Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis
BibTex RIS Cite

Can Tourism Be Spiritual? A Conceptual Study on Spiritual Tourism

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 65 - 76, 02.08.2025

Abstract

Tourism, by its nature, includes many different and interdisciplinary concepts, both scientific and industrial. The correct understanding and even naming of these concepts is very important for scientific and industrial studies and efforts to achieve their goals. Because it is seen that these studies generally follow an exploratory, descriptive and explanatory order. Therefore, this study aims to conceptually examine the phenomenon called spiritual tourism and contribute to its definition. In addition, it is aimed to provide benefits to both the industry and the scientific development of spiritual tourism activities. The conceptual discussion of spiritual tourism can also contribute to tourism taxonomy. Understanding the origin, development, place in the literature and perceptions of a tourism movement with economic, social and physical effects will provide valuable contributions to both practitioners and other researchers who will work on this subject.

Supporting Institution

Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Committee of Scientific Research Projects

Project Number

296-2025

References

  • Albert Rodrigo, M. (2020). Spiritual tourism: Journey into the heart of the earth. Journal of Tourism and Leisure Studies, 4(2), 23–32.
  • Alkhawaja, M. I., Halim, M. S. A., & Afthanorhan, A. (2021). Technology anxiety and its impact on e-learning system actual use in Jordan public universities during the coronavirus disease pandemic. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(4), 1639–1647. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.10.4.1639
  • Asthana, S., & Valeri, M. (2023). Modelling the effect of spiritual tourism motivators on spiritual tourism consumption. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 71(3), 634–646. https://doi.org/10.37741/t.71.3.10
  • Aydoğdu Atasoy, Ö. (2021). Spiritüel turizm köyü modeli: Erdek. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(BCS’21 Özel Sayı), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.38120/banusad.1004426
  • Banerjee, M. (2015). Spiritual tourism: A tool for socio-cultural and sustainable development. International Journal of Science and Research, 4(10), 1244–1249.
  • Bellows, K. (2008). Sacred places of a lifetime: 500 of the world's most peaceful and powerful destinations. National Geographic Books.
  • Bone, K. (2013). Spiritual retreat tourism in New Zealand. Tourism Recreation Research, 38(3), 295–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2013.11081754
  • Brockman, N. C. (2011). Encyclopedia of sacred places (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO.
  • Budiasih, M. (2017). Pariwisata spiritual di Bali. Pariwisata Budaya: Jurnal Ilmiah Pariwisata Agama dan Budaya, 2(1), 70–80.
  • Buzinde, C. N. (2020). Theoretical linkages between well-being and tourism: The case of self-determination theory and spiritual tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 83, Article 102920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102920
  • Cheung, Y. H. Y., & Saha, S. (2015). Exploring the nexus between tourism demand and cultural similarity. Tourism Analysis, 20(2), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354215X14205687167635
  • du Cros, H., & Johnston, C. (2002). Tourism tracks and sacred places: Pashupatinath and Uluru. Case studies from Nepal and Australia. Historic Environment, 16(2), 38–42.
  • Garg, A., Misra, P., Gupta, S., Goel, P., & Saleem, M. (2021). Prioritizing motivators influencing intentions to visit spiritual destinations in India: An application of analytical hierarchical process (AHP) approach. Journal of Tourism Futures, 7(3), 344–358. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-09-2020-0153
  • Götz, I. L. (2001). Spirituality and the body. Religious Education, 96(1), 2–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344080120603
  • Graham, S., Furr, S., Flowers, C., & Burke, M. T. (2001). Religion and spirituality in coping with stress. Counseling and Values, 46(1), 2–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2001.tb00202.x
  • Güldalı, E., & Çakı, F. (2023). “El alanlar” dinsel-spiritüel şifacılar. Sosyal Aktörler ve Deneyimler Dergisi, 1(1), 39–69.
