2020). Fleas and flea-borne diseases of North Africa. Acta Tropica, 211, 105627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105627
• Hendrickx, M. (2017). MALDI-TOF MS and Filamentous Fungal Identification: A Success Story? Current Fungal Infection Reports, 2(11), 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-017-0277-6
• Honnavar, P., Ghosh, A. K., Paul, S., Shankarnarayan, S. A., Singh, P., Dogra, S., Chakrabarti, A., & Rudramurthy, S. M. (2018). Identification of Malassezia species by MALDI-TOF MS after expansion of database. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 92(2), 118–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.05.015
• Hou, T.-Y., Chiang-Ni, C., & Teng, S.-H. (2019). Current status of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in clinical microbiology. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 27(2), 404–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2019.01.001
• Hsu, Y.-M. S., & Burnham, C.-A. D. (2014). MALDI-TOF MS identification of anaerobic bacteria: Assessment of pre-analytical variables and specimen preparation techniques. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 79(2), 144–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.02.007
• Huynh, L. N., Diarra, A. Z., Pham, Q. L., Le-Viet, N., Berenger, J.-M., Ho, V. H., Nguyen, X. Q., & Parola, P. (2021). Morphological, molecular and MALDI-TOF MS identification of ticks and tick-associated pathogens in Vietnam. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(9), e0009813. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009813
• Kusters, J. G., van Vliet, A. H. M., & Kuipers, E. J. (2006). Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 19(3), 449–490. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00054-05
• Ledeboer, N. A., & Hodinka, R. L. (2011). Molecular Detection of Resistance Determinants. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 49(9 Suppl), S20–S24. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00771-11
• Li, Y., Shan, M., Zhu, Z., Mao, X., Yan, M., Chen, Y., Zhu, Q., Li, H., & Gu, B. (2019). Application of MALDI-TOF MS to rapid identification of anaerobic bacteria. BMC Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 941. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4584-0
• Magnuson, M. L., Owens, J. H., & Kelty, C. A. (2000). Characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66(11), 4720–4724. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.11.4720-4724.2000
• Malfertheiner, P., Megraud, F., O’Morain, C. A., Gisbert, J. P., Kuipers, E. J., Axon, A. T., Bazzoli, F., Gasbarrini, A., Atherton, J., Graham, D. Y., Hunt, R., Moayyedi, P., Rokkas, T., Rugge, M., Selgrad, M., Suerbaum, S., Sugano, K., & El-Omar, E. M. (2017). Management of Helicobacter pylori infection—The Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report. Gut, 66(1), 6–30. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312288
• Martiny, D., Bart, A., Vandenberg, O., Verhaar, N., Wentink-Bonnema, E., Moens, C., & van Gool, T. (2014). Subtype determination of Blastocystis isolates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 33(4), 529–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-013-1980-z
• Meena, S., Mohanty, A., Kaistha, N., Sasirekha, U., & Meena, J. (2021). Comparative Assessment of Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and Conventional Methods in the Identification of Clinically Relevant Yeasts. Cureus, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.15607
• Mouri, O., Morizot, G., Auwera, G. V. der, Ravel, C., Passet, M., Chartrel, N., Joly, I., Thellier, M., Jauréguiberry, S., Caumes, E., Mazier, D., Marinach-Patrice, C., & Buffet, P. (2014). Easy Identification of Leishmania Species by Mass Spectrometry. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(6), e2841. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002841
• Murray, P. R. (2012). What Is New in Clinical Microbiology—Microbial Identification by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry: A Paper from the 2011 William Beaumont Hospital Symposium on Molecular Pathology. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, 14(5), 419–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoldx.2012.03.007
• Murugaiyan, J., & Roesler, U. (2017). MALDI-TOF MS Profiling-Advances in Species Identification of Pests, Parasites, and Vectors. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 7, 184. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2017.00184
• Neuschlova, M., Vladarova, M., Kompanikova, J., Sadlonova, V., & Novakova, E. (2017). Identification of Mycobacterium Species by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. In M. Pokorski (Ed.), Pulmonary Care and Clinical Medicine (pp. 37–42). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2017_26
• Ng, Y. L., Olivos-García, A., Lim, T. K., Noordin, R., Lin, Q., & Othman, N. (2018). Entamoeba histolytica: Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Reveals Putative Virulence-Associated Differentially Abundant Membrane Proteins. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 99(6), 1518–1529. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0415
• Nix, I. D., Idelevich, E. A., Storck, L. M., Sparbier, K., Drews, O., Kostrzewa, M., & Becker, K. (2020). Detection of Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus From Agar Cultures and Directly From Positive Blood Cultures Using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry-Based Direct-on-Target Microdroplet Growth Assay. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 232. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00232
