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EVALUATION of GEOTECHNICAL BEHAVIOR of CLAY SOIL with CRUMB RUBBER ADDITION

Year 2022, Issue: 051, 136 - 148, 31.12.2022

Abstract

The issue of investigating the usability of waste materials in many different applications of civil engineering has attracted the attention of researchers until today. The additive material used for stabiliser is waste material that causes positive effects on the environment, engineering and economy. Studies on the use of waste materials, especially in improving road and foundation filling materials, have recently attracted attention. In this study, compaction parameters, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) with the soaked and unsoaked condition and unconfined compressive strength values of soil-crumb rubber mixtures were evaluated. To investigate these effects, crumb rubber with various percentages (2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10.0% and 15.0%) was added to clay soil taken from Eskisehir city in Turkey. CBR and unconfined compressive test results show that a 5.0% crumb rubber level is optimum. For 5.0% additive level, soaked and unsoaked CBR values increased by approximately 18% and 25%, respectively. The highest increase was seen at same additive level as 8% compared to pure clay specimen for unconfined compressive strength.

Thanks

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in the course of this study.

References

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  • [2] Edinçliler, A., (2010), Atık lastiklerin geoteknik uygulamalarda hafif malzeme olarak kullanılması, Dördüncü Ulusal Geosentetikler Konferansı, İstanbul, Türkiye, 58-68.
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  • [4] Karabörk, F., Akdemir, A., (2013), Atık Taşıt Lastiklerinin Parçalanması ve Lastik Tozunun Karakterizasyonu, Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(1): 29-40.
  • [5] ASTM D6270-08, (2008), Standard practice for use of scrap tires in civil engineering applications. West Conshohocken, Pa: ASTM standard D6270-08. ASTM International.
  • [6] ASTM D5681-18, (2018), Standard Terminology for waste and waste management. West Conshohocken, Pa: ASTM standard D5681-18. ASTM International.
  • [7] CEN Workshop agreement (CWA) 14243-2002. CWA; 2002.
  • [8] Busic, R, Milicevic, I., Sipos T. and Strukar, K., (2018), Recycled rubber as an aggregate replacement in self-compacting concrete—literature overview, Materials, 11:1729.
  • [9] Li, B., Huang, M. and Zeng, X., (2016), Dynamic behavior and liquefaction analysis of recycled- rubber sand mixture, J Mater Civ Eng, 28:04016122.
  • [10] Liu, L., Cai, G. and Liu, S., (2018), Compression properties and micro-mechanisms of rubber-sand particle mixtures considering grain breakage, Construct Build Mater, 187: 1061–1072.
  • [11] Morales, E., Filiatrault A. and Aref, A., (2018), Seismic floor isolation using recycled tires for essential buildings in developing countries, Bull Earthq Eng, 16:6299–6333.
  • [12] Neaz Sheikh, M,, Mashiri, M., Vinod, J. and Tsang, H-H., (2012), Shear and compressibility behavior of sand–tire crumb mixtures, J Mater Civ Eng, 25:1366–1374.
  • [13] Tafreshi, S.M., Mehrjardi, G.T. and Dawson, A.R., (2012), Buried pipes in rubber-soil backfilled trenches under cyclic loading, J Geotech Eng, 138:1346–1356.
  • [14] Guo, Y., Morgan, J.K., (2006), The frictional and micromechanical effects of grain comminution in fault gouge from distinct element simulations, J Geophys Res Solid Earth,111.
  • [15] Zhang, T., Cai, G. and Duan, W., (2018), Strength and microstructure characteristics of the recycled rubber tire-sand mixtures as lightweight backfill, Environ Sci Pollut Res, 25:3872–3883.
  • [16] Ahmed, I., (1993), Laboratory study on properties of rubber-soils.
  • [17] Edil, T.B., Bosscher, P.J., (1994), Engineering properties of tire chips and soil mixtures, Geotech Test J, 17:453–464.
  • [18] Foose, G.J, Benson, C.H. and Bosscher P.J., (1996), Sand reinforced with shredded waste tires, J Geotech Eng-ASCE, 122:760–767.
  • [19] Feng, Z-Y, Sutter, K.G., (2000), Dynamic properties of granulated rubber/sand mixtures, Geotech Test J, 23:338–344.
  • [20] Zornberg, J.G., Cabral, A.R. and Viratjandr, C., (2004), Behavior of tire shred-sand mixtures, Can Geotech J, 41:227–241.
  • [21] Senetakis, K., Anastasiadis, A. and Pitilakis, K., (2012), Dynamic properties of dry sand/rubber (SRM) and gravel/rubber (GRM) mixtures in a wide range of shearing strain amplitudes, Soil Dynam. Earthq. Eng., 33:38–53.
