VALORIZATION OF TURKISH COFFEE WASTE AS A BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK

Year 2023, Issue: 054, 239 - 250, 30.09.2023

Ayşe Hilal Ulukardeşler

https://doi.org/10.59313/jsr-a.1313490

Abstract

Increasing industrialization and population increase demand to fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are limited all over the world. This causes the supply of these fuels to deplete and at the same time increase greenhouse gas emissions. Biodiesel is a good alternative to fossil fuels. Researchers are looking for products with high oil content as a feedstock for biodiesel production. Since the average oil content of coffee is 15% by weight and the annual coffee consumption in the world is approximately 1.5-2 million tons, it is possible to contribute to the economy by producing biodiesel from the waste coffee oil. Turkish coffee is a special coffee due to its preparation and cooking methods and has an important place in Turkish culture. Its consumption between the other coffee types is above 80% in Turkey, so it should be evaluated differently. In this study, the oil amount of Turkish coffee waste was investigated and it was discussed as a raw material for biodiesel. 16.8% wt. oil was obtained as a result of soxhlet extraction of Turkish coffee waste. This study suggests 8.44 million L of biodiesel production from Turkish coffee waste annually.

Keywords

Biodiesel, Coffee, Turkish Coffee, Turkish Coffee Waste, Renewable Energy

References

• [1] International Energy Agency. www.iea.org ( accessed on 15.07.2022)
• [2] Estevez, R., Aguado-Deblas, L., Lopez-Tenllado, F.J., Luna, C., Calero, J., Romero, A.A., Bautista, F.M. and Luna, D., (2022). Biodiesel is dead: long life to advanced biofuels-A comprehensive critical review, Energies, 15, 3173.
• [3] Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation, teias.gov.tr (accessed on 02.07.2022).
• [4] Biyodizel Sanayi Raporu I, www.biyodizel.org.tr (accessed on 01.07.2022)
• [5] Okolie, J.A., Escobar, J.I., Umenweke, G., Khanday, W. and Okoya, P.U., (2022). Continuous biodiesel production: A review of advances in catalysis, microfluidic and cavitation reactors, Fuel, 307, 121821, 1-22.
• [6] da Silva, C.A., dos Santos, R.N., Oliveira, G.G., de Souza Ferreira, T.P., de Souza, N.L.G.D., Soares, A.S., de Melo, J.F., Colares, C.J.G., de Souza, U.J.B. and de Araújo-Filho, R.N., (2022). Biodiesel and bioplastic production from waste-cooking-oil transesterification: An environmentally friendly approach, Energies, 15, 1073.
• [7] Kamil, M., Ramadan, K.M., Olabi, A.G., Al-Ali, E.I., Ma, X. and Awad, O.I., (2020). Economic, technical, and environmental viability of biodiesel blends, Renewable Energy, 147, 1880-1894.
• [8] Banu, J.R., Kavitha, S., Kannah, R.Y., Kumar, M.D., Preethi, Atabani, A.E. and Kumar, G., (2020). Biorefinery of spent coffee grounds waste: Viable pathway towards circular, Bioresource Technology, 302, 122821, 1-15.
• [9] Deshmukh, G.K., Rehman, A. and Gupta, R., (2021). Combustion and emission characteristics of a compression-ignition engine fuelled with transesterified-jatropha biodiesel-diesel blends, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 11(2), 899-907.
• [10] Jayakumar, M., Karmegam, N., Gundupalli, M.P., Gebeyehu, K.B., Asfaw, B.T., Chang, S.W., Ravindran, B. and Awasthi, M.K., (2021). Heterogeneous base catalysts: synthesis and application for biodiesel production - A review, Bioresource Technology, 331, 125054, 1-12.
• [11] Abomohra, A.E., Zheng, X., Wang, Q., Huang, J. and Ebaid, R., (2021). Enhancement of biodiesel yield and characteristics through in-situ solvo-thermal co-transesterification of wet microalgae with spent coffee grounds, Bioresource Technology, 323, 124640, 1-11.
• [12] Atabani, A.E., Al-Muhtaseb, A.H., Kumar, G., Saratale, G.D., Aslam, M., Khan, H.A., Said, Z. and Mahmoud, E., (2019). Valorization of spent coffee grounds into biofuels and value-added products: pathway towards integrated bio-refinery, Fuel, 254, 115640, 1-20.
