Research Article
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Year 2024, , 75 - 82, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.1513287

Abstract

References

  • Adeola, O., & Ezenwafor, K. (2016). The hospitality business in Nigeria: Issues, challenges and opportunities. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 8(2), 182-194.
  • Alrwajfah, M. M., Almeida-García, F., & Cortés-Macías, R. (2020). Females' perspectives on tourism's impact and their employment in the sector: The case of Petra, Jordan. Tourism Management, 78, 104069.
  • Aprigliano Fernandes, V., Pacheco, R. R., & Fernandes, E. (2021). How does air transport impact employment in typical tourist industry activities in Brazil?. Current issues in Tourism, 24(22), 3151-3164.
  • Autor, D. H. (2015). Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(3), 3–30. https://doi. org/10.1257/jep.29.3.3.
  • Autor, D., & Salomons, A. (2018). Is automation labor share-displacing? Productivity growth, employment, and the labor share. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 1–87. https://doi.org/10.3386/w24871, 138.
  • Baum, T. (2015). Human resources in tourism: Still waiting for change?–A 2015 reprise. Tourism Management, 50, 204–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tourman.2015.02.001.
  • Baum, T., Cheung, C., Kong, H., Kralj, A., Mooney, S., Nguyễn Thị Thanh, H., ... & Siow, M. L. (2016). Sustainability and the tourism and hospitality workforce: A thematic analysis. Sustainability, 8(8), 809-820.
  • Baum, T., Solnet, D., Robinson, R., & Mooney, S. K. (2020). Tourism employment paradoxes, 1946-2095: a perspective article. Tourism Review, 75(1), 252-255.
  • Book, L., Gatling, A., & Kim, J. (2019). The effects of leadership satisfaction on employee engagement, loyalty, and retention in the hospitality industry. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 18(3), 368-393.
  • Bowen, J., & Morosan, C. (2018). Beware hospitality industry: the robots are coming. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 10(6), 726-733.
  • Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2013). The great decoupling. New Perspectives Quarterly, 30(1), 61–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/npqu.11362.
  • Buhalis, D., & Law, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the internet: The state of eTourism research. Tourism Management, 29(4), 609–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tourman.2008.01.005.
  • Camargo, B. A., Winchenbach, A., & Vázquez-Maguirre, M. (2022). Restoring the dignity of indigenous people: Perspectives on tourism employment. Tourism management perspectives, 41, 100946.
  • Campanella, F., Della Peruta, M. R., & Del Giudice, M. (2017). The effects of technological innovation on the banking sector. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 8(1), 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-015-0326-8.
  • Claudio-Quiroga, G., Gil-Alana, L. A., Gil-López, Á., & Babinger, F. (2023). A gender approach to the impact of COVID-19 on tourism employment. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(8), 1818-1830.
  • Demir, M., & Demir, Ş. Ş. (2023). Is ChatGPT the right technology for service individualization and value co-creation? evidence from the travel industry. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 40(5), 383-398.
  • Demir, M., Demir, Ş. Ş., Ergen, F. D., & Dalgiç, A. (2021). The factors affecting hotel choice of consumers during the Covid-19 process. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 7(1), 82-94.
  • Dogru, T., Mody, M., Suess, C., McGinley, S., & Line, N. D. (2020). The Airbnb paradox: Positive employment effects in the hospitality industry. Tourism Management, 77, 104001.
  • Eurostat (2024). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Tourism_industries_-_employment&oldid=445425#In_2021.2C_the_tourism_industries_employed_over_11.2_million_people_in_the_EU (Accessed 9 July 2024)
  • Fieger, P., Rice, J. L., Prayag, G., & Hall, C. M. (2024). Employment Outcomes for Australian Tourism and Hospitality VET Graduates During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 1-7.
  • Figini, P., & Patuelli, R. (2022). Estimating the economic impact of tourism in the European Union: Review and computation. Journal of Travel Research, 61(6), 1409-1423.
  • Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019.
  • Frye, W. D., Kang, S., Huh, C., & Lee, M. J. M. (2020). What factors influence Generation Y’s employee retention in the hospitality industry?: An internal marketing approach. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 85, 102352.
  • Goh, E., & Jie, F. (2019). To waste or not to waste: Exploring motivational factors of Generation Z hospitality employees towards food wastage in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 80, 126-135.
  • Griffin, W. C. (2022). Perceptions of hospitality industry professionals and hospitality faculty on industry-academia collaborations. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 34(2), 99-110.
  • Hutchings, K., Moyle, C. L., Chai, A., Garofano, N., & Moore, S. (2020). Segregation of women in tourism employment in the APEC region. Tourism Management Perspectives, 34, 100655.
  • Ioannides, D., Gyimóthy, S., & James, L. (2021). From liminal labor to decent work: A human-centered perspective on sustainable tourism employment. Sustainability, 13(2), 851-868.
  • Jeyacheya, J., & Hampton, M. P. (2020). Wishful thinking or wise policy? Theorising tourism-led inclusive growth: Supply chains and host communities. World Development, 131, 104960.