  • [22] Mounanga, P., Gbongbon, W., Poullain, P. and Turcry, P., (2008), Proportioning and characterization of lightweight concrete mixtures made with rigid polyurethane foam wastes, Cement Concr Compos, 30:806–814.
  • [23] Corinaldesi, V., Mazzoli, A. and Moriconi, G., (2011), Mechanical behavior and thermal conductivity of mortars containing waste rubber particles, Mater Des, 32: 1646–1650.
  • [24] Edil, T.B., Bosscher, P.J., (1992), Development of engineering of Criteria for shred waste tires in highway applications final report.
  • [25] Perez, J.L., Kwok, C. and Senetakis, K., (2017), Micromechanical analyses of the effect of rubber size and content on sand-rubber mixtures at the critical state, Geotext Geomembranes, 45:81–97.
  • [26] Cabalar, A.F., Karabash, Z. and Mustafa, W.S., (2014), Stabilising a clay using tyre buffings and lime. Road Mater. Pavement Des., 15, 872–891.
  • [27] Yadav., J., Tiwari, S., (2017), The impact of end-of-life tires on the mechanical properties of fine-grained soil: a review, Environ Dev Sustain,1–84.
  • [28] Cokca, E., Yilmaz, Z., (2004), Use of rubber and bentonite added fly ash as a liner material, Waste Manag, 24:153–164.
  • [29] Seda, J.H., Lee, J.C., Carraro, J.A.H., (2007), Beneficial use of waste tire rubber for swelling potential mitigation in expansive soils, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication 172, 1–9.
  • [30] Srivastava, A., Pandey, S. and Rana, J., (2014), Use of shredded tyre waste in improving the geotechnical properties of expansive black cotton soil, Geomechanics Geoengin, 9:303–311.
  • [31] Tatlisoz, N., Benson, C.H. and Edil, T.B., (1997), Effect of fines on mechanical properties of soil- tire chip mixtures, Testing Soil Mixed with wWaste or Recycled Materials, ASTM International.
  • [32] Akbulut, S., Arasan, S., Kalkan, E., (2007), Modification of clayey soils using scrap tire rubber and synthetic fibers, Appl Clay Sci, 38:23–32.
  • [33] Ozkul, Z.H., Baykal, G., (2007), Shear behavior of compacted rubber fiber-clay composite in drained and undrained loading, J Geotech Geoenviron, 133:767–781.
  • [34] Asadzadeh, M., Ersizad, A., (2013), Effect of tire-chips on geotechnical properties of clayey soil, In: International Symposium on Advances in Science and Technology, p. 117–20.
  • [35] Tajdini, M., Nabizadeh, A., Taherkhani, H. and Zartaj, H., (2017), Effect of added waste rubber on the properties and failure mode of kaolinite clay, Int J Civ Eng, 15:949–958.
  • [36] Al-Tabbaa, A., Aravinthan, T., (1998), Natural clay-shredded tire mixtures as landfill barrier materials, Waste Manag, 18:9–16.
  • [37] Signes, C.H., Garzon-Roca, J., Fernandez, P.M., de la Torre, M.E.G. and Franco, R.I., (2016), Swelling potential reduction of Spanish argillaceous marlstone Facies Tap soil through the addition of crumb rubber particles from scrap tyres, Appl Clay Sci,132: 768–773.
  • [38] Ajmera, B., Tiwari, B., Koirala, J. and Obaid, Z., (2017), Compaction Characteristics, Unconfined Compressive Strengths, and Coefficients of Permeability of FineGrained Soils Mixed with Crumb-Rubber Tire, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 29 (9), 1-10.
  • [39] Al-Tabbaa, A., Blackwell, O., Porter, S., (1997), An investigation into the geotechnical properties of soil-tyre mixtures, Environ Technol, 18:855–860.
  • [40] ASTM, (1994), Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Soil and Rock. American Society for Testing and Materials, 04.08.
  • [41] ASTM D698–12, (2021), Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA USA.
  • [42] Priyadarshee, A., Gupta, D., Kumar, V. and Sharma, V., (2015), Comparative study on performance of tire crumbles with fly ash and kaolin clay, International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 1:38, 7p.
  • [43] Vijay, S., (2018), Stress-strain and penetration characteristics of clay modified with crumb rubber, Revista Facultad de Ingenieria, vol. 27 (49), 65-75.
  • [44] Li, S., Li, D., (2018), Mechanical properties of scrap tire crumbs-clayey soil mixtures determined by laboratory tests, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, Article ID 1742676, 10 pages.
  • [45] ASTM D1883-21, (2021), Standard Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils, ASTM International: Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  • [46] ASTM, D2166-13/D2166M-16, (2016), Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA USA.
  • Kim, Y.T., Kang, H.S., (2013), Effects of rubber and bottom ash inclusion on geotechnical characteristics of composite geomaterial. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 31(1), 71–85.
Year 2022, Issue: 051, 136 - 148, 31.12.2022