• [13] Atabani, A.E., Shobana, S., Mohammed, M.N., Uğuz, G., Kumar, G., Arvindnarayan, S., Aslam, M. and Al-Muhtaseb, A.H., (2019). Integrated valorization of waste cooking oil and spent coffee grounds for biodiesel production: Blending with higher alcohols, FT–IR, TGA, DSC and NMR characterizations, Fuel, 244, 419-430.
• [14] Colantoni, A., Paris, E., Bianchini, L., Ferri, S., Marcantonio, V., Carnevale, M., Palma, A., Civitarese, V. and Gallucci, F., (2021). Spent coffee ground characterization, pelletization test and emissions assessment in the combustion process, Scientific Reports, 11:5119, 1-14.
• [15] Wu, C.T., Agrawal, D.C., Huang, W.Y., Hsu, H.C., Yang, S.J., Huang, S.L. and Lin, Y.S., (2019). Functionality analysis of spent coffee ground extracts obtained by the hydrothermal method, Journal of Chemistry, 4671438, 1-8.
• [16] Vanyan, L., Cenian, A. and Trchounian, K., (2022). Biogas and biohydrogen production using spent coffee grounds and alcohol production waste, Energies, 15, 5935.
• [17] Chen, C.Y., Shih, C.H., Lin, T.C., Zheng, J.H., Hsu, C.C., Chen, K.M., Lin, Y.S. and Wu, C.T., (2021). Antioxidation and tyrosinase inhibitory ability of coffee pulp extract by ethanol, Journal of Chemistry, 8649618, 1-8.
• [18] Altundağ, Ö.Ö., (2019). Health dimensions of Turkish Coffee and its effects, İzmir Democracy University Health Sciences Journal, 2(3), 183-193.
• [19] Temeloğlu, E. and Akdeniz, D., (2020). Tüketicilerin Türk Kahvesi hakkında bilgiye sahip olma algı seviyelerinin demografik özelliklere göre karşılaştırılması, Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 116-126.
• [20] Süren, T. and Kızıleli, M., (2021). Geleneksel Türk içecekleri, AHBVÜ Turizm Fakültesi Dergisi, 24 (1), 46-71.
• [21] Kefeli, E., Şahin, Ö. and Yarmacı, N., (2020). Üçüncü nesil kahve işletmelerinde Türk Kahvesinin yeri: İstanbul örneği, Uluslararası Batı Karadeniz Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2), 130-147.
• [22] Saratale, G.D., Bhosale, R., Shobana, S., Banu, J.R., Pugazhendhi, A., Mahmoud, E., Sirohi, R., Bhatia, S.K., Atabani, A.E., Mulone, V., Yoon, J.J., Shina, H.S. and Kumar, G., (2020). A review on valorization of spent coffee grounds (SCG) towards biopolymers and biocatalysts production, Bioresource Technology, 314, 123800, 1-12.
• [23] International Coffee Organization, www.ico.org, (accessed on 09.07.2022)
• [24] Küçükkömürler, S. and Özgen, L., (2009). Coffee and Turkish Coffee culture, Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(10), 1693-1700.
• [25] Akşit, N.A., (2017). Değişen kahve tüketim alışkanlıkları ve Türk Kahvesi üzerine bir araştırma, Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 5(4), 310-325.
• [26] Karhan, J., (2021). Toplumsal ve kültürel bir içecek: “Türk Kahvesi”, Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi, 52, 149-165.
• [27] Bir Kahveden Daha Fazlası, “Türk Kahvesi”, www.brewmood.com.tr/blog/ (accessed on 01.07.2022).
• [28] Yüksel, A.N., Barut, K.T.Ö. and Bayram, M., (2020). The effects of roasting, milling, brewing and storage processes on the physicochemical properties of Turkish Coffee, LWT-Food Science and Technology, 131, 109711, 1-8.
• [29] Nguyen, H.C., Nguyen, M.L., Wang, F.M., Juan, H.Y. and Su, C.H., (2020). Biodiesel production by direct transesterification of wet spent coffee grounds using switchable solvent as a catalyst and solvent, Bioresource Technology, 296, 122334, 1-7.
• [30] Boğa, T. and Dertli, E., (2021). Kullanılmış kahve telvesinin lif kaynağı olarak değerlendirilme potansiyeli, European Journal of Science and Technology, 31(1), 114-120.
• [31] Brand, D., Pandey, A., Roussos, S. and Soccol, C.R., (2000). Biological detoxification of coffee husk by filamentous fungi using a solid state fermentation system, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 27(1-2), 127-133.
