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ORTA ÇAĞ İNGİLTERE’DE PAPA KRAL ÇATIŞMASI: III. INNOCENTIUS-KRAL JOHN

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 83, 1051 - 1066, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1494589

Abstract

Atama Tartışması (Investitura), XIII. yüzyılda İngiltere Kralı Yurtsuz John ile Papa III. Innocentius arasında yaşa-nan, Canterbury Kilisesi’ne kimin başpiskopos olarak atanacağının belirlenmesi nedeniyle çıkan anlaşmazlığın kavgaya dönüşmesidir. Vuku bulan bu hadise, Orta Çağ İngiltere’de dinî güç ile seküler güç arasındaki en şiddetli mücadelelerden biridir. Çalışmanın zaman aralığı John’un (1199-1216) ve Innocentius’un (1198-1216) neredeyse eş zamanlı hüküm sürdükleri dönemi kapsamaktadır. Papa Innocentius, Papa VII. Gregorius’un 1075 yılında yayınladığı Dictatus Papae’ye dayanarak Roma Kilise’sinin Tanrı tarafından kurulduğunu, Papa’nın tek evrensel güç olduğunu bu nedenle de kilise görevlilerini atama ya da azletme yetkisinin kendisinde olduğunu ifade etmiştir. Kral John ise atalarından devraldığı miras gereği kiliselerin kraliyete tabi olması gerektiğini ve iktidarın Tanrı tarafından verildiğini iddia etmiştir. Babası II. Henry’nin ve ağabeyi I. Richard’ın kilise görevlilerini atadığını bu bağlamda kendisinin de başpiskopos atamasında tek yetkili olduğunu savunmuştur. Canterbury başpiskoposu Hubert Walter’in ölümüyle birlikte Kral John ve Papa III. Innocentius arasında yaşanan atama kavgası en nihayetinde Papa’nın üstünlüğü ile sonuçlanmış, John Papa’ya diz çökmüştür. İngiltere ve İrlanda Krallıkları dirlik olarak Papa’nın hükmüne bırakılmıştır. Çalışma, Orta Çağ’da neredeyse hiçbir kralın Papa’nın gücüne karşı koyamacağını ve dinî otoriteye başkaldırdığında aforozun yanı sıra askerî olarak da cezalandırılabileceği sonucuna ulaşmıştır.

Thanks

Sn. hocalarıma destekleri ve katkılarından dolayı şimdiden teşekkürü borç bilirim.