• Normand, A.-C., Cassagne, C., Ranque, S., L’Ollivier, C., Fourquet, P., Roesems, S., Hendrickx, M., & Piarroux, R. (2013). Assessment of various parameters to improve MALDI-TOF MS reference spectra libraries constructed for the routine identification of filamentous fungi. BMC Microbiology, 13(1), 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-13-76
• Osa, M., Belo, M. C., Dela Merced, Z., Villanueva, A. M. G., Mauhay, J., Celis, A., Catli, M., Suzuki, S., Ukawa, T., Tamaki, S., Dhoubhadel, B. G., Ariyoshi, K., Telan, E. F. O., Umipig, D. V., Parry, C. M., Saito, N., & Smith, C. (2021). Performance of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry in the Philippines. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 6(3), 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030112
• Ouarti, B., Laroche, M., Righi, S., Meguini, M. N., Benakhla, A., Raoult, D., & Parola, P. (2020). Development of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the identification of lice isolated from farm animals. Parasite, 27, 28. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020026
• Patel, K., Sherrill, J., Mrksich, M., & Scholle, M. D. (2015). Discovery of SIRT3 inhibitors using SAMDI mass spectrometry. Journal of Biomolecular Screening, 20(7), 842–848. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087057115588512
• Patel, R. (2019). A Moldy Application of MALDI: MALDI-ToF Mass Spectrometry for Fungal Identification. Journal of Fungi, 5(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof5010004
• Pereira, V., Abraham, P., Nallapeta, S., & Shetty, A. (2018). Gastric bacterial Flora in patients Harbouring Helicobacter pylori with or without chronic dyspepsia: Analysis with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. BMC Gastroenterology, 18(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-018-0744-8
• Pérez-Sancho, M., Vela, A. I., Horcajo, P., Ugarte-Ruiz, M., Domínguez, L., Fernández-Garayzábal, J. F., & de la Fuente, R. (2018). Rapid differentiation of Staphylococcus aureus subspecies based on MALDI-TOF MS profiles. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation: Official Publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc, 30(6), 813–820. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638718805537
• Pichon, M., Micaelo, M., Longuet, P., Plantefève, G., Abderrahmane, M., Wifaq, B., & Menn, A.-M. (2019). A rare case of Corynebacterium riegelii urosepsis: Role of the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in the identification of emerging pathogens. Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, 49(6), 474–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2019.06.005
• Quintilla, R., Kolecka, A., Casaregola, S., Daniel, H. M., Houbraken, J., Kostrzewa, M., Boekhout, T., & Groenewald, M. (2018). MALDI-TOF MS as a tool to identify foodborne yeasts and yeast-like fungi. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 266, 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.11.016
• Ranque, S., Normand, A.-C., Cassagne, C., Murat, J.-B., Bourgeois, N., Dalle, F., Gari-Toussaint, M., Fourquet, P., Hendrickx, M., & Piarroux, R. (2014). MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identification of filamentous fungi in the clinical laboratory. Mycoses, 57(3), 135–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12115
• Salih, B. A. (2009). Helicobacter pylori Infection in Developing Countries: The Burden for How Long? Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology : Official Journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association, 15(3), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-3767.54743
• Samson, R. A., & Varga, J. (2009). What is a species in Aspergillus? Medical Mycology, 47 Suppl 1, S13-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13693780802354011
• Sanguinetti, M., & Posteraro, B. (2017). Identification of Molds by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 55(2), 369–379. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01640-16
• Saputra, S., Jordan, D., Worthing, K. A., Norris, J. M., Wong, H. S., Abraham, R., Trott, D. J., & Abraham, S. (2017). Antimicrobial resistance in coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from companion animals in Australia: A one year study. PLOS ONE, 12(4), e0176379. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176379
• Savini, V., Passeri, C., Mancini, G., Iuliani, O., Marrollo, R., Argentieri, A. V., Fazii, P., D’Antonio, D., & Carretto, E. (2013). Coagulase-positive staphylococci: My pet’s two faces. Research in Microbiology, 164(5), 371–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2013.02.004
• Singhal, N., Kumar, M., & Virdi, J. S. (2016). MALDI-TOF MS in clinical parasitology: Applications, constraints and prospects. Parasitology, 143(12), 1491–1500. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182016001189
• Sousa, C., Botelho, J., Silva, L., Grosso, F., Nemec, A., Lopes, J., & Peixe, L. (2014). MALDI-TOF MS and chemometric based identification of the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex species. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 304(5–6), 669–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.04.014
• Stevenson, L. G., Drake, S. K., & Murray, P. R. (2010). Rapid identification of bacteria in positive blood culture broths by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 48(2), 444–447. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01541-09
