The Calculation of Composite Calendar Regressors Including Moving Holidays in Türkiye
Year 2023,
Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 13 - 27, 28.12.2023
Muhammed Fatih Tüzen
,
Gülsüm Merve Gökçin
,
Özlem Yiğit
Abstract
The calendar effects are divided into working days, trading days, leap years, moving holidays and fixed holidays. In order to analyze the calendar effects for short term statistics ten composite calendar regressors were calculated. Theoretical averages were used instead of a specific date range to calculate long-term averages. This study explains how to calculate ten composite calendar regressors, including moving holidays such as Ramadan and Sacrifice Feast, which significantly impact economic activities in Türkiye. Furthermore, the consistency analysis of the composite calendar regressors over the periods was also mentioned. The calendar effects of the Industrial Production Index (IPI) time series are determined by reducing the number of observations backward as a case study. This study will make significant contributions to the literature and be beneficial for other countries where there are moving holidays according to the Lunar Calendar.
References
- Alper, C.Emre, and S.Boragan Aruoba. 2004. "Moving holidays and seasonal adjustment: the case of Turkey." Review of Middle East Economics and Finance 2 (3):203-209.
- Atabek, Aslihan, Oguz Atuk, Evren Erdogan Cosar, and Cagri Sarikaya. 2009. "Mevsimsel Modellerde Çalışma Günü Değişkeni." TCMB Ekonomi Notları 09/03.
- Atuk, Oguz, and Beyza Pinar Ural. 2002. "Seasonal adjustment methods: an application to the Turkish monetary aggregates." Central Bank Review 2 (1):21-37.
- Bell, William R, and Steven C Hillmer. 1983. "Modeling time series with calendar variation." Journal of the American statistical Association 78 (383):526-534.
- Bessa, Mohamed, Rim Dhifalli, Dominique Ladiray, Adnen Lassoued, and Bechir Maghrabi. 2009. "Les effets de calendrier dans les séries tunisiennes." STATECO (103).
- Bozok, İhsan, and İbrahim Burak Kanli. 2013. "Impact of “De Facto” Bridge Holidays." TCMB Ekonomi Notları 13/08.
- Cano, Stephanie, Patricia Getz, Jurgen Kropf, Stuart Scott, and George Stamas. 1996. "Adjusting for a calendar effect in employment time series." Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section of the American Statistical Association, U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics.
- Cleveland, William S, and Susan J Devlin. 1982. "Calendar effects in monthly time series: modeling and adjustment." Journal of the American Statistical Association 77 (379):520-528.
- Demirhan, Aslıhan Atabek. 2016. "Dış Ticaret İstatistiklerinde Mevsimsel Anomaliler." Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 18 (2):471-484.
- Eyerci, Cem. 2021. "Kurban Bayramının Kırmızı Et Fiyatlarına Etkisi." Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 12 (23):107-126.
- Eyerci, Cem, A. Ömer Toprak, and Ömer Demir. 2021. "Ramadan effect on prices and production: Case of Turkey." Statistika: Statistics and Economy Journal 101(2):159-186.
- Faye, Modou Ndour, Béchir Maghrabi, Adnen Laoussed, Amal Mansouri, and Dominique Ladiray. 2019. "The Effects Of Ramadan On Prices : A Comparison Between 3 Countries (Marocco, Senegal, Tunisia)." Time Series Workshop, Paris,France, 26-27 September 2019.
- Hillmer, SC, WR Bell, and GC Tiao. 1983. "“Modeling Considerations in the Seasonal Adjustment of Economic Time Series, in Zellner, A., Applied Time Series Analysis of Economic Data."74-100.
- Koçak, Necmettin Alpay. 2009. "Sanayi Üretiminde Tatil Etkileri." İstanbul University Econometrics and Statistics e-Journal (10):20-28.
- Ladiray, Dominique. 2006. "Calendar Effects and Seasonal Adjustment:A Review." Conference On Seasonality, Seasonal Adjustment And Their Implications For Short-Term Analysis And Forecasting, Luxembourg.
- Lin, Jin-Lung, and Tian-Syh Liu. 2002. "Modeling lunar calendar holiday effects in Taiwan." Taiwan Economic Forecast and Policy 33 (1):1-37.
- Shuja, Norhayati , Mohd Alias Lazim, and Wah Yap Bee. 2007. "Moving holiday effects adjustment for malaysian economic time series." Journal of the Department of Statistics, Malaysia 1:35-50.
- Soukup, Raymond J, and David F Findley. 2000. "Detection and Modeling of Trading Day Effects." ICES II: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Establishment Surveys (2001).
- Young, Allan H. 1965. Estimating trading-day variation in monthly economic time series. Vol. Technical paper No. 12. Washington, DC: Department of Commerce, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington D.C.
