Occupational Incentives and Teacher Retention in Private Secondary Schools in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Abstract

This study examined the relationship between occupational incentives and teacher retention in private secondary schools in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The study formulated four objectives, research questions and hypotheses. The research design was ex-post facto. The population of the study comprised 10,614 teachers and multi-stage sampling method was used to select 784 teachers as sample. Data were gathered using two instruments titled: “Occupational Incentives Questionnaire (OIQ) and Teacher Retention Questionnaire (TRQ)”. Pearson correlation statistic was used to analyse data and test the hypotheses while internal consistency was determined using Cronbach Alpha coefficient which gave reliability of 0.83 and 0.93 respectively. The findings revealed that significant relationship existed between job security, remuneration, promotion, welfare and teacher retention in private secondary schools. Recommendation based on the findings is that Private School Management in line with the government policy on emoluments should review teachers’ salaries, promotion and other fringe benefits.

Keywords

• Occupational incentive,retention,secondary school,Nigeria

References

1. Abdullah, & Ramay, M. I. (2012). Antecedents of organizational commitment of banking sector employees in Pakistan. Serbain Journal of Management, 7(1), 89-102.
2. Adewunmi, R.A. (2011). The relationship between provision of welfare services and teacher attitude to work in selected public secondary schools in Lagos. (Unpublished master dissertation). Ondo State University, Ondo.
3. Akande, F.B.A. (2014). Assessment of the relationship between conditions of service and teachers’ job performance in secondary schools in Kogi State, Nigeria. (Unpublished master dissertation), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
4. Akpan, C. P. (2013). Job security and job satisfaction as determinants of organizational commitment among university teachers in Cross River State, Nigeria. British Journal of Education, 1(2), 82-93.
5. Amutuhaire,T. (2010).Terms of service and job retention among academic staff in Makerere University. (Unpublished master dissrtation). Makerere University, Kampala.
6. Bosompem, M., Kwarteng, J. A., & Mensah, A.O. (2012). Determinants of motivation of senior high school agricultural science teachers in the central region. International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research, 1(1), 18-31. Retrieved from http://www.rcmss.org/ijpamr/Vol.1/No.1/.pdf
7. Borsuk, A.J. (2001). Halting teacher turnover remains challenge at MPS. JS Online.Retrieved from http//www.jsonline.com/news/metro/mar00/reten020301a.asp
8. Boyd, D., Lankford, H., Loeb, S., & Wyckoff, J. (2007). Who leaves? Teacher attrition and student achievement (Research report). Albany, NY: Teacher Policy Research.

9. Chiboiwa, W. M., Samuel, M.O., & Chipunza J. (2010). An examination of employee retention strategy in a private organisation in Zimbabwe. African Journal of Business Management, 4 (10), 2103- 2109.
10. Demaki, G.O. (2012). Business recovery strategies in the economic crisis of recession in Nigeria. An International Multidisciplinary Journal Ethiopia, 6(1), 24.
11. Dibble, S. (2009). Keeping your valuable employees: Retention strategies for your organisation. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
12. Federal Republic of Nigeria (2004). National Policy on Education. Lagos: NERDC Press.
13. Hanushek, R., Kain., J., O’Brien, D., & Rivkin, S. (2006). The market for teacher quality (Technical report). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
14. Khan, A.H., Nawaz, M.M, Aleem, M. & Hamed, W. A. (2012). Impact of job satisfaction on employee performance: An empirical study of autonomous medical institutions of Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management. 6 (7), 2697-2705.
15. Ilunor, N.S. (2010). Teacher training and welfare package as correlates of teacher effectiveness in Ikorodu Local Government Area of Lagos State. (Unpublished master dissertation). University of Calabar, Calabar.
16. Ikenyiri, E. & Ihua-Maduenyi, R. (2011) Teachers assessment of needs satisfiers as motivation for teachers’ effectiveness in Rivers State primary schools. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Teaching, Learning and Change, International Association for Teaching and Learning (IATEL), Retrieved from http://www.hrmars.com/admin/pics/194.pdf
17. Ingersoll, R.M. (2001). Teacher turnover and teacher shortages: An organisational analysis. American Educational Research Journal, 38(3), 499-534.
18. Kipkebut, D. J. (2010). Organisational commitment and job satisfaction in higher educational institutions: The Kenyan case. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Middlesex University, London.
19. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396.
20. McKeown, J. L (2012). Retaining top employees. New York: McGraw-Hill.
21. Michael, S.O. (2008). Using motivational strategy as panacea for employee retention and turnover in selected public and private sector organisations in the eastern Cape Province of South Africa. (Unpublished master of Commerce thesis). Fort Hare University.
22. Msuya, O. W. (2016). Exploring levels of job satisfaction among teachers in public secondary schools in Tanzania. International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 8(2), 9-16. DOI: 5897/IJEAPS2015.0435
23. Musaazi, J.C.S. (2005). The theory and practice of educational administration. (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Education Ltd.
24. Nadim, M., Chaudhry, M. S., Kalyar, M. N. & Riaz, T. (2012). Effects of motivational factors on teachers’ job satisfaction: A study on public sector degree Colleges of Punjab, Pakistan. The Journal of Commerce, 4 (4), 25-32.
25. Obineli, A. S. (2013). Teachers’ perception of the factors affecting job satisfaction in Ekwusigo Local Government of Anambra State, Nigeria. An International Multidisciplinary Journal, 7(4), 225-237.
26. Rebore, R. W. (2007). Human resources administration in education. Boston: Ally and Bacon.
27. Samuel, O., & Chipunza, C. (2009). Employee retention and turnover: Using motivational variables as a panacea. African Journal of Business Management, 3(8), 410-415.
28. Smith, A.J. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. Retrieved from http://beta.orionsshoulders.com/Resources/articles/19_22185_Adams%20J%20(1965).pdf
29. Shoaib, M., Noor A., Tirmizi, S., & Bashir, S. (2009). Determinants of employee retention in telecom sector of Pakistan. Proceedings 2nd CBRC, Lahore, Pakistan. Sutherland, M. M. (2004). Factors affecting the retention of knowledge workers. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Rand Afrikaans University.
30. Ubom, I. U. (2002). Teachers attitude, motivation and job performance: implications for guidance and counseling”. A Journal of Basic Education in Nigeria, 2(2), 39-45.