• Sugita, T., Suto, H., Unno, T., Tsuboi, R., Ogawa, H., Shinoda, T., & Nishikawa, A. (2001). Molecular Analysis of Malassezia Microflora on the Skin of Atopic Dermatitis Patients and Healthy Subjects. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39(10), 3486–3490. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.39.10.3486-3490.2001
• Tanaka, T., Oliveira, L. M. de F., Ferreira, B. F. de A., Kato, J. M., Rossi, F., Correa, K. de L. G., Pimentel, S. L. G., Yamamoto, J. H., & Almeida Junior, J. N. (2017). BactecTM blood culture bottles allied to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: Rapid etiologic diagnosis of bacterial endophthalmitis. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 88(3), 222–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.04.008
• To, K., Cao, R., Yegiazaryan, A., Owens, J., & Venketaraman, V. (2020). General Overview of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Opportunistic Pathogens: Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium abscessus. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(8), 2541. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082541
• Torres, A., Lee, N., Cilloniz, C., Vila, J., & Eerden, M. V. der. (2016). Laboratory diagnosis of pneumonia in the molecular age. European Respiratory Journal, 48(6), 1764–1778. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01144-2016
• Ujang, J. A., Noordin, R., & Othman, N. (2019). Analysis of Entamoeba histolytica Membrane via LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF. Mass Spectrometry Letters, 10(3), 84–87. https://doi.org/10.5478/MSL.2019.10.3.84
• van Prehn, J., van Veen, S. Q., Schelfaut, J. J. G., & Wessels, E. (2016). MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for differentiation between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 85(1), 9–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.01.012
• Váradi, L., Luo, J. L., Hibbs, D. E., Perry, J. D., Anderson, R. J., Orenga, S., & Groundwater, P. W. (2017). Methods for the detection and identification of pathogenic bacteria: Past, present, and future. Chemical Society Reviews, 46(16), 4818–4832. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CS00693K
• Vila, J., Juiz, P., Salas, C., Almela, M., de la Fuente, C. G., Zboromyrska, Y., Navas, J., Bosch, J., Agüero, J., de la Bellacasa, J. P., & Martínez-Martínez, L. (2012). Identification of Clinically Relevant Corynebacterium spp., Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, and Rhodococcus equi by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 50(5), 1745–1747. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.05821-11
• Villegas, E. N., Glassmeyer, S. T., Ware, M. W., Hayes, S. L., & Schaefer, F. W. (2006). Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry-Based Analysis of Giardia lamblia and Giardia muris. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 53(s1), S179–S181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00223.x
• Vrioni, G., Tsiamis, C., Oikonomidis, G., Theodoridou, K., Kapsimali, V., & Tsakris, A. (2018). MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry technology for detecting biomarkers of antimicrobial resistance: Current achievements and future perspectives. Annals of Translational Medicine, 6(12), 240. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2018.06.28
• Wang, H., Fan, Y.-Y., Kudinha, T., Xu, Z.-P., Xiao, M., Zhang, L., Fan, X., Kong, F., & Xu, Y.-C. (2016). A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Bruker Biotyper MS and Vitek MS Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Systems for Identification of Yeasts, Part of the National China Hospital Invasive Fungal Surveillance Net (CHIF-NET) Study, 2012 to 2013. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 54(5), 1376–1380. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00162-16
• Welker, M., & Moore, E. R. B. (2011). Applications of whole-cell matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry in systematic microbiology. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 34(1), 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2010.11.013
• Wong, K. S. K., Dhaliwal, S., Bilawka, J., Srigley, J. A., Champagne, S., Romney, M. G., Tilley, P., Sadarangani, M., Zlosnik, J. E. A., & Chilvers, M. A. (2020). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS for the accurate identification of Burkholderia cepacia complex and Burkholderia gladioli in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 69(8), 1105–1113. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001223
• Yssouf, A., Almeras, L., Terras, J., Socolovschi, C., Raoult, D., & Parola, P. (2015). Detection of Rickettsia spp in Ticks by MALDI-TOF MS. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(2), e0003473. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003473
• Yssouf, A., Socolovschi, C., Leulmi, H., Kernif, T., Bitam, I., Audoly, G., Almeras, L., Raoult, D., & Parola, P. (2014). Identification of flea species using MALDI-TOF/MS. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 37(3), 153–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2014.05.002
• Zasada, A. a., & Mosiej, E. (2018). Contemporary microbiology and identification of Corynebacteria spp. Causing infections in human. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 66(6), 472–483. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.12883