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Death Rituals in the Rāmāyaṇa: Cremation, Śrāddha, and Funeral Ceremonies

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 19, 17 - 29, 30.06.2025

Abstract

This study examines the death rituals and Śrāddha ceremonies depicted in the Rāmāyaṇa epic, comparing them with Vedic and Dharmasūtra traditions. The study explores how these rituals, especially in the funerals of figures like Daśaratha, Vālī, and Rāvaṇa, were shaped by Brahmanic norms and adapted to different cultural contexts. The rituals’ roles in maintaining social and cosmic order are highlighted, particularly focusing on how patriarchal and hierarchical structures are reproduced. The article shows how Śrāddha ceremonies reflect gender roles and caste hierarchies, with male heirs performing rituals to reaffirm lineage and social order. Women and marginalized groups generally have limited roles, reinforcing the patriarchal and caste-based structure of Brahmanic Hindu society. Examples like the ritual role-sharing between Tara and Aṇgada illustrate women’s marginalization and men’s centrality in these practices. The study also addresses the restricted access of Śūdra and marginalized groups to these rituals, emphasizing the central role of Brahmins in sanctifying these ceremonies. This analysis underscores the socio-political and religious functions of the Rāmāyaṇa’s death rituals, highlighting their role in preserving hierarchical relationships and cosmic balance.

Ethical Statement

This article was prepared in accordance with scientific and ethical principles.

References

  • Arya, Sunaina. “Dalit or Brahmanical Patriarchy? Rethinking Indian Feminism”. CASTE: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion, 1/1 (2020), 217–228.
  • Bell, Catherine. Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and The Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge, 1990.
  • Bynum, C. Walker. Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. University of California Press, 1987.
  • Chakravarti, Uma. “Conceptualising Brahmanical Patriarchy in Early India: Gender, Caste, Class and State”. Economic and Political Weekly, 28/14 (1993), 579–585. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4399556
  • Chakravarti, Uma. Gendering Caste Through A Feminist Lens. Stree, 1993.
  • Daly, Mary. Gyn/Ecology the Metaethics of Radical Feminism. Beacon Press, 1978.
  • Dutt, M. Nath. Ther Ramayana Yuddha Kandam. Calcutta: Elysium Press, 1893.
  • Goldman, R.P. vd. The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume VI: Yuddhakāṇḍa. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009.
  • Gonda, Jan. Vedic Ritual: The Non-solemn Rites. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 1980.
  • Grosz, Elizabeth. Volatile Bodies: Toward a Corporeal Feminism. St. Leonards, NSW: Indiana University Press, 1994.
  • Kane, P. Vaman. History of Dhnrmasastra, Vol. IV. Part 1. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1930-1964.
  • Lerner, Gerda. The Creation of Patriarchy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
  • Magne, S. C. SSriiddhn Sagara of Kullakablwtta. D. K. New Delhi: Printworld Private Limited, 1994.
  • Mohanty, C. Talpade. “Under western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses." Feminist Review. 30 (1988), 61-88. https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.1988.36
  • Pandey, Rajbali. Hindu Samskaras: Socio-Religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1976.
  • Pandurang, V. Kane. History of Dharmaśāstra (Vols. 1-5). Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1930-1964
  • Rosaldo, M. Z.-Lamphere, L (ed.). Woman, Culture, and Society. Stanford University Press, 1974.
  • Scott, J. Wallach. Gender and The Politics of History. Columbia University Press, 1988.
  • Sharma, R. Sharan. A Socio-Political Study of the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa. Motilal Banarsidass, 1971.
  • Sharma, R. Sharan. Material Culture and Social Formations in Ancient India. Macmillan, 1971.
  • Shastri, Dakshinaranjan. Origin and Development of the Rituals of Ancestor Worship in India. Calcutta: Bookland, 1963.

