Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite
Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 41 - 52, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.1352358

Abstract

References

  • Alegre, J., & Cladera, M. (2009). Analysing the effect of satisfaction and previous visits on tourist intentions to return. European Journal of Marketing, 43(5/6), 670-685.
  • Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S., & Yıldırım, E. (2010). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri SPSS Uygulamalı (6. Baskı). Sakarya: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Bansal, H. S., & Eiselt, H. A. (2004). An exploratory research of tourist motivations and planning. Tourism Management, 25(3), 387-396.
  • Boit, J. C. (2013). The role of destination attributes and visitor satisfaction on tourist repeat visit intentions to Lake Nakuru National Park, (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). West Illinois Un.
  • Çetinsöz, B. C., & Artuğer, S. (2014). Yabancı turistlerin antalya'yı tercih etmesinde etkili olan çekici faktörlerin belirlenmesine yönelik bir araştırma. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(32), 573-582.
  • Chiang, C.Y., & Jogaratnam, G. (2006). Why do women travel solo for purposes of leisure? Journal of Vacation Marketing, 12(1), 59-70.
  • Correia, A., Valle, P. D., & Moço, C. (2007). Why people travel to exotic places. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1(1), 45-61.
  • Crompton, J. L., & McKay, S. L. (1997). Motives of visitors attending festival events. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(2), 425–439.
  • Dalgıç, A., Demir, M., & Ergen, F. D. (2021). The impacts of cognitive and affective risk perception of COVID-19 on life well-being: The mediating effect of understanding COVID-19. In Handbook of Research on the Impacts and Implications of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry (pp. 664-682). IGI Global.
  • Damijanic, A. T., & Sergo, Z. (2013). Determining travel motivations of wellness tourism. In D. Benic (Ed.), Economic Thought and Practice (pp. 3-18). Periodical of the University of Dubrovnik.
  • Dann, G. M. S. (1981). Tourist motivation: An appraisal. Annals of Tourism Research, 8(2), 187–219.
  • Demir, M., Demir, Ş. Ş., Dalgıç, A. & Ergen, F. D. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism industry: An evaluation from the hotel managers' perspective. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research, 7 (1), 44-57. DOI: 10.24288/jttr.857610
  • Demir, Ş. Ş. (2010). Çekici Faktörlerin Destinasyon Seçimine Etkisi: Dalyan Örneği. Ege Akademik Bakış, 10(3), 1041-1054.
  • Dunne, G. (2009). Motivation and decision making in city break travel: The case of Dublin. Saarbrucken, Germany: VDM Publishing.
  • Fodness, D. (1994). Measuring tourist motivation. Annals of Tourism Research, pp. 21, 555–581.
  • Gilbert, D. C. (1991). An examination of the consumer behavior process related to tourism. In C. P. Cooper (Ed.), Progress in Tourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management. London: Belhaven.
  • Gitelson, R. J., & Crompton, J. L. (1984). Insights into the repeat vacation phenomenon. Annals of Tourism Research, 11(2), 199–217.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2013). Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Limited.
  • Hsu, C., & Huang, S. (2009). Effects of travel motivation, past experience, perceived constraint, and attitude on revisit intention. Journal of Travel Research, 48, 29-44.
  • Huang, J. & Li, A. (2009). Empirical Analysis on Perceived Risk of Enterprise’s Logistics Supervisor for Outsourcing Logistic Business. International Business Research, 2(2), 175-181.
  • Huang, S. (2006). The effects of motivation, past experience, perceived constraint, and attitude on tourist revisit intention. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR.
  • Jang, S. & Cai, L. (2002). Travel motivations and destination choice: A study of British outbound market. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 13, 111-133.
  • Jang, S. & Wu, C.E. (2006). Seniors’ travel motivation and the influential factors: An examination of Taiwanese seniors. Tourism Management, 27, 306-316.
  • Jang, S., Bai, B., Hu, C., & Wu, C.E. (2009). Affect, travel motivation and travel intention: A senior market. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 33(1), 51-73.
  • Kasim, A., Dzakiria, H., Park, C., Azila, N., Nor, M. & Mokhtar, F.M. (2013). Predictors of travel motivations: The case of domestic tourists to island destinations in northwest of Malaysia. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism Research, 24(2), 188-205.
  • Kassean, H. & Gassita, R. (2013). Exploring tourists push and pull motivations to visit Mauritius as a tourist destination. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 2(3), 1-13.
  • Kim, S. & Prideaux, B. (2005). Marketing implications arising from a comparative study of international pleasure tourist motivations and other travel-related characteristics of visitors to Korea. Tourism Management, 26, 347-357.
  • Kim, Y.G., Eves, A. & Scarles, C. (2009). Tourism and food experience: Major factors that motivated travelers to consume local food and beverages. Tourism and hospitality in a dynamic world. Dubai.