References

  • BARRAT, N., (1996). ‘‘The revenue of King John,” EHR, 111. 835- 855.
  • BROOKE, Z. N. (1952). The English Church and the Papacy from the Conquest to the Reign of John. Cambridge: Cambridge Universty Press.
  • CEYLANBAŞ, F. (2023). Kral John Dönemi İngiltere’de Feodalite ve Magna Carta’ya Giden Yol (1199-1216) Manisa: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi).
  • CHENEY, C. R. (1948). ‘‘A neglected record of the Canterbury election of 1205-1206’’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, XXI/64: 233-238.
  • CHENEY, C. R. (1949). ‘‘King John’s Reaction to the Interdict on England’’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, IV/31: 129-150,
  • CHENEY, C. R. (1978). Pope Innocent III and England. Stutgart: Cambridge Universty Press.
  • CHURCH, S. (2015). King John and Road to Magna Carta. London: Macmillan Press.
  • CLARKE, P. D. (2007). The Interdict in the Thirteenth Century: A Question of Collective Guilt. Oxford: Oxford Universty Press.
  • ÇOBAN, B. Z. (2014). Geçmişten Günümüze Papalık. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • DUNCAN, A. A. M. (1999). ‘‘John King of England and the Kings of Scots’’. King John: New Interpretations. (Ed. S. D. Church). Woodbridge: Boydell&Brewer Press. 247-273
  • DURGUN, F. (2018). ‘‘Dini ve Siyasi Yönleriyle Orta Çağ Batı Kilisesi’nde Büyük Bölünme (1378-1417)’’. Ortaçağ’da Din ve Devlet. (Ed. Ayşe Atıcı Arıyan). İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınları. 177-199.
  • DURMAZ, S. (2010). ‘‘Yüksek Ortaçağda Papa-İmparator Çatışması: Kılıç ile Âsâ’nın Savaşı’’. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1: 93-120.
  • HARPER-BİLL, C. (1999). ‘‘John and the Church of Rome’’.
  • King John: New Interpretations. (Ed. S. D. Church). Woodbridge: Boydell&Brewer Press. 289-315.
  • HATCHER, J. (1981). “English Serfdom and Villeinage: Towards a Reassessment,” Past and Present. X: 3- 39.
  • HELMHOLZ, R. (2018). ‘‘Pope Innocent III and the Annulment of Magna Carta’’, The Journal Ecclesiastical History 69(1), 1-14.
  • HISTORICAL WORKS OF RALPH DE DICETO. (1876). (Ed. W. Stubbs). Roll Series, London.
  • HOLDSWORTH, C. (1963). ‘‘John of Forde and the Interdict’’, The English Historical Review LXXVII/309: 705-714.
  • HOLT, J. C. (1961). King John, London: Historical Association Pamphlets.
  • KNOWLES, M. D. (1938). ‘‘The Canterbury Election of 1205-1206’’, The English Historcial Review, 210: 211-220.
  • LETTERS OF INNOCENT III TO ENGLAND AND WALES. (1967). (Ed. Cheney, R. C. ve Gwendolen, M.). Micgian: Clarendon Press.
  • MADDICOTT, J. R. (2011). ‘‘The Oath of Marlborough, 1209: Fear, Government and Popular Allegiance in the Reign of King John’’. The English Hitorical Review, CXXVI/519: 281-318.
  • MATTHEW PARİS, Chronica Maiora II, Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 016II.
  • MORRİS, M. (2015). King John Treachery, and Tyranny in Medieval England: The Road to Magna Carta. London: Pegasus Book.
  • PIPE ROLL 14 JOHN. (Ed. Brown Allewn R. ve Holt J. C.). (1961). London: Pipe Roll Society New Series.
  • ROTULI LITTERARUM CLAUSARUM IN TURRI LONDINENSI ASSERVATI. (1833-1844). (Ed. Hardy D. T.). II vols, London: G. Eyre and A. Spottiswoode.
  • ROTULI LITTERARUM PATENTIUM IN TURRI LONDINENSI ASSERVATI. (1835). (Ed. Hardy D. T.). London: G. Eyre and A. Spottiswoode.
  • SAYERS, J. (1994). Innocent III: Leader of Europe. London: Longman Press.
  • SAYERS, J. (2000). ‘‘Peter’s throne and Augustine’s chair: Rome and Canterbury from Baldwin (1184-1190) to Robert Winchelsey (1297-1313)’’, JEH, 51: 250-274.
  • SELECTED LETTERS OF POPE INNOCENT III CONCERNIG ENGLAND (1198- 1216). (1953). (Ed. Cheney, C. R. ve Semple W. H.). New Yok: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.
  • SERDAR, M. (2021). ‘‘Ortaçağ Avrupası’nda Papalık’’, Orta Çağ Avrupa Tarihi. (Ed. Özlem Genç). Niğde: Talebe Yayınları. 215-301.
  • THE HEADS OF RELIGIOUS HOUSES ENGLAND AND WALES, 940- 1216. (1972). (Ed. D. Knowles, C. N. L. Brooke, V. London) Cambridge: Cambridge Universty Press.
  • THE HISTORICAL WORK OF GERVASE OF CANTERBURY. (1871). (Ed. Stubbs W.). 2 vols, London: Cambridge Universty Press.
  • THE RED BOOK OF THE EXCHEQUER. (Ed. Hall, H.). (1896). 3 vols, London: RS.
  • TRUAX, J. (2012). Archbishops Ralph d’Escures, William of Corbeil and Theobald of Bec: Heirs of Anselm and Ancestors of Becket. Farnham: Routledge Press.
  • VAUGN, S. N. (2012). Arcbishop Anselm 1093-1109 Bec Missionary, Canterbury Primate, Patriarch of Another. London: Routledge Press.
  • VINCENT, N. (2010). ‘‘Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury’’. Étienne Langton, Prédicateur, Bibliste, Théologien (Ed. J. Bataillon, N. Bériou, G. Dahan ve R. Quinto). Turnhout: Brespols Press. 51-123.

WAR OF THE POPE AND EMPEROR IN THE MIDDLE AGES: LACKLAND JOHN AND POPE INNOCENTIUS III

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 83, 1051 - 1066, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1494589

Abstract

The Investiture Controversy, occurring in the XIIIth century, was a conflict between King John Lackland of England and Pope Innocent III over the appointment of the Archbishop of Canterbury, which escalated into a confrontation. This event was one of the most intense struggles between religious and secular powers in medieval England. The timeframe of the study encompasses the reigns of John (1199-1216) and Innocent III (1198-1216), who ruled almost concurrently. Pope Innocent III, drawing on the Dictatus Papae issued by Pope Gregory VII in 1075, asserted the divine establishment of the Roman Church and the sole universal authority of the Pope. Consequently, he claimed the power to appoint or dismiss church officials. King John, on the other hand, asserted the royal prerogative inherited from his ancestors, arguing that churches should be subject to the monarchy, as sovereignty was granted by God. He pointed to the appointments made by his father, Henry II, and his brother, Richard I, as evidence that he did alone the authority to appoint archbishops. Following the death of Archbishop Hubert Walter, the dispute over appointments between King John and Pope Innocent III ultimately resulted in the superiority of the Papacy, with John submitting to the Pope. The Kingdoms of England and Ireland were left subject to papal authority. The study concludes that in the Middle Ages, hardly any king could resist the power of the Pope, and defiance against religious authority could lead not only to excommunication but also to military punishment.

