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Karadeniz Ormanlarındaki Sosyo-Ekonomik Faktörlerin Karbon Dinamikleri Üzerine Etkisi: Akçaabat Örneği

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 9, 121 - 140, 27.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.31765/karen.741889

Abstract

Önemli bir karbon havuzu olan orman ekosistemleri, küresel bir iklim değişikliğinin olumsuz etkilerini azaltmada önemli bir rol üstlenmektedir. Arazi kullanım ve arazi örtüsü değişikliği, özellikle ormansızlaşma, orman yapısının bozulması ve ağaçlandırma, karbon (C) stokunu önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir. Bu çalışma, Akçaabat orman planlama birimindeki demografik, sosyo-ekonomik ve orman yapısı gibi faktörlere bağlı olarak arazi kullanım ve arazi örtüsü değişikliklerinin orman C dinamikleri ve konumsal dağılımı üzerindeki etkilerini incelemiştir. Ayrıca, 1984, 2008 ve 2018 yıllarında toprak üstü, toprak altı, ölü odun, ölü örtü ve topraktaki C dinamikleri, orman envanteri verilerine göre ayrı ayrı hesaplanmıştır. 1984 ve 2008 yılları arasında toplam C stoku %38.04 oranında artarken, 2018'de sadece %4.64 oranında artmıştır. Karbon stokundaki artışın düşmesinin temel sebebi arazi kadastrosu dikkate alınarak hazırlanan 2018 yılı amenajman planında kadastro dışı ağaçlı alanlar (yaklaşık 4369.40 ha) orman dışı alan olarak değerlendirilmesidir. Karbon stokuna en önemli katkı 1984, 2008 ve 2018 yıllarında sırasıyla %73.39, %72.32 ve %61.60 oranlarında topraktan sağlanmıştır. En yüksek ortalama karbon yoğunluğu 442.61 Mg ha-1 49.65 Mg ha-1 ve 144.47 Mg ha-1 ile geniş yapraklı, gençlik gelişim çağındaki ve tam kapalı ormanlardan sağlanmıştır. Otuz yılı aşkın bir süredir, boşluklu kapalılığa sahip alanlar, orman içi açıklıklar ve orman dışı alanlardan verimli ormanlara dönüşümün yanı sıra, karışık orman, genç veya olgun gelişim aşamaları ile tam kapalı ormanların artmasıyla karakterize edilen orman yapısının kalitesini artırması, karbon stokuna olumlu katkılar sağladı. Ormanın kalitesindeki bu artış, terkedilmiş tarım alanlarının göçle ormanlık alanlara dönüştürülmesi, orman suçlarında azalmaya dayalı ormanlık alanlar üzerindeki sosyal baskının azaltılması ve ekonomik kalkınmaya dayalı olarak çevreye duyarlılığın artırılması ile açıklanabilir. Karbon dinamiğinin zamansal ve konumsal değişimi ve bu değişime etki eden faktörlerin analizi, iklim değişikliğini kontrol etmek için uygun planlama stratejilerinin geliştirilmesinde kritik önem taşımaktadır.

Thanks

Yazarlar, orman envanter verileri sağladıkları için Trabzon Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü'ne teşekkür ederler.

