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Understanding Jewish Influence II: Zionism and the Internal Dynamics of Judaism

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 47 - 64, 30.07.2024

Abstract

The history of Zionism illustrates a dynamic within the Jewish community in which the most radical elements end up pulling the entire community in their direction. Zionism began among the most ethnocentric Eastern European Jews and had explicitly racialist and nationalist overtones. However, Zionism was viewed as dangerous among the wider Jewish community, especially the partially assimilated Jews in Western countries, because it opened Jews up to charges of disloyalty and because the Zionists’ open racialism and ethnocentric nationalism conflicted with the assimilationist strategy then dominant among Western Jews. Zionist activists eventually succeeded in making Zionism a mainstream Jewish movement, due in large part to the sheer force of numbers of the Eastern European vanguard. Over time, the more militant, expansionist Zionists (the Jabotinskyists, the Likud Party, fundamentalists, and West Bank settlers) have won the day and have continued to push for territorial expansion within Israel. This has led to conflicts with Palestinians and a widespread belief among Jews that Israel itself is threatened. The result has been a heightened group consciousness among Jews and ultimately support for Zionist extremism among the entire organized American Jewish community.

References

  • Jubilees Kitabı’na yapılan atıflar Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament II, ed. R. H. Charles, 1-82. Yeniden basım, Oxford: Clarendon Press, [1913] 1966.
  • Makabiler Kitabı’na yapılan atıflar Yeni İngilizce Kutsal Kitap’a yapılmıştır: Apocrypha. Londra: Oxford University Press ve Cambridge University Press, 1970.
  • Alderman, G. (1983). The Jewish Community in British Politics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Alexander, R. (1979). Darwinism and Human Affairs. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  • Aruri, N. H. (1986). Bu baskıya önsöz. L. Rokach, İsrail’in Kutsal Terörizmi içinde, 3. baskı. Belmont, MA: Association of Arab-American University Graduates, Inc.
  • Aschheim, S. E. (1982). Brothers and Strangers: The East European Jew in Germany and German Jewish Consciousness, 1800–1923. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Bendersky, J. W. (2000). The “Jewish Threat”: Anti-Semitic Politics of the U.S. Army. New York: Basic Books.
  • Bookman, M. Z. (1997). The Demographic Struggle for Power: The Political Economy of Demographic Engineering in the Modern World. London and Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass.
  • Brubacher, M. (2002). From war on terror to plain war. Israel: Walled in, but never secure. Le Monde diplomatique, November.
  • Chomsky, N. (1999). The Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel and the Palestinians, 2nd ed. Boston: South End Press.
  • Cockburn, A. (2002). Norespite for West Bank locals. National Geographic: http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0210/feature5/online_extra.html
  • Cohen, N. W. (1972). Not Free to Desist: The American Jewish Committee 1906–1966. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America.
  • Dawidowicz, L. (1976). A Holocaust Reader. New York: Behrman.
  • Efron, J. M. (1994). Defenders of the Race: Jewish Doctors and Race Science in Fin-de-Siècle Europe. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Endelman, T. M. (1991). The legitimization of the diaspora experience in recent Jewish historiography. Modern Judaism 11:195–209.
  • Findley, P. (1989). They Dare to Speak Out: People and Institutions Confront Israel’s Lobby, 2nd ed. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books.
  • Frankel, J. (1981). Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism, and the Russian Jews, 1862–1917. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Frommer, M. (1978). The American Jewish Congress: A history 1914–1950, 2 vols. Ph.D. Dissertation, Ohio State University.
  • Getlin, J. (2002). Violence in Mideast galvanizes U.S. Jews. Los Angeles Times, April 28.
  • Gilbar, G. (1997). Population Dilemmas in the Middle East: Essays in Political Demography and Economy. London and Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass.
  • Gilman, S. L. (1993). Freud, Race, and Gender. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Goldmann, N. (1978). The Jewish Paradox. New York: Fred Jordan Books/Grosset & Dunlap.
  • HaCohen, R. (2002). Palestinian enslavement entering a new phase. http://www.antiwar.com/. May 24.
  • Hertzberg, A. (1979). Being Jewish in America. New York: Schocken Books.
  • Herzl, T. (1970). The Jewish State, trans. H. Zohn. New York: Herzl Press.
  • Herzl, T. (1960). Complete Diaries, vol. II, p. 711.
  • Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002). Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology 53:575–604.
  • Hitler, A. (1943). Mein Kampf, trans. R. Manheim. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; originally published 1925–1926.
  • Hogg, M. A., & Abrams, D. (1987). Social Identifications. New York: Routledge.
  • John, R., & Hadawi, S. (1970a). The Palestine Diary, 1914–1945: Britain’s Involvement. New York: The New World Press.
  • John, R., & Hadawi, S. (1970b). The Palestine Diary, 1945–1948: United States, United Nations Intervention. New York: The New World Press.
  • Johnson, G. (1995). The evolutionary origins of government and politics. Human Nature and Politics içinde, ed. J. Losco & A. Somit. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