References

  • BARRAT, N., (1996). ‘‘The revenue of King John,” EHR, 111. 835- 855.
  • BROOKE, Z. N. (1952). The English Church and the Papacy from the Conquest to the Reign of John. Cambridge: Cambridge Universty Press.
  • CEYLANBAŞ, F. (2023). Kral John Dönemi İngiltere’de Feodalite ve Magna Carta’ya Giden Yol (1199-1216) Manisa: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi).
  • CHENEY, C. R. (1948). ‘‘A neglected record of the Canterbury election of 1205-1206’’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, XXI/64: 233-238.
  • CHENEY, C. R. (1949). ‘‘King John’s Reaction to the Interdict on England’’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, IV/31: 129-150,
  • CHENEY, C. R. (1978). Pope Innocent III and England. Stutgart: Cambridge Universty Press.
  • CHURCH, S. (2015). King John and Road to Magna Carta. London: Macmillan Press.
  • CLARKE, P. D. (2007). The Interdict in the Thirteenth Century: A Question of Collective Guilt. Oxford: Oxford Universty Press.
  • ÇOBAN, B. Z. (2014). Geçmişten Günümüze Papalık. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • DUNCAN, A. A. M. (1999). ‘‘John King of England and the Kings of Scots’’. King John: New Interpretations. (Ed. S. D. Church). Woodbridge: Boydell&Brewer Press. 247-273
  • DURGUN, F. (2018). ‘‘Dini ve Siyasi Yönleriyle Orta Çağ Batı Kilisesi’nde Büyük Bölünme (1378-1417)’’. Ortaçağ’da Din ve Devlet. (Ed. Ayşe Atıcı Arıyan). İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınları. 177-199.
  • DURMAZ, S. (2010). ‘‘Yüksek Ortaçağda Papa-İmparator Çatışması: Kılıç ile Âsâ’nın Savaşı’’. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1: 93-120.
  • HARPER-BİLL, C. (1999). ‘‘John and the Church of Rome’’.
  • King John: New Interpretations. (Ed. S. D. Church). Woodbridge: Boydell&Brewer Press. 289-315.
  • HATCHER, J. (1981). “English Serfdom and Villeinage: Towards a Reassessment,” Past and Present. X: 3- 39.
  • HELMHOLZ, R. (2018). ‘‘Pope Innocent III and the Annulment of Magna Carta’’, The Journal Ecclesiastical History 69(1), 1-14.
  • HISTORICAL WORKS OF RALPH DE DICETO. (1876). (Ed. W. Stubbs). Roll Series, London.
  • HOLDSWORTH, C. (1963). ‘‘John of Forde and the Interdict’’, The English Historical Review LXXVII/309: 705-714.
  • HOLT, J. C. (1961). King John, London: Historical Association Pamphlets.
  • KNOWLES, M. D. (1938). ‘‘The Canterbury Election of 1205-1206’’, The English Historcial Review, 210: 211-220.
  • LETTERS OF INNOCENT III TO ENGLAND AND WALES. (1967). (Ed. Cheney, R. C. ve Gwendolen, M.). Micgian: Clarendon Press.
  • MADDICOTT, J. R. (2011). ‘‘The Oath of Marlborough, 1209: Fear, Government and Popular Allegiance in the Reign of King John’’. The English Hitorical Review, CXXVI/519: 281-318.
  • MATTHEW PARİS, Chronica Maiora II, Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 016II.
  • MORRİS, M. (2015). King John Treachery, and Tyranny in Medieval England: The Road to Magna Carta. London: Pegasus Book.
  • PIPE ROLL 14 JOHN. (Ed. Brown Allewn R. ve Holt J. C.). (1961). London: Pipe Roll Society New Series.
  • ROTULI LITTERARUM CLAUSARUM IN TURRI LONDINENSI ASSERVATI. (1833-1844). (Ed. Hardy D. T.). II vols, London: G. Eyre and A. Spottiswoode.
  • ROTULI LITTERARUM PATENTIUM IN TURRI LONDINENSI ASSERVATI. (1835). (Ed. Hardy D. T.). London: G. Eyre and A. Spottiswoode.
  • SAYERS, J. (1994). Innocent III: Leader of Europe. London: Longman Press.
  • SAYERS, J. (2000). ‘‘Peter’s throne and Augustine’s chair: Rome and Canterbury from Baldwin (1184-1190) to Robert Winchelsey (1297-1313)’’, JEH, 51: 250-274.
  • SELECTED LETTERS OF POPE INNOCENT III CONCERNIG ENGLAND (1198- 1216). (1953). (Ed. Cheney, C. R. ve Semple W. H.). New Yok: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.
  • SERDAR, M. (2021). ‘‘Ortaçağ Avrupası’nda Papalık’’, Orta Çağ Avrupa Tarihi. (Ed. Özlem Genç). Niğde: Talebe Yayınları. 215-301.
  • THE HEADS OF RELIGIOUS HOUSES ENGLAND AND WALES, 940- 1216. (1972). (Ed. D. Knowles, C. N. L. Brooke, V. London) Cambridge: Cambridge Universty Press.
  • THE HISTORICAL WORK OF GERVASE OF CANTERBURY. (1871). (Ed. Stubbs W.). 2 vols, London: Cambridge Universty Press.
  • THE RED BOOK OF THE EXCHEQUER. (Ed. Hall, H.). (1896). 3 vols, London: RS.
  • TRUAX, J. (2012). Archbishops Ralph d’Escures, William of Corbeil and Theobald of Bec: Heirs of Anselm and Ancestors of Becket. Farnham: Routledge Press.
  • VAUGN, S. N. (2012). Arcbishop Anselm 1093-1109 Bec Missionary, Canterbury Primate, Patriarch of Another. London: Routledge Press.
  • VINCENT, N. (2010). ‘‘Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury’’. Étienne Langton, Prédicateur, Bibliste, Théologien (Ed. J. Bataillon, N. Bériou, G. Dahan ve R. Quinto). Turnhout: Brespols Press. 51-123.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Medieval European History
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Fuat Ceylanbaş 0000-0002-5270-0442