References

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  • ________, (2008), Akçaabat Forest Management Plan (2008-2027), Department of Forest Administration and Planning, General Directorate of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ankara.
  • ________, (2014), Principles and Procedures for the Regulation of Ecosystem based Functional Forest Management Plans, Rescript number 299, Department of Forest Administration and Planning, General Directorate of Forestry, Ministry of Forestry and Water Management, Ankara.
  • ________, (2016), Strategic Plan (2017-2021), General Directorate of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ankara.
  • ________, (2018), Akçaabat Forest Management Plan (2018-2037), Department of Forest Administration and Planning, General Directorate of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ankara.
  • ________, (2020a), Turkish Statistical Institute, Population Statistics, Retrieved from https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/nufusmenuapp/menu.zul (1.04.2020)
  • ________, (2020b), Official Report of Forest Crimes in Akçaabat Planning Unit, Record of Fact, Trabzon Regional Directorate of Forestry, Trabzon Forest Enterprise, Trabzon.
  • ________, (2020c), Turkish Statistical Institute, Gross Domestic Products Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1075 (1.04.2020) Arevalo, C.B.M., Bhatti, J.S., Chang, S.X., Sidders, D., (2009), “Ecosystem Carbon Stocks and Distribution under Different Land-Uses in North Central Alberta”, Canada, Forest Ecology and Management, 257, 1776-1785.
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  • Ketizmen, B., (2011), Kahramanmaraş Başkonuş Araştırma Ormanında Karbon Ekonomisi Üzerine Araştırmalar ve Fonksiyonel Karşılaştırmalar, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Liu, J., Liu, S., Loveland, T.R., (2006), “Temporal Evolution of Carbon Budgets of the Appalachian Forests in the U.S. from 1972 to 2000”, Forest Ecology and Management, 222, 191-201.
  • Meng S, Pang Y., Zhang Z, Jia W, Li Z., (2016), “Mapping Aboveground Biomass Using Texture Indices from Aerial Photos in a Temperate Forest of Northeastern China”, Remote Sens., 8, 230.
  • Mumcu Küçüker D., Başkent E.Z., (2010), “Incorporating Water Production into Forest Management Planning: A Case Study in Yalnizçam Planning Unit”, International Journal of Global Warming, 2, 292-304.
  • Muñoz-Rojas, M., De la Rosa, D., Zavala, L.M., Jordan, A., Anaya-Romero, M., (2011), “Changes in Land Cover and Vegetation Carbon Stocks in Andalusia, Southern Spain (1956–2007)”, Science of the Total Environment, 409, 2796-2806.
  • Muñoz-Rojas, M., Jordán, A., Zavala, L.M., De La Rosa, D., Abd-Elmabod, S.K. Anaya-Romero, M., (2015), “Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Organic Carbon Stocks in Mediterranean Soils (1956-2007)”, Land Degradation and Development, 26, 168-179.
  • Noormets, A., Epron, D., Domec, J.C., McNulty, S.G., Fox, T., Sun, G., King, J.S., (2015), “Effects of Forest Management on Productivity and Carbon Sequestration: A Review and Hypothesis”, Forest Ecology and Management, 355, 124-140.
  • Nosetto, M.D., Jobbagy, E.G., Paruelo, J.M., (2006), “Carbon Sequestration in Semi-Arid Rangelands: Comparison of Pinus Ponderosa Plantations and Grazing Exclusion in NW Patagonia”, Journal of Arid Environments, 67, 142-156.
  • Novara, A., La Mantia, T., Barbera, V., Gristina, L., (2012), “Paired-site Approach for Studying Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in a Mediterranean Semiarid Environment”, Catena, 89, 1-7.
  • Ramankutty, N., Foley, J.A., Olejniczak, N.J., (2002), “People on the Land: Changes in Global Population and Croplands During the 20th Century”, Ambio, 31, 251-257.
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  • Ruiz Sinoga, J.D., Pariente, S., Romero Diaz, A., Martinez Murillo, J.F., (2011), “Variability of Relationships between Soil Organic C and Some Soil Properties in Mediterranean Rangelands under Different Climatic Conditions (South of Spain)”, Catena, 97, 17-25.
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  • Sivrikaya, F., Keleş, S., Çakır, G., (2007), “Spatial Distribution and Temporal Change of Carbon Storage in Timber Biomass of Two Different Forest Management Units”, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 132, 429-438.
  • Tolunay, D., (2011), “Total Carbon Stocks and Carbon Accumulation in Living Tree Biomass in Forest Ecosystems of Turkey”, Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 35, 265-279.
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Impacts of Socio-Economic Factors on Carbon Dynamics in Black Sea Forests: A Case Study from Akçaabat

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 9, 121 - 140, 27.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.31765/karen.741889

