Successful Management of Cardiogenic Thromboembolism in a Cat

Year 2024, , 14 - 18, 30.06.2024

Tuğçe Çakır , Mehmet Dörterler

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12577779

Abstract

Cardiogenic arterial thromboembolism (CATE) is a critical and often life-threatening condition seen in both human and veterinary medicine. Cats with underlying cardiac conditions are predisposed to developing intracavitary thrombi due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Asymptomatic HCM is common, affecting approximately 15% of apparently healthy cats and up to 25% of cats older than 9 years. Therefore, it is very important to screen cats for probable asymptomatic HCM by echocardiography. The aim of this case report is to present a successful approach to managing cardiogenic thromboembolism in a 2-year-old Scottish Fold cat.

Keywords

Cardiogenic Thromboembolism, Cat, Successful management

References

• 1. Harpster NK. Feline myocardial diseases. In: Kirk RW, ed. Current veterinary therapy IX. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1986:380-398.
• 2. Bonagura JD, Fox PR. Restrictive cardiomyopathy. In: Bonagura JD, ed. Kirk’s current veterinary therapy XII. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1995:863-867.
• 3. Laste NJ, Harpster NK. A retrospective study of 100 cases of feline distal aortic thromboembolism: 1977-1993. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1995; 31(6):492-500.
• 4. Atkins CE, Gallo AM, Kurzman ID, et al. Risk factors, clinical signs, and survival in cats with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 74 cases (1985-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1992;201(4):613-618.
• 5. Baty CJ, Malarkey DE, Atkins CE, et al. Natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and aortic thromboembolism in a family of domestic shorthair cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2001;15(6):595-599.
• 6. Moore KE, Morris N, Dhupa N, et al. Retrospective study of streptokinase administration in 46 cats with arterial thromboembolism. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2000;10(4):245-257.
• 7. Rush JE, Freeman LM, Fenollosa NK, et al. Population and survival characteristics of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 260 cases (1990-1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;(2):202-207.
• 8. Peterson EN, Moise NS, Brown CA, et al. Heterogeneity of hypertrophy in feline hypertrophic heart disease. J Vet Intern Med. 1993;7(3):183-189.
• 9. Smith SA, Tobias AH, Jacob KA, et al. Arterial thromboembolism in cats: acute crisis in 127 cases (1992-2001) and long-term management with low-dose aspirin in 24 cases. J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17(1):73-83.
• 10. Payne JR, Borgeat K, Connolly DJ, et al. Prognostic indicators in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med. 2013;27(6):1427-1436.
• 11. Stokol T, Brooks M, Rush JE, et al. Hypercoagulability in cats with cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22(3):546-552.
• 12. Helenski CA, Ross JN. Platelet aggregation in feline cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med. 1987;1(1):24-28.
• 13. Welles EG, Boudreaux MK, Crager CS, et al. Platelet function and antithrombin, plasminogen, and fibrinolytic activities in cats with heart disease. Am J Vet Res. 1994;55(5):619-627.
• 14. Luis Fuentes V, Wilkie LJ. Asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: diagnosis and therapy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2017;47(5):1041-1054.
• 15. Haggstrom J, Luis Fuentes V, Wess G. Screening for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats. J Vet Cardiol. 2015;17(Suppl 1):S134-149.
• 16. Laste NJ, Harpster NK. A retrospective study of 100 cases of feline distal aortic thromboembolism: 1977-1993. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1995;31(6):492-500.
• 17. S.A. Smith, A.H. Tobias, K.A. Jacob, D.M. Fine, P.L. Grumbles. Arterial thromboembolism in cats: acute crisis in 127 cases (1992-2001) and long-term management with low-dose aspirin in 24 cases. J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17(1):73-83.
• 18. K. Borgeat, J. Wright, O. Garrod, J.R. Payne, V.L. Fuentes. Arterial thromboembolism in 250 cats in general practice: 2004-2012, J Vet Intern Med. 2014;28(1):102-115.
• 19. J.R. Payne, K. Borgeat, D.C. Brodbelt, D.J. Connolly, V. Luis Fuentes. Risk factors associated with sudden death vs. congestive heart failure or arterial thromboembolism in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Cardiol. 2015;17(1):5318-5328.
• 20. P. R. Fox, B.W. Keene, K. Lamb, K.A. Schober, V. Chetboul et al. International collaborative study to assess cardiovascular risk and evaluate long-term health in cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and apparently healthy cats: the REVEAL Study. J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32(1):930-943.
• 21. Schoeman JP. Feline distal aortic thromboembolism: a review of 44 cases (1990-1998). J Feline Med Surg. 1999;1(4):221-31.
• 22. Deedwania PC, Huang GW. Role of emerging antithrombotic therapy in the prevention of cardioembolic complications in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2011;11(4):265-275.
• 23. Hogan DF, Fox PR, Jacob K, et al. Secondary prevention of cardiogenic arterial thromboembolism in the cat: The double-blind, randomized, positive-controlled feline arterial thromboembolism; clopidogrel vs. aspirin trial (FAT CAT). J Vet Cardiol. 2015;17(Suppl 1):S306-17.
• 24. Luis Fuentes V, Abbott J, Chetboul V, et al. ACVIM consensus statement guidelines for the classification, diagnosis, and management of cardiomyopathies in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2020; 34:1062–1077. Nelson RW, Couto CG. Small Animal Internal Medicine-E-Book: Small Animal Internal Medicine-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2019.