  • Keller, B. (2002). The sunshine warrior. New York Times Magazine, September 23.
  • Kornberg, R. (1993). Theodore Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Laqueur, W. (1972). A History of Zionism. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
  • Lilienthal, A. M. (1953). What Price Israel? Chicago: Henry Regnery Co.
  • Lilienthal, A. M. (1978). The Zionist Connection: What Price Peace? New York: Dodd, Mead.
  • Lindemann, A. S. (1991). The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs (Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank) 1894–1915. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lindemann, A. S. (1997). Esau’s Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • MacDonald, K. B. (1994/2002). A People That Shall Dwell Alone: Judaism As a Group Evolutionary Strategy, with Diaspora Peoples. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse. İlk olarak 1994 yılında Praeger (Westport, CT) tarafından yayımlanmıştır.
  • MacDonald, K. B. (1997). Life history theory and human reproductive behavior: Environmental/contextual influences and heritable variation. Human Nature 8:327–359.
  • MacDonald, K. B. (1998a). Separation and Its Discontents:: Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Anti-Semitism. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  • MacDonald, K. B. (1998b/2002). The Culture of Critique: An Evolutionary Analysis of Jewish Involvement in Twentieth-Century Intellectual and Political Movements. Bloomington, IN: 1stBooks Library. İlk olarak 1998 yılında Praeger (Westport, CT) tarafından yayımlanmıştır.
  • MacDonald, K. B. (2000). Book Review Essay: The numbers game: Ethnic conflict in the contemporary world. Population and Environment 21:413–425.
  • MacDonald, K. B. 2002.What makes Western culture unique? The Occidental Quarterly 2(2):8–38.
  • MacDonald, K. B. (2003). Understanding Jewish activism I: Background traits for Jewish activism. Occidental Quarterly 2(3):5–38.
  • Mahler, R. (1985). Hasidism and the Jewish Enlightenment: Their Confrontation in Galicia and Poland in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America.
  • Masalha, N. (1992). Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of “Transfer” in Zionist Political Thought, 1882–1948. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies.
  • Massing, M. (2002). Deal breakers, American Prospect, March 11.
  • Meyer, M. A. (1988). Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Neusner, J. (1987). Judaism and Christianity in the Age of Constantine: History, Messiah, Israel, and the Initial Confrontation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Nicosia, F. R. (1985). The Third Reich and the Palestine Question. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Niewyk, D. L. . (1980). The Jews in Weimar Germany. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
  • Norden, E. (1995). An unsung Jewish prophet. Commentary 99(4):37–43.
  • Novick, P. (1999).The Holocaust in American Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Parsons, J. (1998). Human Population Competition. A Study of the Pursuit of Power through Numbers. Lewiston, NY & Lampeter, Wales: The Edwin Mellen Press.
  • Podhoretz, N. (2002). In praise of the Bush doctrine. Commentary, September.
  • Prinz, J. (1934). Wir Juden. Berlin: Erich Press.
  • Rokach, L. (1986). Israel’s Sacred Terrorism, 3rd edition. Belmont, MA: Association of Arab-American University Graduates, Inc. İlk yayın tarihi 1980.
  • Rubenstein, J. (1996). Tangled Loyalties: The Life and Times of Ilya Ehrenburg. New York: Basic Books.
  • Ruppin, A. (1971). Arthur Ruppin: Memoirs, Diaries, Letters, ed. A. Bein, Çev. K. Gershon. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
  • Sachar, H. M. (1992). A History of Jews in America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Sacks, J. (1993). One People? Tradition, Modernity, and Jewish Unity. London: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization.
  • Salter, F. K. (2002a). Fuzzy but real: America’s ethnic hierarchy. Paper presented at the meetings of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, Montreal, August 9.
  • Salter, F. K. (Ed.) (2002b). Risky Transactions. London: Berghan.
  • Schatz, J. (1991). The Generation: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Communists of Poland. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Shahak, I. (1993). Relations between Israel and organized American Jews. Middle East Policy Council Journal, 2(3). http://www.mepc.org/public_asp/journal_shahak/shahak45.asp
  • Shahak, I. (1994). Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years. Boulder, CO: Pluto Press.
  • Shahak, I., & Mezvinsky, N. (1999). Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel. London: Pluto Press.
  • Shavit, Y. (1988). Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement, 1925–1948. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
  • Teitelbaum, M. S., & Winter, J. (1998). A Question of Numbers: High Migration, Low Fertility, and the Politics of National Identity.New York: Hill and Wang.
  • Vaksberg, A. (1994). Stalin against the Jews, trans. A. W. Bouis. New York: Knopf.
  • Vital, D. (1975). The Origins of Zionism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University, The Clarendon Press.
  • Weiss, P. (2002). Holy or unholy, Jews and right in an alliance, New York Observer, September 19.
  • Wheatcroft, G. (1996). The Controversy of Zion: Jewish Nationalism, the Jewish State, and the Unresolved Jewish Dilemma. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Yahudi Etkisini Anlamak II: Siyonizm ve Yahudiliğin İç Dinamikleri