  • Hall, C. M. (2011). A typology of governance and its implications for tourism policy analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4-5), 437–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.557330
  • Haq, F., & Jackson, J. (2009). Spiritual journey to Hajj: Australian and Pakistani experience and expectations. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 6(2), 141–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766080902815154
  • Haq, F., & Wong, H. Y. (2010). Is spiritual tourism a new strategy for marketing Islam? Journal of Islamic Marketing, 1(2), 136–148. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831011055879
  • Heidari, A., Yazdani, H. R., Saghafi, F., & Jalilvand, M. R. (2018). The perspective of religious and spiritual tourism research: A systematic mapping study. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 9(4), 747–798. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-02-2017-0017
  • Heintzman, P. (2009). Nature-based recreation and spirituality: A complex relationship. Leisure Sciences, 32(1), 72–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400903430897
  • Hermawan, B. (2017). Evaluation of the spirituality of tourist destination of Buddhist spiritual tourist destination: An application of many-facet Rasch model (MFRM). Journal of Buddhist Education and Research, 3(1), 62–69.
  • Herrmann, T. S., Bettmann, J. E., Sweeney, C., Marchand, W. R., Carlson, J., & Hanley, A. W. (2023). Military veterans’ motivation and barriers to outdoor recreation participation. Leisure Studies, 42(4), 581–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2022.2139132
  • Jauhari, V. (2010). How can the visitor experience be enhanced for spiritual and cultural tourism in India? Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 2(5), 559–563. https://doi.org/10.1108/17554211011090166
  • Jauhari, V., & Sanjeev, G. M. (2010). Managing customer experience for spiritual and cultural tourism: An overview. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 2(5), 467–476. https://doi.org/10.1108/17554211011090102
  • Kainthola, S., Chowdhary, N., Kaurav, R. P. S., & Tiwari, P. (2024). Motivations of urban millennials for spiritual travel in India. Tourism Recreation Research, 49(2), 410–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2022.2040293
  • Kemp, S. (2019). Mental disorder and mysticism in the late medieval world. History of Psychology, 22(2), 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1037/hop0000122
  • Kumar, V., & Kumar, S. (2014). Workplace spirituality as a moderator in relation between stress and health: An exploratory empirical assessment. International Review of Psychiatry, 26(3), 344–351. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2014.924909
  • Laqueur, T. (2006). Why the margins matter: Occultism and the making of modernity. Modern Intellectual History, 3(1), 111–135. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479244305000673
  • Larrosa Rocamora, J. A. (2003). La difficile maîtrise de l’urbanisation littorale espagnole: L’exemple de la commune d’Elche (province d’Alicante). Rives Nord-Méditerranéennes, 15, 53–66. https://doi.org/10.4000/rives.396
  • Layton, R. (2000). Shamanism, totemism and rock art: Les chamanes de la préhistoire in the context of rock art research. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 10(1), 169–186. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774300000062
  • Merlin, M. D. (2003). Archaeological evidence for the tradition of psychoactive plant use in the Old World. Economic Botany, 57(3), 295–323. https://doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0295:AEFTTO]2.0.CO;2
  • Millett, B. (2000). Mysticism and spirituality in medieval England. D. S. Brewer.
  • Mishra, D., & Maheshwari, N. (2025). Spiritual tourism development: A comprehensive synthesis for sustainable destination planning and growth. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 16(2), 606–626. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-02-2023-0057
  • Natale, S. (2012). A short history of superimposition: From spirit photography to early cinema. Early Popular Visual Culture, 10(2), 125–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/17460654.2012.664743
  • Norman, A. (2012). The varieties of the spiritual tourist experience. Literature & Aesthetics, 22(1), 20–37.