  • Jung, H. S., & Yoon, H. H. (2016). What does work meaning to hospitality employees? The effects of meaningful work on employees’ organizational commitment: The mediating role of job engagement. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 53, 59-68.
  • Khan, A., Bibi, S., Lyu, J., Latif, A., & Lorenzo, A. (2021). COVID-19 and sectoral employment trends: assessing resilience in the US leisure and hospitality industry. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 952-969.
  • Ladkin, A., Mooney, S., Solnet, D., Baum, T., Robinson, R., & Yan, H. (2023). A review of research into tourism work and employment: Launching the Annals of Tourism Research curated collection on tourism work and employment. Annals of Tourism Research, 100, 103554.
  • Law, R., Leung, D. N., & Lee, A. (2013). Progress and development of information technology in the hospitality industry evidence from cornell hospitality quarterly. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 54(1), 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1938965512453199.
  • Li, M., & Wu, X. (2022). Informal Tourism Employment for Poverty Alleviation Under the COVID-19 Pandemic: Research Advances and Novel Challenges. Tourism, Aviation and Hospitality Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic, 191-204.
  • Liang, T. L., Chang, H. F., Ko, M. H., & Lin, C. W. (2017). Transformational leadership and employee voices in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(1), 374-392.
  • Liu, T., Gao, J., Zhu, M., & Qiu, Y. (2021). How career expectations influence advancement: evidence from women in the hospitality industry. Tourism Review, 76(6), 1228-1242.
  • Liu, X., Yu, J., Guo, Q., & Li, J. (2022). Employee engagement, its antecedents and effects on business performance in hospitality industry: a multilevel analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(12), 4631-4652.
  • Marcolin, L., Miroudot, S., & Squicciarini, M. (2019). To be (routine) or not to be (routine), that is the question: A cross-country task-based answer. Industrial and Corporate Change, 28(3), 477–501. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dty020, 1-25.
  • Melián-González, S., & Bulchand-Gidumal, J. (2020). Employment in tourism: The jaws of the snake in the hotel industry. Tourism Management, 80, 104123.
  • Moreo, A., Mistry, T. G., Rahman, I., & Cain, L. (2023). The great hospitality worker resignation. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 1-8.
  • Ou, C. S., Hung, S. Y., Yen, D. C., & Liu, F. C. (2009). Impact of ATM intensity on cost efficiency: An empirical evaluation in Taiwan. Information & Management, 46(8), 442–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2009.08.005.
  • Rahman, M. H., Voumik, L. C., Nafi, S. M., & Zimon, G. (2024). Effects of tourism and other macroeconomic variables on women's employment in agricultural, industry and service sectors: evidence from African countries. Current Issues in Tourism, 27(14), 2287-2307.
  • Ramkissoon, H., & Sowamber, V. (2020). Local community support in tourism in Mauritius–the case of Ray of Light by LUX. In Routledge handbook of tourism in Africa (pp. 417-428). Routledge.
  • Sahadev, S., & Islam, N. (2005). Why hotels adopt ICTs: A study on the ICT adoption propensity of hotels in Thailand. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17(5), 391–401. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110510604814.
  • Segovia-Pérez, M., Figueroa-Domecq, C., Fuentes-Moraleda, L., & Muñoz-Mazón, A. (2019). Incorporating a gender approach in the hospitality industry: Female executives’ perceptions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 76, 184-193.
  • Self, T. T., Adler, H., & Sydnor, S. (2016). An exploratory study of hospitality internships: Student perceptions of orientation and training and their plans to seek permanent employment with the company. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 15(4), 485-497.
  • Sibanyoni, J. J., Kleynhans, I. C., & Vibetti, S. P. (2015). South African hospitality graduates‟ perceptions of employment in the hospitality industry. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 4(1), 1-16.
  • Sun, Y. Y., Sie, L., Faturay, F., Auwalin, I., & Wang, J. (2021). Who are vulnerable in a tourism crisis? A tourism employment vulnerability analysis for the COVID-19 management. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 49, 304-308.
  • Torres, E. N., van Niekerk, M., & Orlowski, M. (2017). Customer and employee incivility and its causal effects in the hospitality industry. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 26(1), 48-66.
  • Vukovic, D. B., Petrovic, M., Maiti, M., & Vujko, A. (2023). Tourism development, entrepreneurship and women's empowerment–Focus on Serbian countryside. Journal of Tourism Futures, 9(3), 417-437.
  • Williams, C. C. (2021). Impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on Europe's tourism industry: Addressing tourism enterprises and workers in the undeclared economy. International Journal of Tourism Research, 23(1), 79-88.
  • Zhang, J. (2023). Tourism and rural income inequality: Empirical evidence for China. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(1), 153-170.
  • Zhang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2021). A qualitative comparative analysis of tourism and gender equality in emerging economies. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 284-292.