• [32] La Scalia, G., Saeli, M., Miglietta, P.P. and Micale, R., (2021). Coffee biowaste valorization within circular economy: an evaluation method of spent coffee grounds potentials for mortar production, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 26, 1805–1815.
• [33] Mussatto, S.I., Carneiro, L.M., Silva, J.P.A., Roberto, I.C. and Teixeira, J.A., (2011). A study on chemical constituents and sugars extraction from spent coffee grounds, Carbohydrate Polymers, 83, 368-374.
• [34] Silva, M.A., Nebra, S.A., Silva, M.M.J. and Sanchez, C.G., (1998). The use of biomass residues in the Brazilian soluble coffee industry, Biomass and Bioenergy, 14(5/6), 457-467.
• [35] Najdanovic-Visak, V., Lee, F.Y.L, Tavares, M.T., and Armstrong, A., (2017). Kinetics of extraction and ın situ transesterification of oils from spent coffee grounds, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2017, 5, 2611–2616.
• [36] Uddin, M.N., Techato, K., Rasul, M.G., Hassan, N.M.S. and Mojifur, M., (2019). Waste coffee oil: a promising source for biodiesel production, Energy Procedia, 160, 677-682.
• [37] Rocha, M.V.P., de Matos, L.J.B.L., de Lima, L.P., Figueiredo, P.M.S., Lucena, I.L., Fernandes, F.A.N. and Gonçalves, L.R.B., (2014). Ultrasound-assisted production of biodiesel and ethanol from spent coffee grounds, Bioresource Technology, 167, 343-348.
• [38] Atabani, A.E., Mercimek, S.M., Arvindnarayan, S., Shobana, S., Kumar, G., Cadir, M. and Al-Muhatseb, A.H., (2018). Valorization of spent coffee grounds recycling as a potential alternative fuel resource in Turkey: an experimental study, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 68:3, 196-214.
• [39] Acar, N., Çakırbaş, A. and Çizmeci, B., (2019). Determination of factors affecting the selection of turkish coffee places: an example of Nevsehir, Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 135-143.
• [40] Karaman, N., Kılıç, A. and Avcıkurt, C., (2019). Tüketicilerin kahve kafeleri ziyaret eğilimlerinin ve değişen kahve tüketim alışkanlıklarının belirlenmesi: geleneksel Türk kahvesi üzerine bir araştırma, Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(3), 612-632.
• [41] Akşit Aşık, N., (2017). A research on changing coffee consumption habits and Turkish coffee, Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 5(4), 310-325.
• [42] Kahve Tüketim Alışkanlıkları, twentify.com, (accessed on 05.07.2022).
• [43] Efthymiopoulos, I., Hellier, P., Ladommatos, N., Kay, A. and Mills‑Lamptey, B., (2019). Effect of solvent extraction parameters on the recovery of oil from spent coffee grounds for biofuel production, Waste Biomass Valorization, 10, 253-264.
• [44] Haile, M., (2014). Integrated valorization of spent coffee grounds to biofuels, Biofuel Research Journal, 2, 65-69.
• [45] Deligiannis, A., Papazafeiropoulou, A., Anastopoulos, G. and Zannikos, F., (2011). Waste coffee grounds as an energy feedstock, Proceedings of the 3rd International CEMEPE & SECOTOX Conference Skiathos, June 19-24, 617-622.
• [46] Al-Hamamre, Z., Foerster, S., Hartmann, F., Kröger, M. and Kaltschmitt, M., (2012). Oil extracted from spent coffee grounds as a renewable source for fatty acid methyl ester manufacturing, Fuel, 96, 70-76.
• [47] Ahangari, B. and Sargolzaei, J., (2013). Extraction of lipids from spent coffee grounds using organic solvents and supercritical carbon dioxide, Journal of Food Processing ad Preservation, 37, 1014-1021.
• [48] Ariga, S.R., Aisyah, Y., Patria, A., Arpi, N. and Yunita, D., (2018). Physicochemical characterization of oil from roasted coffee, Proceeding of The 8th AIC: Health and Life Sciences, Syiah Kuala University, 94-102.
• [49] Tan, A. and Hocaoğlu, E., (2017). Türkiye’de hazır kahve satın alma ve tüketim alışkanlıkları, Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 16(4), 950-962.