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 47 - 64, 30.07.2024

Abstract

Siyonizm’in tarihi, Yahudi toplumunun içindeki en radikal unsurların, tüm toplumu kendi yönlerine çektikleri bir dinamiğe işaret etmektedir. Siyonizm en etnosentrik Doğu Avrupa Yahudileri arasında başlamış ve çok net ırkçı ve milliyetçi imalara sahip olmuştur. Ancak Siyonizm, özellikle Batı ülkelerindeki kısmen asimile olmuş daha büyük Yahudi cemaatler arasında iki nedenden ötürü tehlikeli addedilmiştir. Bunlardan biri, Yahudileri sadakatsizlik ithamlarına maruz bırakması, diğeri ise Siyonistlerin bariz ırkçı ve etnosentrik milliyetçiliğinin o sıralar Batı Yahudileri arasında cari olan asimilasyoncu stratejiyle çelişmesidir. Siyonist aktivistler, büyük ölçüde Doğu Avrupalı öncülerin sayısal üstünlüğü sayesinde Siyonizm’i ana akım bir Yahudi hareketi hâline getirmeyi başarmışlardır. Zamanla daha yayılmacı ve militan Siyonistler (Jabotinskyciler, Likud Partisi, köktendinciler ve Batı Şeria yerleşimcileri) galip gelmiş ve bunlar İsrail’de topraklarını genişletmek için mütemadiyen baskı uygulamışlardır. Bu durum Filistinlilerle çatışmalara ve Yahudiler arasında İsrail’in tehdit altında olduğuna dair inancın yayılmasına yol açmıştır. Bütün bunların sonucu olarak, hem Yahudiler arasındaki grup bilinci yükselmiş hem de tüm örgütlü Amerikan Yahudi cemaatinin Siyonist aşırıcılığa desteği artmıştır.