Examining the contribution of tourism to employment in the European Union

Year 2024, , 75 - 82, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.1513287

Abstract

This paper explores the significance of the tourism industry in generating employment within the European Union (EU). Using data from tourism industries (2021), employment across various economic activities was analyzed. It provides an overview of employment effects by economic activity, highlighting the substantial role of tourism in the labor market. This study indicates the proportion of individuals employed in the total and selected tourism industries relative to the total non-financial business economy. It also delves into the employment distribution by enterprise size within different economic activities in the EU, providing insights into how small, medium, and large enterprises contribute to employment in tourism compared to other industries. Additionally, this study presents data on hourly labor costs and gross hourly wages and salaries in the accommodation industry for 2020.

References

  • Adeola, O., & Ezenwafor, K. (2016). The hospitality business in Nigeria: Issues, challenges and opportunities. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 8(2), 182-194.
  • Alrwajfah, M. M., Almeida-García, F., & Cortés-Macías, R. (2020). Females' perspectives on tourism's impact and their employment in the sector: The case of Petra, Jordan. Tourism Management, 78, 104069.
  • Aprigliano Fernandes, V., Pacheco, R. R., & Fernandes, E. (2021). How does air transport impact employment in typical tourist industry activities in Brazil?. Current issues in Tourism, 24(22), 3151-3164.
  • Autor, D. H. (2015). Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(3), 3–30. https://doi. org/10.1257/jep.29.3.3.
  • Autor, D., & Salomons, A. (2018). Is automation labor share-displacing? Productivity growth, employment, and the labor share. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 1–87. https://doi.org/10.3386/w24871, 138.
  • Baum, T. (2015). Human resources in tourism: Still waiting for change?–A 2015 reprise. Tourism Management, 50, 204–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tourman.2015.02.001.
  • Baum, T., Cheung, C., Kong, H., Kralj, A., Mooney, S., Nguyễn Thị Thanh, H., ... & Siow, M. L. (2016). Sustainability and the tourism and hospitality workforce: A thematic analysis. Sustainability, 8(8), 809-820.
  • Baum, T., Solnet, D., Robinson, R., & Mooney, S. K. (2020). Tourism employment paradoxes, 1946-2095: a perspective article. Tourism Review, 75(1), 252-255.
  • Book, L., Gatling, A., & Kim, J. (2019). The effects of leadership satisfaction on employee engagement, loyalty, and retention in the hospitality industry. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 18(3), 368-393.
  • Bowen, J., & Morosan, C. (2018). Beware hospitality industry: the robots are coming. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 10(6), 726-733.
  • Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2013). The great decoupling. New Perspectives Quarterly, 30(1), 61–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/npqu.11362.
  • Buhalis, D., & Law, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the internet: The state of eTourism research. Tourism Management, 29(4), 609–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tourman.2008.01.005.
  • Camargo, B. A., Winchenbach, A., & Vázquez-Maguirre, M. (2022). Restoring the dignity of indigenous people: Perspectives on tourism employment. Tourism management perspectives, 41, 100946.
  • Campanella, F., Della Peruta, M. R., & Del Giudice, M. (2017). The effects of technological innovation on the banking sector. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 8(1), 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-015-0326-8.
  • Claudio-Quiroga, G., Gil-Alana, L. A., Gil-López, Á., & Babinger, F. (2023). A gender approach to the impact of COVID-19 on tourism employment. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(8), 1818-1830.
  • Demir, M., & Demir, Ş. Ş. (2023). Is ChatGPT the right technology for service individualization and value co-creation? evidence from the travel industry. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 40(5), 383-398.
  • Demir, M., Demir, Ş. Ş., Ergen, F. D., & Dalgiç, A. (2021). The factors affecting hotel choice of consumers during the Covid-19 process. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 7(1), 82-94.
  • Dogru, T., Mody, M., Suess, C., McGinley, S., & Line, N. D. (2020). The Airbnb paradox: Positive employment effects in the hospitality industry. Tourism Management, 77, 104001.
  • Eurostat (2024). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Tourism_industries_-_employment&oldid=445425#In_2021.2C_the_tourism_industries_employed_over_11.2_million_people_in_the_EU (Accessed 9 July 2024)
  • Fieger, P., Rice, J. L., Prayag, G., & Hall, C. M. (2024). Employment Outcomes for Australian Tourism and Hospitality VET Graduates During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 1-7.
  • Figini, P., & Patuelli, R. (2022). Estimating the economic impact of tourism in the European Union: Review and computation. Journal of Travel Research, 61(6), 1409-1423.
  • Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019.
  • Frye, W. D., Kang, S., Huh, C., & Lee, M. J. M. (2020). What factors influence Generation Y’s employee retention in the hospitality industry?: An internal marketing approach. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 85, 102352.
  • Goh, E., & Jie, F. (2019). To waste or not to waste: Exploring motivational factors of Generation Z hospitality employees towards food wastage in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 80, 126-135.
  • Griffin, W. C. (2022). Perceptions of hospitality industry professionals and hospitality faculty on industry-academia collaborations. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 34(2), 99-110.
  • Hutchings, K., Moyle, C. L., Chai, A., Garofano, N., & Moore, S. (2020). Segregation of women in tourism employment in the APEC region. Tourism Management Perspectives, 34, 100655.