  • Parsons, H., Houge Mackenzie, S., & Filep, S. (2019). Facilitating self-development: How tour guides broker spiritual tourist experiences. Tourism Recreation Research, 44(2), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2018.1553140
  • Pernecky, T., & Johnston, C. (2006). Voyage through numinous space: Applying the specialization concept to New Age tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 31(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2006.11081244
  • Saxena, A., Garg, N., Punia, B. K., & Prasad, A. (2020). Exploring role of Indian workplace spirituality in stress management: A study of oil and gas industry. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 33(5), 779–803. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-12-2019-0392
  • Sharpley, R. (2016). Tourism and spirituality: An evolving relationship. International Journal of Tourism, Culture & Spirituality, 1(1), 8–24.
  • Sharpley, R., & Sundaram, P. (2005). Tourism: A sacred journey? The case of ashram tourism, India. International Journal of Tourism Research, 7(3), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.532
  • Singh, S. (2009). Spirituality and tourism: An anthropologist’s view. Tourism Recreation Research, 34(2), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2009.11081588
  • Smith, M. (2003). Holistic holidays: Tourism and the reconciliation of body, mind and spirit. Tourism Recreation Research, 28(1), 103–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2003.11081396
  • Smith, M. K. (2021). Religion, spirituality, and wellness tourism. In D. H. Olsen & D. J. Timothy (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of religious and spiritual tourism (68–78). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429201011-7
  • Soyubol, K. (2021). In search of perfection: Neo-spiritualism, Islamic mysticism, and secularism in Turkey. Modern Intellectual History, 18(1), 70–94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479244319000108
  • Spencer, W. (2001). To absent friends: Classical spiritualist mediumship and New Age channelling compared and contrasted. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 16(3), 343–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537900120077177
  • Thompson, J. (2020). An exploration of travel and transpersonal development: A heuristic inquiry into the relationship between travel and spiritual growth. Consciousness, Spirituality & Transpersonal Psychology, 1, 17–33.
  • Tromp, M. (2003). Spirited sexuality: Sex, marriage, and Victorian spiritualism. Victorian Literature and Culture, 31(1), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1060150303000052
  • Tuck, I., Alleyne, R., & Thinganjana, W. (2006). Spirituality and stress management in healthy adults. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 24(4), 245–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010106289842
  • Valeri, M. (2023). Modelling the effect of spiritual tourism motivators on spiritual tourism consumption. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 71(3), 634–646. https://doi.org/10.37741/t.71.3.10
  • van den Hoonaard, W. C. (1997). Icelandic spiritualism: Mediumship and modernity in Iceland. Sociology of Religion, 58(3), 297–299. https://doi.org/10.2307/3712220
  • Voigt, C., Brown, G., & Howat, G. (2011). Wellness tourists: In search of transformation. Tourism Review, 66(1/2), 16–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605371111127206
  • Voigt, C., Howat, G., & Brown, G. (2010). Hedonic and eudaimonic experiences among wellness tourists: An exploratory enquiry. Annals of Leisure Research, 13(3), 541–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2010.9686860
  • Willson, G. (2017). Spiritual awakening leading to a search for meaning through travel. International Journal of Tourism, Culture & Spirituality, 2(1), 10–23.
  • Willson, G., & McIntosh, A. (2019). Spirituality and tourism. In S. Filep, J. Laing, & M. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of spirituality in society and the professions (pp. 103–109). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315445489-8
  • Winkelman, M. (2019). Introduction: Evidence for entheogen use in prehistory and world religions. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 3(2), 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.024
  • Zargham Boroujeny, H. (2017). Tourism: A tool for spirituality development. International Journal of Tourism, Culture & Spirituality, 2(1), 62–72.