Rāmāyaṇa’da Ölüm Ritüelleri: Kremasyon, Śrāddha ve Cenaze Törenleri

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 19, 17 - 29, 30.06.2025

Abstract

Bu çalışma Rāmāyaṇa destanında tasvir edilen ölüm ritüellerini ve Śrāddha törenlerini Vedik ve Dharmasūtra gelenekleriyle karşılaştırarak incelemektedir. Çalışma, özellikle Daśaratha, Vālī ve Rāvaṇa gibi figürlerin cenazelerinde bu ritüellerin Brahmanik normlar tarafından nasıl şekillendirildiğini ve farklı kültürel bağlamlara nasıl uyarlandığını araştırmaktadır. Ritüellerin sosyal ve kozmik düzenin korunmasındaki rolleri vurgulanmakta, özellikle ataerkil ve hiyerarşik yapıların nasıl yeniden üretildiğine odaklanılmaktadır. Makale, Śrāddha törenlerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerini ve kast hiyerarşilerini nasıl yansıttığını, erkek varislerin soyu ve sosyal düzeni yeniden teyit etmek için ritüeller gerçekleştirdiğini göstermektedir. Kadınlar ve marjinal gruplar genellikle sınırlı rollere sahip olup Brahmanik Hindu toplumunun ataerkil ve kast temelli yapısını pekiştirmektedir. Tara ve Aṇgada arasındaki ritüel rol paylaşımı gibi örnekler kadınların marjinalleştirilmesini ve erkeklerin bu uygulamalardaki merkezîliğini göstermektedir. Çalışma aynı zamanda Śūdra ve marjinal grupların bu ritüellere kısıtlı erişimine değinerek Brahmanların bu törenleri kutsallaştırmadaki merkezî rolünü vurgulamaktadır. Bu analiz, Rāmāyaṇa’nın ölüm ritüellerinin sosyo-politik ve dinî işlevlerinin altını çizmekte, hiyerarşik ilişkileri ve kozmik dengeyi korumadaki rollerini vurgulamaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Bu makalenin hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulmuştur.

References

  • Arya, Sunaina. “Dalit or Brahmanical Patriarchy? Rethinking Indian Feminism”. CASTE: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion, 1/1 (2020), 217–228.
  • Bell, Catherine. Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and The Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge, 1990.
  • Bynum, C. Walker. Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. University of California Press, 1987.
  • Chakravarti, Uma. “Conceptualising Brahmanical Patriarchy in Early India: Gender, Caste, Class and State”. Economic and Political Weekly, 28/14 (1993), 579–585. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4399556
  • Chakravarti, Uma. Gendering Caste Through A Feminist Lens. Stree, 1993.
  • Daly, Mary. Gyn/Ecology the Metaethics of Radical Feminism. Beacon Press, 1978.
  • Dutt, M. Nath. Ther Ramayana Yuddha Kandam. Calcutta: Elysium Press, 1893.
  • Goldman, R.P. vd. The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume VI: Yuddhakāṇḍa. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009.
  • Gonda, Jan. Vedic Ritual: The Non-solemn Rites. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 1980.
  • Grosz, Elizabeth. Volatile Bodies: Toward a Corporeal Feminism. St. Leonards, NSW: Indiana University Press, 1994.
  • Kane, P. Vaman. History of Dhnrmasastra, Vol. IV. Part 1. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1930-1964.
  • Lerner, Gerda. The Creation of Patriarchy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
  • Magne, S. C. SSriiddhn Sagara of Kullakablwtta. D. K. New Delhi: Printworld Private Limited, 1994.
  • Mohanty, C. Talpade. “Under western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses." Feminist Review. 30 (1988), 61-88. https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.1988.36
  • Pandey, Rajbali. Hindu Samskaras: Socio-Religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1976.
  • Pandurang, V. Kane. History of Dharmaśāstra (Vols. 1-5). Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1930-1964
  • Rosaldo, M. Z.-Lamphere, L (ed.). Woman, Culture, and Society. Stanford University Press, 1974.
  • Scott, J. Wallach. Gender and The Politics of History. Columbia University Press, 1988.
  • Sharma, R. Sharan. A Socio-Political Study of the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa. Motilal Banarsidass, 1971.
  • Sharma, R. Sharan. Material Culture and Social Formations in Ancient India. Macmillan, 1971.
  • Shastri, Dakshinaranjan. Origin and Development of the Rituals of Ancestor Worship in India. Calcutta: Bookland, 1963.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Historical Religions, Studies in Eastern Religious Traditions
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesi / Research Article
Authors

Mehmet Masatoğlu 0000-0001-6373-8991

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date May 27, 2025
Acceptance Date June 17, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 19

Cite

ISNAD Masatoğlu, Mehmet. “Death Rituals in the Rāmāyaṇa: Cremation, Śrāddha, and Funeral Ceremonies”. Kalemname 10/19 (June2025), 17-29.

Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Islamic Sciences Campus, 71450 Yahşihan / Kırıkkale, Türkiye.

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