References

  • Jubilees Kitabı’na yapılan atıflar Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament II, ed. R. H. Charles, 1-82. Yeniden basım, Oxford: Clarendon Press, [1913] 1966.
  • Makabiler Kitabı’na yapılan atıflar Yeni İngilizce Kutsal Kitap’a yapılmıştır: Apocrypha. Londra: Oxford University Press ve Cambridge University Press, 1970.
  • Alderman, G. (1983). The Jewish Community in British Politics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Alexander, R. (1979). Darwinism and Human Affairs. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  • Aruri, N. H. (1986). Bu baskıya önsöz. L. Rokach, İsrail’in Kutsal Terörizmi içinde, 3. baskı. Belmont, MA: Association of Arab-American University Graduates, Inc.
  • Aschheim, S. E. (1982). Brothers and Strangers: The East European Jew in Germany and German Jewish Consciousness, 1800–1923. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Bendersky, J. W. (2000). The “Jewish Threat”: Anti-Semitic Politics of the U.S. Army. New York: Basic Books.
  • Bookman, M. Z. (1997). The Demographic Struggle for Power: The Political Economy of Demographic Engineering in the Modern World. London and Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass.
  • Brubacher, M. (2002). From war on terror to plain war. Israel: Walled in, but never secure. Le Monde diplomatique, November.
  • Chomsky, N. (1999). The Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel and the Palestinians, 2nd ed. Boston: South End Press.
  • Cockburn, A. (2002). Norespite for West Bank locals. National Geographic: http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0210/feature5/online_extra.html
  • Cohen, N. W. (1972). Not Free to Desist: The American Jewish Committee 1906–1966. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America.
  • Dawidowicz, L. (1976). A Holocaust Reader. New York: Behrman.
  • Efron, J. M. (1994). Defenders of the Race: Jewish Doctors and Race Science in Fin-de-Siècle Europe. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Endelman, T. M. (1991). The legitimization of the diaspora experience in recent Jewish historiography. Modern Judaism 11:195–209.
  • Findley, P. (1989). They Dare to Speak Out: People and Institutions Confront Israel’s Lobby, 2nd ed. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books.
  • Frankel, J. (1981). Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism, and the Russian Jews, 1862–1917. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Frommer, M. (1978). The American Jewish Congress: A history 1914–1950, 2 vols. Ph.D. Dissertation, Ohio State University.
  • Getlin, J. (2002). Violence in Mideast galvanizes U.S. Jews. Los Angeles Times, April 28.
  • Gilbar, G. (1997). Population Dilemmas in the Middle East: Essays in Political Demography and Economy. London and Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass.
  • Gilman, S. L. (1993). Freud, Race, and Gender. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Goldmann, N. (1978). The Jewish Paradox. New York: Fred Jordan Books/Grosset & Dunlap.
  • HaCohen, R. (2002). Palestinian enslavement entering a new phase. http://www.antiwar.com/. May 24.
  • Hertzberg, A. (1979). Being Jewish in America. New York: Schocken Books.
  • Herzl, T. (1970). The Jewish State, trans. H. Zohn. New York: Herzl Press.
  • Herzl, T. (1960). Complete Diaries, vol. II, p. 711.
  • Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002). Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology 53:575–604.
  • Hitler, A. (1943). Mein Kampf, trans. R. Manheim. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; originally published 1925–1926.
  • Hogg, M. A., & Abrams, D. (1987). Social Identifications. New York: Routledge.
  • John, R., & Hadawi, S. (1970a). The Palestine Diary, 1914–1945: Britain’s Involvement. New York: The New World Press.
  • John, R., & Hadawi, S. (1970b). The Palestine Diary, 1945–1948: United States, United Nations Intervention. New York: The New World Press.
  • Johnson, G. (1995). The evolutionary origins of government and politics. Human Nature and Politics içinde, ed. J. Losco & A. Somit. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
  • Keller, B. (2002). The sunshine warrior. New York Times Magazine, September 23.
  • Kornberg, R. (1993). Theodore Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Laqueur, W. (1972). A History of Zionism. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
  • Lilienthal, A. M. (1953). What Price Israel? Chicago: Henry Regnery Co.
  • Lilienthal, A. M. (1978). The Zionist Connection: What Price Peace? New York: Dodd, Mead.
  • Lindemann, A. S. (1991). The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs (Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank) 1894–1915. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lindemann, A. S. (1997). Esau’s Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • MacDonald, K. B. (1994/2002). A People That Shall Dwell Alone: Judaism As a Group Evolutionary Strategy, with Diaspora Peoples. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse. İlk olarak 1994 yılında Praeger (Westport, CT) tarafından yayımlanmıştır.