Turizmin Spiritüeli Olur Mu? Spiritüel (Ruhani) Turizm Üzerine Kavramsal Bir Çalışma

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 65 - 76, 02.08.2025

Abstract

Turizm, yapısı gereği hem bilimsel hem endüstriyel boyutuyla birçok farklı ve disiplinler arası kavramı bünyesinde barındırmaktadır. Bu kavramların doğru anlaşılması ve hatta doğru adlandırılması bilimsel ve endüstriyel çalışma ve çabaların hedeflerine ulaşması için oldukça önemlidir. Zira bu çalışmaların genellikle keşifsel, tanımsal ve açıklayıcı bir sıralama izlediği görülmektedir. Bundan dolayı bu çalışma spiritüel turizm olarak adlandırılan olguyu kavramsal yönden irdelemeyi ve tanımlanmasına katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bununla birlikte spiritüel turizm faaliyetlerinin hem endüstriye hem bilimsel bakımdan gelişimine fayda sunulması hedeflenmektedir. Spiritüel turizmin kavramsal tartışılması aynı zamanda turizm taksonomisine de katkı sağlayabilecektir. Ekonomik, sosyal ve fiziki etkileri olan bir turizm hareketliliğinin kökenini, gelişimini, literatürdeki yerini ve ona yönelik algıları anlamak hem uygulamacılar için hem bu konuda çalışacak diğer araştırmacılar için kıymetli katkılar sunabilecektir.

Supporting Institution

Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırmalar Koordinatörlüğü (SUBÜ-BAPK)