Türkiye'de Hareketli Tatilleri İçeren Birleşik Takvim Regresörlerinin Hesaplanması
Year 2023,
Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 13 - 27, 28.12.2023
Muhammed Fatih Tüzen
,
Gülsüm Merve Gökçin
,
Özlem Yiğit
Abstract
Takvim etkileri, iş günü, ticaret günü, artık yıl, hareketli tatil (Hicri takvime bağlı tatiller) ve sabit tatil (Miladi takvime bağlı tatiller) gibi kategorilere ayrılır. Kısa dönemli istatistiklerdeki bu takvim etkilerini analiz etmek amacıyla on farklı birleşik takvim etkisi regresörleri oluşturulmuştur. Uzun dönem ortalamaların hesaplanmasında belirli bir tarih aralığı yerine teorik ortalamalar kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma Türkiye’de ekonomik aktiviteler üzerinde önemli etkisi olan Ramazan Bayramı ve Kurban Bayramı gibi dini tatillerin de kapsandığı on farklı birleşik takvim etkisinin nasıl elde edildiğini açıklamaktadır. Ayrıca çalışmada elde edilen birleşik takvim regresörlerinin dönemler içerisindeki tutarlılığının analiz sürecinden de bahsedilmiştir. Uygulama örneği olarak, Sanayi Üretim Endeksi (SUE) zaman serilerinin geriye doğru gözlem sayısı azaltma yöntemiyle takvim etkileri belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın literatüre önemli katkılar sağlayacağı ve ay takvimine göre hareketli tatillerin olduğu diğer ülkeler için faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir.
References
- Alper, C.Emre, and S.Boragan Aruoba. 2004. "Moving holidays and seasonal adjustment: the case of Turkey." Review of Middle East Economics and Finance 2 (3):203-209.
- Atabek, Aslihan, Oguz Atuk, Evren Erdogan Cosar, and Cagri Sarikaya. 2009. "Mevsimsel Modellerde Çalışma Günü Değişkeni." TCMB Ekonomi Notları 09/03.
- Atuk, Oguz, and Beyza Pinar Ural. 2002. "Seasonal adjustment methods: an application to the Turkish monetary aggregates." Central Bank Review 2 (1):21-37.
- Bell, William R, and Steven C Hillmer. 1983. "Modeling time series with calendar variation." Journal of the American statistical Association 78 (383):526-534.
- Bessa, Mohamed, Rim Dhifalli, Dominique Ladiray, Adnen Lassoued, and Bechir Maghrabi. 2009. "Les effets de calendrier dans les séries tunisiennes." STATECO (103).
- Bozok, İhsan, and İbrahim Burak Kanli. 2013. "Impact of “De Facto” Bridge Holidays." TCMB Ekonomi Notları 13/08.
- Cano, Stephanie, Patricia Getz, Jurgen Kropf, Stuart Scott, and George Stamas. 1996. "Adjusting for a calendar effect in employment time series." Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section of the American Statistical Association, U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics.
- Cleveland, William S, and Susan J Devlin. 1982. "Calendar effects in monthly time series: modeling and adjustment." Journal of the American Statistical Association 77 (379):520-528.
- Demirhan, Aslıhan Atabek. 2016. "Dış Ticaret İstatistiklerinde Mevsimsel Anomaliler." Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 18 (2):471-484.
- Eyerci, Cem. 2021. "Kurban Bayramının Kırmızı Et Fiyatlarına Etkisi." Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 12 (23):107-126.
- Eyerci, Cem, A. Ömer Toprak, and Ömer Demir. 2021. "Ramadan effect on prices and production: Case of Turkey." Statistika: Statistics and Economy Journal 101(2):159-186.
- Faye, Modou Ndour, Béchir Maghrabi, Adnen Laoussed, Amal Mansouri, and Dominique Ladiray. 2019. "The Effects Of Ramadan On Prices : A Comparison Between 3 Countries (Marocco, Senegal, Tunisia)." Time Series Workshop, Paris,France, 26-27 September 2019.
- Hillmer, SC, WR Bell, and GC Tiao. 1983. "“Modeling Considerations in the Seasonal Adjustment of Economic Time Series, in Zellner, A., Applied Time Series Analysis of Economic Data."74-100.
- Koçak, Necmettin Alpay. 2009. "Sanayi Üretiminde Tatil Etkileri." İstanbul University Econometrics and Statistics e-Journal (10):20-28.
- Ladiray, Dominique. 2006. "Calendar Effects and Seasonal Adjustment:A Review." Conference On Seasonality, Seasonal Adjustment And Their Implications For Short-Term Analysis And Forecasting, Luxembourg.
- Lin, Jin-Lung, and Tian-Syh Liu. 2002. "Modeling lunar calendar holiday effects in Taiwan." Taiwan Economic Forecast and Policy 33 (1):1-37.
- Shuja, Norhayati , Mohd Alias Lazim, and Wah Yap Bee. 2007. "Moving holiday effects adjustment for malaysian economic time series." Journal of the Department of Statistics, Malaysia 1:35-50.
- Soukup, Raymond J, and David F Findley. 2000. "Detection and Modeling of Trading Day Effects." ICES II: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Establishment Surveys (2001).
- Young, Allan H. 1965. Estimating trading-day variation in monthly economic time series. Vol. Technical paper No. 12. Washington, DC: Department of Commerce, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington D.C.