  • MacDonald, K. B. (1997). Life history theory and human reproductive behavior: Environmental/contextual influences and heritable variation. Human Nature 8:327–359.
  • MacDonald, K. B. (1998a). Separation and Its Discontents:: Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Anti-Semitism. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  • MacDonald, K. B. (1998b/2002). The Culture of Critique: An Evolutionary Analysis of Jewish Involvement in Twentieth-Century Intellectual and Political Movements. Bloomington, IN: 1stBooks Library. İlk olarak 1998 yılında Praeger (Westport, CT) tarafından yayımlanmıştır.
  • MacDonald, K. B. (2000). Book Review Essay: The numbers game: Ethnic conflict in the contemporary world. Population and Environment 21:413–425.
  • MacDonald, K. B. 2002.What makes Western culture unique? The Occidental Quarterly 2(2):8–38.
  • MacDonald, K. B. (2003). Understanding Jewish activism I: Background traits for Jewish activism. Occidental Quarterly 2(3):5–38.
  • Mahler, R. (1985). Hasidism and the Jewish Enlightenment: Their Confrontation in Galicia and Poland in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America.
  • Masalha, N. (1992). Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of “Transfer” in Zionist Political Thought, 1882–1948. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies.
  • Massing, M. (2002). Deal breakers, American Prospect, March 11.
  • Meyer, M. A. (1988). Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Neusner, J. (1987). Judaism and Christianity in the Age of Constantine: History, Messiah, Israel, and the Initial Confrontation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Nicosia, F. R. (1985). The Third Reich and the Palestine Question. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Niewyk, D. L. . (1980). The Jews in Weimar Germany. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
  • Norden, E. (1995). An unsung Jewish prophet. Commentary 99(4):37–43.
  • Novick, P. (1999).The Holocaust in American Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Parsons, J. (1998). Human Population Competition. A Study of the Pursuit of Power through Numbers. Lewiston, NY & Lampeter, Wales: The Edwin Mellen Press.
  • Podhoretz, N. (2002). In praise of the Bush doctrine. Commentary, September.
  • Prinz, J. (1934). Wir Juden. Berlin: Erich Press.
  • Rokach, L. (1986). Israel’s Sacred Terrorism, 3rd edition. Belmont, MA: Association of Arab-American University Graduates, Inc. İlk yayın tarihi 1980.
  • Rubenstein, J. (1996). Tangled Loyalties: The Life and Times of Ilya Ehrenburg. New York: Basic Books.
  • Ruppin, A. (1971). Arthur Ruppin: Memoirs, Diaries, Letters, ed. A. Bein, Çev. K. Gershon. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
  • Sachar, H. M. (1992). A History of Jews in America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Sacks, J. (1993). One People? Tradition, Modernity, and Jewish Unity. London: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization.
  • Salter, F. K. (2002a). Fuzzy but real: America’s ethnic hierarchy. Paper presented at the meetings of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, Montreal, August 9.
  • Salter, F. K. (Ed.) (2002b). Risky Transactions. London: Berghan.
  • Schatz, J. (1991). The Generation: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Communists of Poland. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Shahak, I. (1993). Relations between Israel and organized American Jews. Middle East Policy Council Journal, 2(3). http://www.mepc.org/public_asp/journal_shahak/shahak45.asp
  • Shahak, I. (1994). Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years. Boulder, CO: Pluto Press.
  • Shahak, I., & Mezvinsky, N. (1999). Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel. London: Pluto Press.
  • Shavit, Y. (1988). Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement, 1925–1948. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
  • Teitelbaum, M. S., & Winter, J. (1998). A Question of Numbers: High Migration, Low Fertility, and the Politics of National Identity.New York: Hill and Wang.
  • Vaksberg, A. (1994). Stalin against the Jews, trans. A. W. Bouis. New York: Knopf.
  • Vital, D. (1975). The Origins of Zionism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University, The Clarendon Press.
  • Weiss, P. (2002). Holy or unholy, Jews and right in an alliance, New York Observer, September 19.
  • Wheatcroft, G. (1996). The Controversy of Zion: Jewish Nationalism, the Jewish State, and the Unresolved Jewish Dilemma. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
There are 75 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Administration
Journal Section Articles
Translators

Hüseyin Bal 0000-0001-6946-9219

Publication Date July 30, 2024
Submission Date June 26, 2024
Acceptance Date July 20, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yahudi Etkisini Anlamak II: Siyonizm ve Yahudiliğin İç Dinamikleri (H. Bal, Trans.). (2024). Karadeniz Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 47-64.

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