Abstract

References

  • [1] Yadav, J.S., Tiwari, S.K., (2016), Effect of inclusion of crumb rubber on the unconfined compressive strength and wet-dry durability of cement stabilized clayey soil, J Build Mater Struct, 3:68–84.
  • [2] Edinçliler, A., (2010), Atık lastiklerin geoteknik uygulamalarda hafif malzeme olarak kullanılması, Dördüncü Ulusal Geosentetikler Konferansı, İstanbul, Türkiye, 58-68.
  • [3] URL-1, Lastik Sanayicileri Derneği, https://www.lasder.org.tr/, Erişim 26.09.2022.
  • [4] Karabörk, F., Akdemir, A., (2013), Atık Taşıt Lastiklerinin Parçalanması ve Lastik Tozunun Karakterizasyonu, Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(1): 29-40.
  • [5] ASTM D6270-08, (2008), Standard practice for use of scrap tires in civil engineering applications. West Conshohocken, Pa: ASTM standard D6270-08. ASTM International.
  • [6] ASTM D5681-18, (2018), Standard Terminology for waste and waste management. West Conshohocken, Pa: ASTM standard D5681-18. ASTM International.
  • [7] CEN Workshop agreement (CWA) 14243-2002. CWA; 2002.
  • [8] Busic, R, Milicevic, I., Sipos T. and Strukar, K., (2018), Recycled rubber as an aggregate replacement in self-compacting concrete—literature overview, Materials, 11:1729.
  • [9] Li, B., Huang, M. and Zeng, X., (2016), Dynamic behavior and liquefaction analysis of recycled- rubber sand mixture, J Mater Civ Eng, 28:04016122.
  • [10] Liu, L., Cai, G. and Liu, S., (2018), Compression properties and micro-mechanisms of rubber-sand particle mixtures considering grain breakage, Construct Build Mater, 187: 1061–1072.
  • [11] Morales, E., Filiatrault A. and Aref, A., (2018), Seismic floor isolation using recycled tires for essential buildings in developing countries, Bull Earthq Eng, 16:6299–6333.
  • [12] Neaz Sheikh, M,, Mashiri, M., Vinod, J. and Tsang, H-H., (2012), Shear and compressibility behavior of sand–tire crumb mixtures, J Mater Civ Eng, 25:1366–1374.
  • [13] Tafreshi, S.M., Mehrjardi, G.T. and Dawson, A.R., (2012), Buried pipes in rubber-soil backfilled trenches under cyclic loading, J Geotech Eng, 138:1346–1356.
  • [14] Guo, Y., Morgan, J.K., (2006), The frictional and micromechanical effects of grain comminution in fault gouge from distinct element simulations, J Geophys Res Solid Earth,111.
  • [15] Zhang, T., Cai, G. and Duan, W., (2018), Strength and microstructure characteristics of the recycled rubber tire-sand mixtures as lightweight backfill, Environ Sci Pollut Res, 25:3872–3883.
  • [16] Ahmed, I., (1993), Laboratory study on properties of rubber-soils.
  • [17] Edil, T.B., Bosscher, P.J., (1994), Engineering properties of tire chips and soil mixtures, Geotech Test J, 17:453–464.
  • [18] Foose, G.J, Benson, C.H. and Bosscher P.J., (1996), Sand reinforced with shredded waste tires, J Geotech Eng-ASCE, 122:760–767.
  • [19] Feng, Z-Y, Sutter, K.G., (2000), Dynamic properties of granulated rubber/sand mixtures, Geotech Test J, 23:338–344.
  • [20] Zornberg, J.G., Cabral, A.R. and Viratjandr, C., (2004), Behavior of tire shred-sand mixtures, Can Geotech J, 41:227–241.
  • [21] Senetakis, K., Anastasiadis, A. and Pitilakis, K., (2012), Dynamic properties of dry sand/rubber (SRM) and gravel/rubber (GRM) mixtures in a wide range of shearing strain amplitudes, Soil Dynam. Earthq. Eng., 33:38–53.
  • [22] Mounanga, P., Gbongbon, W., Poullain, P. and Turcry, P., (2008), Proportioning and characterization of lightweight concrete mixtures made with rigid polyurethane foam wastes, Cement Concr Compos, 30:806–814.
  • [23] Corinaldesi, V., Mazzoli, A. and Moriconi, G., (2011), Mechanical behavior and thermal conductivity of mortars containing waste rubber particles, Mater Des, 32: 1646–1650.
  • [24] Edil, T.B., Bosscher, P.J., (1992), Development of engineering of Criteria for shred waste tires in highway applications final report.
  • [25] Perez, J.L., Kwok, C. and Senetakis, K., (2017), Micromechanical analyses of the effect of rubber size and content on sand-rubber mixtures at the critical state, Geotext Geomembranes, 45:81–97.
  • [26] Cabalar, A.F., Karabash, Z. and Mustafa, W.S., (2014), Stabilising a clay using tyre buffings and lime. Road Mater. Pavement Des., 15, 872–891.