Abstract

Forest ecosystems play a crucial role in mitigating the negative impacts of global climate change as an essential carbon sink. Land use and land cover change, mainly deforestation, degradation, and afforestation, have significantly affected carbon (C) stock. This study analyzed the effects of land use and land cover changes on forest C dynamics and its spatial distribution based on demographic, socio-economic, and landscape structure in the Akçaabat forest planning unit. Moreover, forest C dynamics in aboveground, belowground, deadwood, litter, and soil were calculated separately based on forest inventory data in 1984, 2008, and 2018. While the total C stock increased by about 38.04% between 1984 and 2008, it increased only by about 4.64% between 1984 to 2018 due mainly to not including of non-state-owned areas covered with forest trees (about 4369.40 ha) in the forest management plans developed based on land cadastre in 2018. The most considerable contribution to the C pool was from the soil by about 73.39%, 72.32% and 61.60% in 1984, 2008 and 2018, respectively. Deciduous cover types, young and full covered forests, had the highest average C density with 442.61 Mg ha-1 49.65 Mg ha-1 and 144.47 Mg ha-1, respectively. Over three decades, the conversion from degraded, forest opening, and non-forest areas to productive forests as well as increasing the quality of forest structure characterized by increasing mixed forest, young or mature development stages, and full covered forests has contributed positively to the C stock. This increase in the quality of the forest can be explained by conversion abandoned agriculture areas to forested areas with migration, reduction of social pressure on forested areas based on decreasing forest crime, and increasing forest crime, and increasing aware awareness and increasing awareness and sensitivity to the environment based on economic development. Analyzing the spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors of carbon dynamics are critical in developing appropriate planning strategies to control climate change.