  • Kozak, M. (2001). Repeaters’ Behavior At Two Distinct Destinations, Annals Of Tourism Research, 28(3), 784–808.
  • Kozak, M. & Rimmington, M. (2000). Tourist Satisfaction With Mallorca, Spain, As An Off-Season Holiday Destination, Journal Of Travel Research, 38(3), 260–269.
  • Lee, S., Jeon, S. & Kim, D. (2011). The impact of tour quality and tourist satisfaction on tourist loyalty: The case of Chinese Tourists in Korea. Tourism Management, p. 32, 1115-1124.
  • Mahika, E. (2011). Current Trends In Tourist Motivation. Cactus Tourism Journal, 2(2), 15-24.
  • Manfredo, M. J., Driver, B. L. & Tarrant, M. A. (1996). Measuring Leisure Motivation: A Meta-analysis Of The Recreation, Journal Of Leisure Research.28(3), 188-213.
  • Mathieson, A. & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism: Economic, Physical And Social Impacts.New York: Longman.
  • Mcgehee, G. N., Murphy, L. L., & Uysal, M. (1996). The Australian İnternational Pleasure Travel Market: Motivations From A Gendered Perspective. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 7(1), 45–57.
  • Merwe, P. & Saayman, M. (2008). Travel Motivations Of Tourists Visiting Kruger National Park. African Protected Area Conservation And Science, 50(1), 154-159.
  • Mohammad, B.A.A. & Som, A.P.M. (2010). An Analysis Of Push and Pull Travel Motivations Of Foreign Tourists To Jordan. International Journal Of Business and Management, 5(12), 41-50.
  • Opperman, M. (1997). First-Time And Repeat Visitors To New Zealand. Tourism Management, 18(3), 177-181.
  • Özel, Ç. H. (2010). Güdülere Dayalı Yerli Turist Tipolojisinin Belirlenmesi: İç Turizm Pazarına Yönelik Bir Uygulama. Basılmamış Doktora Tezi. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi SBE.
  • Özgen, Ö. (2000). Kapadokya’yı Ziyaret Eden Turistlerin Genel Seyahat Motivasyonları ve Tatmin Olma Durumları. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11, 22-34.
  • Paris, C.M. & Teye, V. (2010). Backpacker Motivations: A Travel Career Approach. Journal Of Hospitality Marketing And Management, 19, 244-259.
  • Park, D. B. & Yoon, Y. S. (2009). Segmentation by motivation in rural tourism: A Korean Case Study. Tourism Management, 30, 99–108.
  • Pearce, P. L., & Caltabiano, M. L. (1983). Inferring Travel Motivation From Travelers' Experiences. Journal Of Travel Research, 22(2), 16-20.
  • Pearce, P.L. & Lee, U. (2005). Developing The Travel Career Approach To Tourist Motivation. Journal Of Travel Research, pp. 43, 226–237.
  • Pesonen, J.A. (2012). Segmentation Of Rural Tourists: Combining Pull And Push Motivations. Tourism And Hospitality Management, 18(1), 69-82.
  • Prayag, G. & Ryan, C. (2011). The Relationship Between The 'Push' And 'Pull' Factors Of A Tourist Destination. Current Issues In Tourism, 14(2), 121-143.
  • Sangpikul, A. (2008). Travel motivations of Japanese senior tavellers to Thailand. Int. Journal of Tourism Research, 10(1), 81-94.
  • Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods For Business: A Skill Business Approach. New York: John Wiley & Sons
  • Şenel, E., & Kılıç, İ. (2022). Covid-19 Korkusu Ile Seyahat Motivasyonu ve Satın Alma Niyeti İlişkisi. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 92-105. DOI: 10.32572/Guntad.954942.
  • Swanson, K.K., & Horridge, P.E. (2006). Travel Motivations As Souvenir Purchase İndicators. Tourism Management, pp. 27, 671–683.
  • Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th Ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Terblanche, H. (2012). Travel Motives Of Adventure Tourists: A Case Study Of Mageobaskloof Adventures (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa).
  • Ural, A. (2005). Bilimsel Araştırma Süreci ve SPSS Ile Veri Analizi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Uysal, M., Li, X., & Sırakaya-Türk, E. (2008). Push-Pull Dynamics In Travel Decisions. In H. Oh & A. Pizam (Eds.), Handbook Of Hospitality Marketing Management (pp. 413-439). Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Vuuren, C.V., & Slabbert, E. (2011). Travel Motivations And Behaviour Tourists To A South African Resort. In J.A.C. Santos (Ed.), Book Of Proceedings Vol.1 (pp. 295-304). Algarve: International Conference Of Tourism And Management Studies.
  • Wu, J., Xu, J., & Ekiz, E.H. (2009). Investigating the push and pull motivation of visiting domestic destinations in China: A means-and Approach. Journal of China Tourism Research, 5(3), 287-315.
  • Yazıt, H., & Erkol, G. (2022). Ziyaretçilerin seyahat motivasyonu, memnuniyeti, tekrar ziyaret niyeti ve sadakat algısı ilişkisi üzerine bir araştırma. Turizm ve İşletme Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 104-121.
  • Yoon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2005). An Examination Of The Effects Of Motivation And Satisfaction On Destination Loyalty: A Structural Model. Management Tourism, 26, 45-56.
  • Yousefi, M., & Marzuki, A. (2012). Travel Motivations And The Influential Factors: The Case Of Penang. Anatolia: An International Journal Of Tourism And Hospitality Research, 23(2), 169-176.
  • Zhang, J., & Marcussen, C. (2007). Tourist Motivation, Market Segmentation and Marketing Strategies. In Centre For Regional and Tourism Research (Pp. 1–27). 5th Bi-Annual Symposium Of The International Society Of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, South Carolina, USA.