  • Ioannides, D., Gyimóthy, S., & James, L. (2021). From liminal labor to decent work: A human-centered perspective on sustainable tourism employment. Sustainability, 13(2), 851-868.
  • Jeyacheya, J., & Hampton, M. P. (2020). Wishful thinking or wise policy? Theorising tourism-led inclusive growth: Supply chains and host communities. World Development, 131, 104960.
  • Jung, H. S., & Yoon, H. H. (2016). What does work meaning to hospitality employees? The effects of meaningful work on employees’ organizational commitment: The mediating role of job engagement. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 53, 59-68.
  • Khan, A., Bibi, S., Lyu, J., Latif, A., & Lorenzo, A. (2021). COVID-19 and sectoral employment trends: assessing resilience in the US leisure and hospitality industry. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 952-969.
  • Ladkin, A., Mooney, S., Solnet, D., Baum, T., Robinson, R., & Yan, H. (2023). A review of research into tourism work and employment: Launching the Annals of Tourism Research curated collection on tourism work and employment. Annals of Tourism Research, 100, 103554.
  • Law, R., Leung, D. N., & Lee, A. (2013). Progress and development of information technology in the hospitality industry evidence from cornell hospitality quarterly. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 54(1), 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1938965512453199.
  • Li, M., & Wu, X. (2022). Informal Tourism Employment for Poverty Alleviation Under the COVID-19 Pandemic: Research Advances and Novel Challenges. Tourism, Aviation and Hospitality Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic, 191-204.
  • Liang, T. L., Chang, H. F., Ko, M. H., & Lin, C. W. (2017). Transformational leadership and employee voices in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(1), 374-392.
  • Liu, T., Gao, J., Zhu, M., & Qiu, Y. (2021). How career expectations influence advancement: evidence from women in the hospitality industry. Tourism Review, 76(6), 1228-1242.
  • Liu, X., Yu, J., Guo, Q., & Li, J. (2022). Employee engagement, its antecedents and effects on business performance in hospitality industry: a multilevel analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(12), 4631-4652.
  • Marcolin, L., Miroudot, S., & Squicciarini, M. (2019). To be (routine) or not to be (routine), that is the question: A cross-country task-based answer. Industrial and Corporate Change, 28(3), 477–501. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dty020, 1-25.
  • Melián-González, S., & Bulchand-Gidumal, J. (2020). Employment in tourism: The jaws of the snake in the hotel industry. Tourism Management, 80, 104123.
  • Moreo, A., Mistry, T. G., Rahman, I., & Cain, L. (2023). The great hospitality worker resignation. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 1-8.
  • Ou, C. S., Hung, S. Y., Yen, D. C., & Liu, F. C. (2009). Impact of ATM intensity on cost efficiency: An empirical evaluation in Taiwan. Information & Management, 46(8), 442–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2009.08.005.
  • Rahman, M. H., Voumik, L. C., Nafi, S. M., & Zimon, G. (2024). Effects of tourism and other macroeconomic variables on women's employment in agricultural, industry and service sectors: evidence from African countries. Current Issues in Tourism, 27(14), 2287-2307.
  • Ramkissoon, H., & Sowamber, V. (2020). Local community support in tourism in Mauritius–the case of Ray of Light by LUX. In Routledge handbook of tourism in Africa (pp. 417-428). Routledge.
  • Sahadev, S., & Islam, N. (2005). Why hotels adopt ICTs: A study on the ICT adoption propensity of hotels in Thailand. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17(5), 391–401. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110510604814.
  • Segovia-Pérez, M., Figueroa-Domecq, C., Fuentes-Moraleda, L., & Muñoz-Mazón, A. (2019). Incorporating a gender approach in the hospitality industry: Female executives’ perceptions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 76, 184-193.
  • Self, T. T., Adler, H., & Sydnor, S. (2016). An exploratory study of hospitality internships: Student perceptions of orientation and training and their plans to seek permanent employment with the company. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 15(4), 485-497.
  • Sibanyoni, J. J., Kleynhans, I. C., & Vibetti, S. P. (2015). South African hospitality graduates‟ perceptions of employment in the hospitality industry. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 4(1), 1-16.
  • Sun, Y. Y., Sie, L., Faturay, F., Auwalin, I., & Wang, J. (2021). Who are vulnerable in a tourism crisis? A tourism employment vulnerability analysis for the COVID-19 management. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 49, 304-308.
  • Torres, E. N., van Niekerk, M., & Orlowski, M. (2017). Customer and employee incivility and its causal effects in the hospitality industry. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 26(1), 48-66.
  • Vukovic, D. B., Petrovic, M., Maiti, M., & Vujko, A. (2023). Tourism development, entrepreneurship and women's empowerment–Focus on Serbian countryside. Journal of Tourism Futures, 9(3), 417-437.
  • Williams, C. C. (2021). Impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on Europe's tourism industry: Addressing tourism enterprises and workers in the undeclared economy. International Journal of Tourism Research, 23(1), 79-88.
  • Zhang, J. (2023). Tourism and rural income inequality: Empirical evidence for China. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(1), 153-170.
  • Zhang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2021). A qualitative comparative analysis of tourism and gender equality in emerging economies. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 284-292.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tourism Economics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ilze Erzsebet 0009-0004-5608-6840