References

  • Anonymous, (1984), Akçaabat Forest Management Plan (1984-2007), Department of Forest Administration and Planning, General Directorate of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ankara.
  • ________, (2008), Akçaabat Forest Management Plan (2008-2027), Department of Forest Administration and Planning, General Directorate of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ankara.
  • ________, (2014), Principles and Procedures for the Regulation of Ecosystem based Functional Forest Management Plans, Rescript number 299, Department of Forest Administration and Planning, General Directorate of Forestry, Ministry of Forestry and Water Management, Ankara.
  • ________, (2016), Strategic Plan (2017-2021), General Directorate of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ankara.
  • ________, (2018), Akçaabat Forest Management Plan (2018-2037), Department of Forest Administration and Planning, General Directorate of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ankara.
  • ________, (2020a), Turkish Statistical Institute, Population Statistics, Retrieved from https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/nufusmenuapp/menu.zul (1.04.2020)
  • ________, (2020b), Official Report of Forest Crimes in Akçaabat Planning Unit, Record of Fact, Trabzon Regional Directorate of Forestry, Trabzon Forest Enterprise, Trabzon.
  • ________, (2020c), Turkish Statistical Institute, Gross Domestic Products Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1075 (1.04.2020) Arevalo, C.B.M., Bhatti, J.S., Chang, S.X., Sidders, D., (2009), “Ecosystem Carbon Stocks and Distribution under Different Land-Uses in North Central Alberta”, Canada, Forest Ecology and Management, 257, 1776-1785.
  • Başkent E.Z., Mumcu Küçüker D., (2010), “Incorporating Water Production and Carbon Sequestration into Forest Management Planning: A Case Study in Yalnızçam Planning Unit”, Forest Systems, 19, 98-111.
  • Brown, S., Sathaye, J., Cannell, M., Kauppi P., (1996), “Mitigation of Carbon Emission to the Atmosphere by Forest Management”, Commonwealth Forestry Review, 75/1, 80-91.
  • Cannell, M., Dewar, R. C., Thornley, J.H.M., (1992), “Carbon Flux and Storage in European Forests”, in A. Teller, P. Mathy, J. N. R. Jeffers (Eds.), Responses of Forest Ecosystems to Environmental Changes, 256-271, New York: Elsevier.
  • Chen, L.C, Guan, X., Li, H.İ., Wang, Q.K, Zhang, W.D., Yang, Q.P., Wang, S.L., (2019), “Spatiotemporal Patterns of Carbon Storage in Forest Ecosystems in Hunan Province, China”, Forest Ecology and Management, 432, 656-666.
  • Değermenci, A.S., Zengin, H., (2016), Investigating the Spatial and Temporal Changes in Forest Carbon Stocks: A Case Study Daday Forest Planning Unit”, Artvin Coruh University, Journal of Forestry Faculty, 17, 177-187.
  • Dixon, R.K., Brown, S., Houghton, R.A., Solomon, A.M., Trexler, M.C., Wisniewski, J., (1994), “Carbon Pools and Fluxes of Global Forest Ecosystems”, Science, 263, 185-190.
  • FAO, (2010), Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 Main Report, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
  • ________, (2015), Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome 2015.
  • Folland, C. K., Rayner, N.A., Brown, S.J., Smith, T.M., Shen, S.S.P., Parker, D.E., Mocadam, I., Jones,P.D., Jones, R.N., Nicholls, N., Sexton, P.M.H., (2001), “Global Temperature Change and Its Uncertainties since 1861”, Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 2621-2624.
  • Günlü, A., Göl, C., Sarıçam, F., (2019), “The Evaluation of Temporal and Spatial Change of Aboveground Stand Carbon: A Case Study of Upstream of the Göksu River Basin”, Turkish Journal of Forestry, 20/4, 352-359.
  • Guo, Z.D., Hu, H.F., Li, P., Li, N.Y., Fang, J.Y., (2013), “Spatio-Temporal Changes in Biomass Carbon Sinks in China’s Forests from 1977 to 2008”, Sci China Life Sci., 56,7, 661-671.
  • Houghton, R.A., Hackler, J.L., (2000), “Changes in Terrestrial Carbon Storage in the United States 1: The Roles of Agriculture and Forestry”, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 9, 125-144.
  • Hu, H.F., Wang, G.G., (2008), “Changes in Forest Biomass Carbon Storage in the South Carolina Piedmont between 1936 and 2005”, Forest Ecology and Management, 255, 1400-1408.
  • IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), (2006), IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, (Eds. Eggleston, H.S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., Tanabe, K.), IGES, Japan. http://www.ipccnggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html.
  • ________, (2007), Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.
  • Kaul, M., Dadhwal, V.K., Mohren, G.M.J., (2009), “Land Use Change and Net C Flux in Indian Forests”, Forest Ecology and Management, 258, 100-108.
  • Ketizmen, B., (2011), Kahramanmaraş Başkonuş Araştırma Ormanında Karbon Ekonomisi Üzerine Araştırmalar ve Fonksiyonel Karşılaştırmalar, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Liu, J., Liu, S., Loveland, T.R., (2006), “Temporal Evolution of Carbon Budgets of the Appalachian Forests in the U.S. from 1972 to 2000”, Forest Ecology and Management, 222, 191-201.
  • Meng S, Pang Y., Zhang Z, Jia W, Li Z., (2016), “Mapping Aboveground Biomass Using Texture Indices from Aerial Photos in a Temperate Forest of Northeastern China”, Remote Sens., 8, 230.
  • Mumcu Küçüker D., Başkent E.Z., (2010), “Incorporating Water Production into Forest Management Planning: A Case Study in Yalnizçam Planning Unit”, International Journal of Global Warming, 2, 292-304.
  • Muñoz-Rojas, M., De la Rosa, D., Zavala, L.M., Jordan, A., Anaya-Romero, M., (2011), “Changes in Land Cover and Vegetation Carbon Stocks in Andalusia, Southern Spain (1956–2007)”, Science of the Total Environment, 409, 2796-2806.
  • Muñoz-Rojas, M., Jordán, A., Zavala, L.M., De La Rosa, D., Abd-Elmabod, S.K. Anaya-Romero, M., (2015), “Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Organic Carbon Stocks in Mediterranean Soils (1956-2007)”, Land Degradation and Development, 26, 168-179.
  • Noormets, A., Epron, D., Domec, J.C., McNulty, S.G., Fox, T., Sun, G., King, J.S., (2015), “Effects of Forest Management on Productivity and Carbon Sequestration: A Review and Hypothesis”, Forest Ecology and Management, 355, 124-140.
  • Nosetto, M.D., Jobbagy, E.G., Paruelo, J.M., (2006), “Carbon Sequestration in Semi-Arid Rangelands: Comparison of Pinus Ponderosa Plantations and Grazing Exclusion in NW Patagonia”, Journal of Arid Environments, 67, 142-156.
  • Novara, A., La Mantia, T., Barbera, V., Gristina, L., (2012), “Paired-site Approach for Studying Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in a Mediterranean Semiarid Environment”, Catena, 89, 1-7.
  • Ramankutty, N., Foley, J.A., Olejniczak, N.J., (2002), “People on the Land: Changes in Global Population and Croplands During the 20th Century”, Ambio, 31, 251-257.
  • Ren, H., Li, L., Liu, Q., Wang, X., Li, Y., Hui, D., Jian, S., Wang, J., Yang, H., Lu, H., Zhou, G., Tang, X., Zhang, Q., Wang, D., Yuan, L., Chen, X., (2014), “Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Carbon Storage in Forest Ecosystems on Hainan Island, Southern China”, PLoS One, 9/9, e108163.
  • Ren, Y., Wei, X., Zhang, L., Cui, S., Chen, F., Xiong, Y., Xie, P., (2011), “Potential for Forest Vegetation Carbon Storage in Fujian Province, China, Determined from Forest Inventories”, Plant Soil, 345/1-2, 125-140.
  • Ruiz Sinoga, J.D., Pariente, S., Romero Diaz, A., Martinez Murillo, J.F., (2011), “Variability of Relationships between Soil Organic C and Some Soil Properties in Mediterranean Rangelands under Different Climatic Conditions (South of Spain)”, Catena, 97, 17-25.
  • Sivrikaya, F., Baskent, E.Z., Bozali, N., (2013), “Spatial Dynamics of Carbon Storage: A Case Study from Turkey”, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 9403-9412.
  • Sivrikaya, F., Bozali, N., (2012), “Karbon Depolama Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi: Türkoğlu Planlama Birimi Örneği”, Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 14, 69-76.
  • Sivrikaya, F., Keleş, S., Çakır, G., (2007), “Spatial Distribution and Temporal Change of Carbon Storage in Timber Biomass of Two Different Forest Management Units”, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 132, 429-438.
  • Tolunay, D., (2011), “Total Carbon Stocks and Carbon Accumulation in Living Tree Biomass in Forest Ecosystems of Turkey”, Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 35, 265-279.
  • ________, (2013), “Coefficients that can be used to Calculate Biomass and Carbon Amounts from Increment and Growing Stocks in Turkey”, Proceedings of the International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey, 26-28 November 2013, Antalya, 240-251.
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There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Derya Mumcu Küçüker 0000-0002-7683-3565