Determination of travel motivations and motivational typology of tourists who have no intention to revisit Türkiye

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 41 - 52, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.1352358

Abstract

This study aims to identify travel motivations and typologies of tourists without the intention to revisit. The study sample has yet to be studied in the national and international literature, making this study original. In this study, 3000 tourists visited Istanbul Atatürk Airport in August 2017, and 405 tourists who did not intend to visit again were identified. The study used a mixed-methods exploratory approach. The study found that curiosity and discovery were the main travel motivations. Other motives for travel were recreation, recognition and learning, and alternative tourism activities. Tourist typologies were identified as explorers, recreationists, intellectuals, and diversity seekers. As tourism ambassadors, satisfied tourists may influence potential tourists with zero-cost marketing.

References

  • Alegre, J., & Cladera, M. (2009). Analysing the effect of satisfaction and previous visits on tourist intentions to return. European Journal of Marketing, 43(5/6), 670-685.
  • Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S., & Yıldırım, E. (2010). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri SPSS Uygulamalı (6. Baskı). Sakarya: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Bansal, H. S., & Eiselt, H. A. (2004). An exploratory research of tourist motivations and planning. Tourism Management, 25(3), 387-396.
  • Boit, J. C. (2013). The role of destination attributes and visitor satisfaction on tourist repeat visit intentions to Lake Nakuru National Park, (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). West Illinois Un.
  • Çetinsöz, B. C., & Artuğer, S. (2014). Yabancı turistlerin antalya'yı tercih etmesinde etkili olan çekici faktörlerin belirlenmesine yönelik bir araştırma. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(32), 573-582.
  • Chiang, C.Y., & Jogaratnam, G. (2006). Why do women travel solo for purposes of leisure? Journal of Vacation Marketing, 12(1), 59-70.
  • Correia, A., Valle, P. D., & Moço, C. (2007). Why people travel to exotic places. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1(1), 45-61.
  • Crompton, J. L., & McKay, S. L. (1997). Motives of visitors attending festival events. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(2), 425–439.
  • Dalgıç, A., Demir, M., & Ergen, F. D. (2021). The impacts of cognitive and affective risk perception of COVID-19 on life well-being: The mediating effect of understanding COVID-19. In Handbook of Research on the Impacts and Implications of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry (pp. 664-682). IGI Global.
  • Damijanic, A. T., & Sergo, Z. (2013). Determining travel motivations of wellness tourism. In D. Benic (Ed.), Economic Thought and Practice (pp. 3-18). Periodical of the University of Dubrovnik.
  • Dann, G. M. S. (1981). Tourist motivation: An appraisal. Annals of Tourism Research, 8(2), 187–219.
  • Demir, M., Demir, Ş. Ş., Dalgıç, A. & Ergen, F. D. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism industry: An evaluation from the hotel managers' perspective. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research, 7 (1), 44-57. DOI: 10.24288/jttr.857610
  • Demir, Ş. Ş. (2010). Çekici Faktörlerin Destinasyon Seçimine Etkisi: Dalyan Örneği. Ege Akademik Bakış, 10(3), 1041-1054.
  • Dunne, G. (2009). Motivation and decision making in city break travel: The case of Dublin. Saarbrucken, Germany: VDM Publishing.
  • Fodness, D. (1994). Measuring tourist motivation. Annals of Tourism Research, pp. 21, 555–581.
  • Gilbert, D. C. (1991). An examination of the consumer behavior process related to tourism. In C. P. Cooper (Ed.), Progress in Tourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management. London: Belhaven.