Early Pub Date August 11, 2024
Publication Date September 30, 2024
Submission Date July 9, 2024
Acceptance Date August 11, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Erzsebet, I. (2024). Examining the contribution of tourism to employment in the European Union. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research, 10(2), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.1513287
AMA Erzsebet I. Examining the contribution of tourism to employment in the European Union. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research. September 2024;10(2):75-82. doi:10.24288/jttr.1513287
Chicago Erzsebet, Ilze. “Examining the Contribution of Tourism to Employment in the European Union”. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research 10, no. 2 (September 2024): 75-82. https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.1513287.
EndNote Erzsebet I (September 1, 2024) Examining the contribution of tourism to employment in the European Union. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research 10 2 75–82.
IEEE I. Erzsebet, “Examining the contribution of tourism to employment in the European Union”, Journal of Tourism Theory and Research, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 75–82, 2024, doi: 10.24288/jttr.1513287.
ISNAD Erzsebet, Ilze. “Examining the Contribution of Tourism to Employment in the European Union”. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research 10/2 (September 2024), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.1513287.
JAMA Erzsebet I. Examining the contribution of tourism to employment in the European Union. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research. 2024;10:75–82.
MLA Erzsebet, Ilze. “Examining the Contribution of Tourism to Employment in the European Union”. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research, vol. 10, no. 2, 2024, pp. 75-82, doi:10.24288/jttr.1513287.
Vancouver Erzsebet I. Examining the contribution of tourism to employment in the European Union. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research. 2024;10(2):75-82.