Project Number

296-2025

References

  • Albert Rodrigo, M. (2020). Spiritual tourism: Journey into the heart of the earth. Journal of Tourism and Leisure Studies, 4(2), 23–32.
  • Alkhawaja, M. I., Halim, M. S. A., & Afthanorhan, A. (2021). Technology anxiety and its impact on e-learning system actual use in Jordan public universities during the coronavirus disease pandemic. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(4), 1639–1647. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.10.4.1639
  • Asthana, S., & Valeri, M. (2023). Modelling the effect of spiritual tourism motivators on spiritual tourism consumption. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 71(3), 634–646. https://doi.org/10.37741/t.71.3.10
  • Aydoğdu Atasoy, Ö. (2021). Spiritüel turizm köyü modeli: Erdek. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(BCS’21 Özel Sayı), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.38120/banusad.1004426
  • Banerjee, M. (2015). Spiritual tourism: A tool for socio-cultural and sustainable development. International Journal of Science and Research, 4(10), 1244–1249.
  • Bellows, K. (2008). Sacred places of a lifetime: 500 of the world's most peaceful and powerful destinations. National Geographic Books.
  • Bone, K. (2013). Spiritual retreat tourism in New Zealand. Tourism Recreation Research, 38(3), 295–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2013.11081754
  • Brockman, N. C. (2011). Encyclopedia of sacred places (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO.
  • Budiasih, M. (2017). Pariwisata spiritual di Bali. Pariwisata Budaya: Jurnal Ilmiah Pariwisata Agama dan Budaya, 2(1), 70–80.
  • Buzinde, C. N. (2020). Theoretical linkages between well-being and tourism: The case of self-determination theory and spiritual tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 83, Article 102920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102920
  • Cheung, Y. H. Y., & Saha, S. (2015). Exploring the nexus between tourism demand and cultural similarity. Tourism Analysis, 20(2), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354215X14205687167635
  • du Cros, H., & Johnston, C. (2002). Tourism tracks and sacred places: Pashupatinath and Uluru. Case studies from Nepal and Australia. Historic Environment, 16(2), 38–42.
  • Garg, A., Misra, P., Gupta, S., Goel, P., & Saleem, M. (2021). Prioritizing motivators influencing intentions to visit spiritual destinations in India: An application of analytical hierarchical process (AHP) approach. Journal of Tourism Futures, 7(3), 344–358. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-09-2020-0153
  • Götz, I. L. (2001). Spirituality and the body. Religious Education, 96(1), 2–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344080120603
  • Graham, S., Furr, S., Flowers, C., & Burke, M. T. (2001). Religion and spirituality in coping with stress. Counseling and Values, 46(1), 2–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2001.tb00202.x
  • Güldalı, E., & Çakı, F. (2023). “El alanlar” dinsel-spiritüel şifacılar. Sosyal Aktörler ve Deneyimler Dergisi, 1(1), 39–69.
  • Hall, C. M. (2011). A typology of governance and its implications for tourism policy analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4-5), 437–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.557330
  • Haq, F., & Jackson, J. (2009). Spiritual journey to Hajj: Australian and Pakistani experience and expectations. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 6(2), 141–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766080902815154
  • Haq, F., & Wong, H. Y. (2010). Is spiritual tourism a new strategy for marketing Islam? Journal of Islamic Marketing, 1(2), 136–148. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831011055879
  • Heidari, A., Yazdani, H. R., Saghafi, F., & Jalilvand, M. R. (2018). The perspective of religious and spiritual tourism research: A systematic mapping study. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 9(4), 747–798. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-02-2017-0017
  • Heintzman, P. (2009). Nature-based recreation and spirituality: A complex relationship. Leisure Sciences, 32(1), 72–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400903430897
  • Hermawan, B. (2017). Evaluation of the spirituality of tourist destination of Buddhist spiritual tourist destination: An application of many-facet Rasch model (MFRM). Journal of Buddhist Education and Research, 3(1), 62–69.
  • Herrmann, T. S., Bettmann, J. E., Sweeney, C., Marchand, W. R., Carlson, J., & Hanley, A. W. (2023). Military veterans’ motivation and barriers to outdoor recreation participation. Leisure Studies, 42(4), 581–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2022.2139132
  • Jauhari, V. (2010). How can the visitor experience be enhanced for spiritual and cultural tourism in India? Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 2(5), 559–563. https://doi.org/10.1108/17554211011090166
  • Jauhari, V., & Sanjeev, G. M. (2010). Managing customer experience for spiritual and cultural tourism: An overview. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 2(5), 467–476. https://doi.org/10.1108/17554211011090102
  • Kainthola, S., Chowdhary, N., Kaurav, R. P. S., & Tiwari, P. (2024). Motivations of urban millennials for spiritual travel in India. Tourism Recreation Research, 49(2), 410–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2022.2040293
  • Kemp, S. (2019). Mental disorder and mysticism in the late medieval world. History of Psychology, 22(2), 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1037/hop0000122
  • Kumar, V., & Kumar, S. (2014). Workplace spirituality as a moderator in relation between stress and health: An exploratory empirical assessment. International Review of Psychiatry, 26(3), 344–351. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2014.924909
  • Laqueur, T. (2006). Why the margins matter: Occultism and the making of modernity. Modern Intellectual History, 3(1), 111–135. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479244305000673
  • Larrosa Rocamora, J. A. (2003). La difficile maîtrise de l’urbanisation littorale espagnole: L’exemple de la commune d’Elche (province d’Alicante). Rives Nord-Méditerranéennes, 15, 53–66. https://doi.org/10.4000/rives.396