  • Gitelson, R. J., & Crompton, J. L. (1984). Insights into the repeat vacation phenomenon. Annals of Tourism Research, 11(2), 199–217.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2013). Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Limited.
  • Hsu, C., & Huang, S. (2009). Effects of travel motivation, past experience, perceived constraint, and attitude on revisit intention. Journal of Travel Research, 48, 29-44.
  • Huang, J. & Li, A. (2009). Empirical Analysis on Perceived Risk of Enterprise’s Logistics Supervisor for Outsourcing Logistic Business. International Business Research, 2(2), 175-181.
  • Huang, S. (2006). The effects of motivation, past experience, perceived constraint, and attitude on tourist revisit intention. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR.
  • Jang, S. & Cai, L. (2002). Travel motivations and destination choice: A study of British outbound market. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 13, 111-133.
  • Jang, S. & Wu, C.E. (2006). Seniors’ travel motivation and the influential factors: An examination of Taiwanese seniors. Tourism Management, 27, 306-316.
  • Jang, S., Bai, B., Hu, C., & Wu, C.E. (2009). Affect, travel motivation and travel intention: A senior market. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 33(1), 51-73.
  • Kasim, A., Dzakiria, H., Park, C., Azila, N., Nor, M. & Mokhtar, F.M. (2013). Predictors of travel motivations: The case of domestic tourists to island destinations in northwest of Malaysia. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism Research, 24(2), 188-205.
  • Kassean, H. & Gassita, R. (2013). Exploring tourists push and pull motivations to visit Mauritius as a tourist destination. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 2(3), 1-13.
  • Kim, S. & Prideaux, B. (2005). Marketing implications arising from a comparative study of international pleasure tourist motivations and other travel-related characteristics of visitors to Korea. Tourism Management, 26, 347-357.
  • Kim, Y.G., Eves, A. & Scarles, C. (2009). Tourism and food experience: Major factors that motivated travelers to consume local food and beverages. Tourism and hospitality in a dynamic world. Dubai.
  • Kozak, M. (2001). Repeaters’ Behavior At Two Distinct Destinations, Annals Of Tourism Research, 28(3), 784–808.
  • Kozak, M. & Rimmington, M. (2000). Tourist Satisfaction With Mallorca, Spain, As An Off-Season Holiday Destination, Journal Of Travel Research, 38(3), 260–269.
  • Lee, S., Jeon, S. & Kim, D. (2011). The impact of tour quality and tourist satisfaction on tourist loyalty: The case of Chinese Tourists in Korea. Tourism Management, p. 32, 1115-1124.
  • Mahika, E. (2011). Current Trends In Tourist Motivation. Cactus Tourism Journal, 2(2), 15-24.
  • Manfredo, M. J., Driver, B. L. & Tarrant, M. A. (1996). Measuring Leisure Motivation: A Meta-analysis Of The Recreation, Journal Of Leisure Research.28(3), 188-213.
  • Mathieson, A. & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism: Economic, Physical And Social Impacts.New York: Longman.
  • Mcgehee, G. N., Murphy, L. L., & Uysal, M. (1996). The Australian İnternational Pleasure Travel Market: Motivations From A Gendered Perspective. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 7(1), 45–57.
  • Merwe, P. & Saayman, M. (2008). Travel Motivations Of Tourists Visiting Kruger National Park. African Protected Area Conservation And Science, 50(1), 154-159.
  • Mohammad, B.A.A. & Som, A.P.M. (2010). An Analysis Of Push and Pull Travel Motivations Of Foreign Tourists To Jordan. International Journal Of Business and Management, 5(12), 41-50.
  • Opperman, M. (1997). First-Time And Repeat Visitors To New Zealand. Tourism Management, 18(3), 177-181.
  • Özel, Ç. H. (2010). Güdülere Dayalı Yerli Turist Tipolojisinin Belirlenmesi: İç Turizm Pazarına Yönelik Bir Uygulama. Basılmamış Doktora Tezi. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi SBE.
  • Özgen, Ö. (2000). Kapadokya’yı Ziyaret Eden Turistlerin Genel Seyahat Motivasyonları ve Tatmin Olma Durumları. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11, 22-34.