  • [27] Yadav., J., Tiwari, S., (2017), The impact of end-of-life tires on the mechanical properties of fine-grained soil: a review, Environ Dev Sustain,1–84.
  • [28] Cokca, E., Yilmaz, Z., (2004), Use of rubber and bentonite added fly ash as a liner material, Waste Manag, 24:153–164.
  • [29] Seda, J.H., Lee, J.C., Carraro, J.A.H., (2007), Beneficial use of waste tire rubber for swelling potential mitigation in expansive soils, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication 172, 1–9.
  • [30] Srivastava, A., Pandey, S. and Rana, J., (2014), Use of shredded tyre waste in improving the geotechnical properties of expansive black cotton soil, Geomechanics Geoengin, 9:303–311.
  • [31] Tatlisoz, N., Benson, C.H. and Edil, T.B., (1997), Effect of fines on mechanical properties of soil- tire chip mixtures, Testing Soil Mixed with wWaste or Recycled Materials, ASTM International.
  • [32] Akbulut, S., Arasan, S., Kalkan, E., (2007), Modification of clayey soils using scrap tire rubber and synthetic fibers, Appl Clay Sci, 38:23–32.
  • [33] Ozkul, Z.H., Baykal, G., (2007), Shear behavior of compacted rubber fiber-clay composite in drained and undrained loading, J Geotech Geoenviron, 133:767–781.
  • [34] Asadzadeh, M., Ersizad, A., (2013), Effect of tire-chips on geotechnical properties of clayey soil, In: International Symposium on Advances in Science and Technology, p. 117–20.
  • [35] Tajdini, M., Nabizadeh, A., Taherkhani, H. and Zartaj, H., (2017), Effect of added waste rubber on the properties and failure mode of kaolinite clay, Int J Civ Eng, 15:949–958.
  • [36] Al-Tabbaa, A., Aravinthan, T., (1998), Natural clay-shredded tire mixtures as landfill barrier materials, Waste Manag, 18:9–16.
  • [37] Signes, C.H., Garzon-Roca, J., Fernandez, P.M., de la Torre, M.E.G. and Franco, R.I., (2016), Swelling potential reduction of Spanish argillaceous marlstone Facies Tap soil through the addition of crumb rubber particles from scrap tyres, Appl Clay Sci,132: 768–773.
  • [38] Ajmera, B., Tiwari, B., Koirala, J. and Obaid, Z., (2017), Compaction Characteristics, Unconfined Compressive Strengths, and Coefficients of Permeability of FineGrained Soils Mixed with Crumb-Rubber Tire, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 29 (9), 1-10.
  • [39] Al-Tabbaa, A., Blackwell, O., Porter, S., (1997), An investigation into the geotechnical properties of soil-tyre mixtures, Environ Technol, 18:855–860.
  • [40] ASTM, (1994), Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Soil and Rock. American Society for Testing and Materials, 04.08.
  • [41] ASTM D698–12, (2021), Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA USA.
  • [42] Priyadarshee, A., Gupta, D., Kumar, V. and Sharma, V., (2015), Comparative study on performance of tire crumbles with fly ash and kaolin clay, International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 1:38, 7p.
  • [43] Vijay, S., (2018), Stress-strain and penetration characteristics of clay modified with crumb rubber, Revista Facultad de Ingenieria, vol. 27 (49), 65-75.
  • [44] Li, S., Li, D., (2018), Mechanical properties of scrap tire crumbs-clayey soil mixtures determined by laboratory tests, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, Article ID 1742676, 10 pages.
  • [45] ASTM D1883-21, (2021), Standard Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils, ASTM International: Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  • [46] ASTM, D2166-13/D2166M-16, (2016), Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA USA.
  • Kim, Y.T., Kang, H.S., (2013), Effects of rubber and bottom ash inclusion on geotechnical characteristics of composite geomaterial. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 31(1), 71–85.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sadettin Topçu 0000-0003-1306-2502

Evren Seyrek 0000-0003-4373-6723

Publication Date December 31, 2022
Submission Date September 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 051

Cite

IEEE S. Topçu and E. Seyrek, “EVALUATION of GEOTECHNICAL BEHAVIOR of CLAY SOIL with CRUMB RUBBER ADDITION”, JSR-A, no. 051, pp. 136–148, December 2022.