  • Layton, R. (2000). Shamanism, totemism and rock art: Les chamanes de la préhistoire in the context of rock art research. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 10(1), 169–186. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774300000062
  • Merlin, M. D. (2003). Archaeological evidence for the tradition of psychoactive plant use in the Old World. Economic Botany, 57(3), 295–323. https://doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0295:AEFTTO]2.0.CO;2
  • Millett, B. (2000). Mysticism and spirituality in medieval England. D. S. Brewer.
  • Mishra, D., & Maheshwari, N. (2025). Spiritual tourism development: A comprehensive synthesis for sustainable destination planning and growth. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 16(2), 606–626. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-02-2023-0057
  • Natale, S. (2012). A short history of superimposition: From spirit photography to early cinema. Early Popular Visual Culture, 10(2), 125–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/17460654.2012.664743
  • Norman, A. (2012). The varieties of the spiritual tourist experience. Literature & Aesthetics, 22(1), 20–37.
  • Parsons, H., Houge Mackenzie, S., & Filep, S. (2019). Facilitating self-development: How tour guides broker spiritual tourist experiences. Tourism Recreation Research, 44(2), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2018.1553140
  • Pernecky, T., & Johnston, C. (2006). Voyage through numinous space: Applying the specialization concept to New Age tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 31(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2006.11081244
  • Saxena, A., Garg, N., Punia, B. K., & Prasad, A. (2020). Exploring role of Indian workplace spirituality in stress management: A study of oil and gas industry. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 33(5), 779–803. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-12-2019-0392
  • Sharpley, R. (2016). Tourism and spirituality: An evolving relationship. International Journal of Tourism, Culture & Spirituality, 1(1), 8–24.
  • Sharpley, R., & Sundaram, P. (2005). Tourism: A sacred journey? The case of ashram tourism, India. International Journal of Tourism Research, 7(3), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.532
  • Singh, S. (2009). Spirituality and tourism: An anthropologist’s view. Tourism Recreation Research, 34(2), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2009.11081588
  • Smith, M. (2003). Holistic holidays: Tourism and the reconciliation of body, mind and spirit. Tourism Recreation Research, 28(1), 103–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2003.11081396
  • Smith, M. K. (2021). Religion, spirituality, and wellness tourism. In D. H. Olsen & D. J. Timothy (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of religious and spiritual tourism (68–78). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429201011-7
  • Soyubol, K. (2021). In search of perfection: Neo-spiritualism, Islamic mysticism, and secularism in Turkey. Modern Intellectual History, 18(1), 70–94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479244319000108
  • Spencer, W. (2001). To absent friends: Classical spiritualist mediumship and New Age channelling compared and contrasted. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 16(3), 343–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537900120077177
  • Thompson, J. (2020). An exploration of travel and transpersonal development: A heuristic inquiry into the relationship between travel and spiritual growth. Consciousness, Spirituality & Transpersonal Psychology, 1, 17–33.
  • Tromp, M. (2003). Spirited sexuality: Sex, marriage, and Victorian spiritualism. Victorian Literature and Culture, 31(1), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1060150303000052
  • Tuck, I., Alleyne, R., & Thinganjana, W. (2006). Spirituality and stress management in healthy adults. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 24(4), 245–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010106289842
  • Valeri, M. (2023). Modelling the effect of spiritual tourism motivators on spiritual tourism consumption. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 71(3), 634–646. https://doi.org/10.37741/t.71.3.10
  • van den Hoonaard, W. C. (1997). Icelandic spiritualism: Mediumship and modernity in Iceland. Sociology of Religion, 58(3), 297–299. https://doi.org/10.2307/3712220
  • Voigt, C., Brown, G., & Howat, G. (2011). Wellness tourists: In search of transformation. Tourism Review, 66(1/2), 16–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605371111127206
  • Voigt, C., Howat, G., & Brown, G. (2010). Hedonic and eudaimonic experiences among wellness tourists: An exploratory enquiry. Annals of Leisure Research, 13(3), 541–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2010.9686860
  • Willson, G. (2017). Spiritual awakening leading to a search for meaning through travel. International Journal of Tourism, Culture & Spirituality, 2(1), 10–23.
  • Willson, G., & McIntosh, A. (2019). Spirituality and tourism. In S. Filep, J. Laing, & M. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of spirituality in society and the professions (pp. 103–109). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315445489-8
  • Winkelman, M. (2019). Introduction: Evidence for entheogen use in prehistory and world religions. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 3(2), 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.024
  • Zargham Boroujeny, H. (2017). Tourism: A tool for spirituality development. International Journal of Tourism, Culture & Spirituality, 2(1), 62–72.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Recreation, Leisure and Tourism Geography
Journal Section Contents
Authors

Gizem Kiper 0009-0003-1952-8817

Orhan Batman 0000-0001-7186-7064

Vahit Oğuz Kiper 0000-0001-5558-2341

Project Number 296-2025
Early Pub Date August 6, 2025
Publication Date August 2, 2025
Submission Date May 31, 2025
Acceptance Date August 2, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kiper, G., Batman, O., & Kiper, V. O. (2025). Turizmin Spiritüeli Olur Mu? Spiritüel (Ruhani) Turizm Üzerine Kavramsal Bir Çalışma. Journal of Tourism Research Institute, 6(1), 65-76.