  • Paris, C.M. & Teye, V. (2010). Backpacker Motivations: A Travel Career Approach. Journal Of Hospitality Marketing And Management, 19, 244-259.
  • Park, D. B. & Yoon, Y. S. (2009). Segmentation by motivation in rural tourism: A Korean Case Study. Tourism Management, 30, 99–108.
  • Pearce, P. L., & Caltabiano, M. L. (1983). Inferring Travel Motivation From Travelers' Experiences. Journal Of Travel Research, 22(2), 16-20.
  • Pearce, P.L. & Lee, U. (2005). Developing The Travel Career Approach To Tourist Motivation. Journal Of Travel Research, pp. 43, 226–237.
  • Pesonen, J.A. (2012). Segmentation Of Rural Tourists: Combining Pull And Push Motivations. Tourism And Hospitality Management, 18(1), 69-82.
  • Prayag, G. & Ryan, C. (2011). The Relationship Between The 'Push' And 'Pull' Factors Of A Tourist Destination. Current Issues In Tourism, 14(2), 121-143.
  • Sangpikul, A. (2008). Travel motivations of Japanese senior tavellers to Thailand. Int. Journal of Tourism Research, 10(1), 81-94.
  • Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods For Business: A Skill Business Approach. New York: John Wiley & Sons
  • Şenel, E., & Kılıç, İ. (2022). Covid-19 Korkusu Ile Seyahat Motivasyonu ve Satın Alma Niyeti İlişkisi. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 92-105. DOI: 10.32572/Guntad.954942.
  • Swanson, K.K., & Horridge, P.E. (2006). Travel Motivations As Souvenir Purchase İndicators. Tourism Management, pp. 27, 671–683.
  • Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th Ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Terblanche, H. (2012). Travel Motives Of Adventure Tourists: A Case Study Of Mageobaskloof Adventures (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa).
  • Ural, A. (2005). Bilimsel Araştırma Süreci ve SPSS Ile Veri Analizi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Uysal, M., Li, X., & Sırakaya-Türk, E. (2008). Push-Pull Dynamics In Travel Decisions. In H. Oh & A. Pizam (Eds.), Handbook Of Hospitality Marketing Management (pp. 413-439). Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Vuuren, C.V., & Slabbert, E. (2011). Travel Motivations And Behaviour Tourists To A South African Resort. In J.A.C. Santos (Ed.), Book Of Proceedings Vol.1 (pp. 295-304). Algarve: International Conference Of Tourism And Management Studies.
  • Wu, J., Xu, J., & Ekiz, E.H. (2009). Investigating the push and pull motivation of visiting domestic destinations in China: A means-and Approach. Journal of China Tourism Research, 5(3), 287-315.
  • Yazıt, H., & Erkol, G. (2022). Ziyaretçilerin seyahat motivasyonu, memnuniyeti, tekrar ziyaret niyeti ve sadakat algısı ilişkisi üzerine bir araştırma. Turizm ve İşletme Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 104-121.
  • Yoon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2005). An Examination Of The Effects Of Motivation And Satisfaction On Destination Loyalty: A Structural Model. Management Tourism, 26, 45-56.
  • Yousefi, M., & Marzuki, A. (2012). Travel Motivations And The Influential Factors: The Case Of Penang. Anatolia: An International Journal Of Tourism And Hospitality Research, 23(2), 169-176.
  • Zhang, J., & Marcussen, C. (2007). Tourist Motivation, Market Segmentation and Marketing Strategies. In Centre For Regional and Tourism Research (Pp. 1–27). 5th Bi-Annual Symposium Of The International Society Of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, South Carolina, USA.
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tourism Policy, Tourist Behaviour and Visitor Experience
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Halil İbrahim Karakan 0000-0003-3335-0923

Kemal Birdir 0000-0003-1353-3618

Early Pub Date September 10, 2023
Publication Date September 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Karakan, H. İ., & Birdir, K. (2023). Determination of travel motivations and motivational typology of tourists who have no intention to revisit Türkiye. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research, 9(2), 41-52. https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.1352358