Publication Date September 30, 2024
Submission Date June 2, 2024
Acceptance Date September 30, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 21 Issue: 83

Cite

APA Ceylanbaş, F. (2024). ORTA ÇAĞ İNGİLTERE’DE PAPA KRAL ÇATIŞMASI: III. INNOCENTIUS-KRAL JOHN. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 21(83), 1051-1066. https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1494589
AMA Ceylanbaş F. ORTA ÇAĞ İNGİLTERE’DE PAPA KRAL ÇATIŞMASI: III. INNOCENTIUS-KRAL JOHN. Karadeniz Araştırmaları. September 2024;21(83):1051-1066. doi:10.56694/karadearas.1494589
Chicago Ceylanbaş, Fuat. “ORTA ÇAĞ İNGİLTERE’DE PAPA KRAL ÇATIŞMASI: III. INNOCENTIUS-KRAL JOHN”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 21, no. 83 (September 2024): 1051-66. https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1494589.
EndNote Ceylanbaş F (September 1, 2024) ORTA ÇAĞ İNGİLTERE’DE PAPA KRAL ÇATIŞMASI: III. INNOCENTIUS-KRAL JOHN. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 21 83 1051–1066.
IEEE F. Ceylanbaş, “ORTA ÇAĞ İNGİLTERE’DE PAPA KRAL ÇATIŞMASI: III. INNOCENTIUS-KRAL JOHN”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, vol. 21, no. 83, pp. 1051–1066, 2024, doi: 10.56694/karadearas.1494589.
ISNAD Ceylanbaş, Fuat. “ORTA ÇAĞ İNGİLTERE’DE PAPA KRAL ÇATIŞMASI: III. INNOCENTIUS-KRAL JOHN”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 21/83 (September 2024), 1051-1066. https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1494589.
JAMA Ceylanbaş F. ORTA ÇAĞ İNGİLTERE’DE PAPA KRAL ÇATIŞMASI: III. INNOCENTIUS-KRAL JOHN. Karadeniz Araştırmaları. 2024;21:1051–1066.
MLA Ceylanbaş, Fuat. “ORTA ÇAĞ İNGİLTERE’DE PAPA KRAL ÇATIŞMASI: III. INNOCENTIUS-KRAL JOHN”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, vol. 21, no. 83, 2024, pp. 1051-66, doi:10.56694/karadearas.1494589.
Vancouver Ceylanbaş F. ORTA ÇAĞ İNGİLTERE’DE PAPA KRAL ÇATIŞMASI: III. INNOCENTIUS-KRAL JOHN. Karadeniz Araştırmaları. 2024;21(83):1051-66.