Publication Date June 27, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 6 Issue: 9

Cite

APA Mumcu Küçüker, D. (2020). Impacts of Socio-Economic Factors on Carbon Dynamics in Black Sea Forests: A Case Study from Akçaabat. Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(9), 121-140. https://doi.org/10.31765/karen.741889
AMA Mumcu Küçüker D. Impacts of Socio-Economic Factors on Carbon Dynamics in Black Sea Forests: A Case Study from Akçaabat. KAREN. June 2020;6(9):121-140. doi:10.31765/karen.741889
Chicago Mumcu Küçüker, Derya. “Impacts of Socio-Economic Factors on Carbon Dynamics in Black Sea Forests: A Case Study from Akçaabat”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi 6, no. 9 (June 2020): 121-40. https://doi.org/10.31765/karen.741889.
EndNote Mumcu Küçüker D (June 1, 2020) Impacts of Socio-Economic Factors on Carbon Dynamics in Black Sea Forests: A Case Study from Akçaabat. Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi 6 9 121–140.
IEEE D. Mumcu Küçüker, “Impacts of Socio-Economic Factors on Carbon Dynamics in Black Sea Forests: A Case Study from Akçaabat”, KAREN, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 121–140, 2020, doi: 10.31765/karen.741889.
ISNAD Mumcu Küçüker, Derya. “Impacts of Socio-Economic Factors on Carbon Dynamics in Black Sea Forests: A Case Study from Akçaabat”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi 6/9 (June 2020), 121-140. https://doi.org/10.31765/karen.741889.
JAMA Mumcu Küçüker D. Impacts of Socio-Economic Factors on Carbon Dynamics in Black Sea Forests: A Case Study from Akçaabat. KAREN. 2020;6:121–140.
MLA Mumcu Küçüker, Derya. “Impacts of Socio-Economic Factors on Carbon Dynamics in Black Sea Forests: A Case Study from Akçaabat”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 9, 2020, pp. 121-40, doi:10.31765/karen.741889.
Vancouver Mumcu Küçüker D. Impacts of Socio-Economic Factors on Carbon Dynamics in Black Sea Forests: A Case Study from Akçaabat. KAREN. 2020;6(9):121-40.

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