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Year 2015, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 146 - 161, 05.04.2015

Tendü Göktuğ , Tendü Göktuğ , Nihan Arpa

Abstract

The conservation of natural and cultural resources and at the same time providing the visitor satisfaction at national parks, recreational carrying capacity analysis is utilized for developing suitable planning approaches and visitor management strategies. Social carrying capacity implies the highest amount of recreational use without a decline in quality of recreation experience. The study was aimed to determine the quality of the recreation experience value of visitors at the National Park, which has been intensely demanded due to the winter sports opportunities. In this study, 19 indicators, which describe physical, social, natural and administrative factors, were identified. Face to face surveys were conducted with 120 participants in February 2014. The importance of each indicator on quality of the recreation experience and satisfaction levels of each indicator was analyzed. Significant differences between visiting days and recreation experience quality were detected by one sided variation analysis-ANOVA and two-stage grouping. According to the results, the quality of the visitors’ recreation experience value is 65% and natural factors increases the quality of recreation whereas crowding factor, especially at weekends, reduces the quality of recreation. Due to the use more than the social capacity at the weekends, the crowd increases in service facilities and in the ski tracks, the queues before the lifts prolongs; superstructure, sanitary facilities and the parking lot fail to satisfy. In terms of social capacity, the quality of the standards for the indicators “number of ski tracks”, “waiting time of lift queues”, “daily ticket costs”, which are the key characteristics in the sense of visitor management, were determined and strategies for optimizing the number of visitors were developed

Keywords

Recreational carrying capacity Social carrying capacity Quality of recreation experience Visitor management strategies Ilgaz Mountain National Park

References

  • Anonim, 2014. Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı Müdülüğü Arşivi.
  • Anonim 2008, Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı uzun devreli gelişim planı.
  • Arabatzis, G., Grigoroudis, E. 2010. Visitors' satisfaction, perceptions and gap analysis: The case of Dadia–Lefkimi–Souflion National Park. Forest Policy and Economics, 12(3), 163-172.
  • Ayan., S., Öztürk, S., Yiğit, N., 2009. Karadeniz bölgesi milli parklarının korunan alan ağı sertifikalandırma sistemine uygunlukları. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 66-79.
  • Balcı V., Koçak F., 2014. Spor ve rekreasyon alanlarının tasarımında ve kullanımında çevresel sürdürülebilirlik. Spor Ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi,5(2), 46-58.
  • Bultena, G., Field, D., Womble, P., Albrecht, D., 1981. Closing the gates: A study of backcountry use‐limitation at Mount McKinley National Park. Leisure Sciences, 4(3), 249-267.
  • Chang, C. Y., 1997. Using computer simulation to manage the crowding problem in parks: a study.Landscape and Urban Planning,37(3), 147-161.
  • Cole, D. N., 2001. Visitor use density and wilderness experiences: a historical review of research.Visitor Use Density and Wilderness Experience: Proceedings, Missoula, Montana June 1,3(2000), 11-20.
  • Ditton, R. B., Fedler, A. J., Graefe, A. R., 1983 . Factors contributing to perceptions of recreational crowding. Leisure Sciences, 5(4), 273-288.
  • Fleishman, L., Feitelson, E. 2009. An application of the recreation level of service approach to forests in Israel. Landscape and Urban Planning, 89(3), 86-97.
  • Fletcher, D., Fletcher, H., 2003. Manageable predictors of park visitor satisfaction: Maintenance and personnel. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,21(1), 21-37.
  • Kuentzel, W. F., Heberlein, T. A., 1992. Cognitive and behavioral adaptations to perceived crowding: A panel study of coping and displacement.Journal of Leisure Research, 24, 377-377.
  • Glover, T. D., 1999. Municipal park and recreation agencies unite! A single case analysis of an intermunicipal partnership. Journal of park and recreation administration,17(1), 73-90
  • .
  • Herrick, T. A., McDonald, C. D. 1992. Factors affecting overall satisfaction with a river recreation experience. Environmental Management, 16(2), 243-247.
  • Ismert, M., Petrick, J. F., 2004. Indicators and standards of quality related to seasonal employment in the ski industry. Journal of Travel Research, 43(1), 46-56.
  • Leujak W, Ormond RFG., 2007. Visitor perceptions and the shifting social carrying capacity of south Sinai’s coral reefs. Environmental Planning 39:472–489
  • Manning, R. E., Ciali, C. P., 1980. Recreation density and user satisfaction: a further exploration of the satisfaction model.Journal of Leisure Research,12(4), 329-345.
  • Manning, R., Callinan, E., Echelberger, H., Koenemann, E., and McEwen, D., 1984. Differential fees: Raising revenue, distributing demand. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. 2: 20-38.
  • Manning, R. E., Freimund, W. A., Lime, D. W., Pitt, D. G.,1996. Crowding norms at front country sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality. Leisure Sciences, 18(1), 39-59.
  • Manning, R., 1999. Crowding and carrying capacity in outdoor recreation: from normative standards to standards of quality. Leisure Studies: Prospects for the Twenty-First Century. State College, PA: Venture Publishing, 323-34.
  • Manning, R. E., Lime, D. W., 2000. Defining and managing the quality of wilderness recreation experiences. In Wilderness science in a time of change conference (Vol. 4, pp. 13-52).
  • Manning, R. E., Valliere, W. A., 2001. Coping in outdoor recreation: Causes and consequences of crowding and conflict among community residents. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(4), 410-426.
  • Manning, R., 2001. Programs that work. Visitor experience and resource protection: a framework for managing the carrying capacity of National Parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,19(1), 93-108.
  • Manning R.E., 2002. How much is too much? Carrying Capacity of National Parks And Protected Areas. In: Arnberger, A., Branderburg, A. ve Muhar, A. (eds.). Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas. Proceedings of the Conference held at Bodenkultur University Vienna, Austria, January 30–February 02, 2002. Institute for Landscape Architecture and Landscape Management, Bodenkultur University Vienna. p. 306–313.
  • Manning, R. E., 2011. Indicators and standards in parks and outdoor recreation. In Quality-of-Life community indicators for parks, recreation and tourism management (pp. 11-22). Springer Netherlands.
  • Miller, T. A., McCool, S. F., 2003. Coping with stress in outdoor recreational settings: An application of transactional stress theory. Leisure Sciences, 25(2-3), 257-275.
  • Moore, S. A., ve Polley, A., 2007. Defining indicators and standards for tourism impacts in protected areas: Cape Range National Park, Australia. Environmental Management, 39(3), 291-300.
  • Needham, M. D., Rollins, R. B., 2005. Interest group standards for recreation and tourism impacts at ski areas in the summer. Tourism Management, 26(1), 1-13.
  • Ormiston, D., Gilbert, A., Manning, R. E., 1998. Indicators and standards of quality for ski resort management. Journal of travel research, 36(3), 35-41.
  • Özdamar, K., 2003. Modern bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Eskişehir: Kaan Kitabevi. s.116-118
  • Öztürk S., Ayan S., 2015. Management alternatives in national park areas: the case of Ilgaz Mountain National Park. Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research, eco-mont, 7(1), 37-44.
  • Priskin J (2003) Tourist perceptions of degradation caused by coastal nature-based recreation. Environmental Management 32(2): 189–204
  • Sağlam, C., 2007. Davras Dağı (Isparta) ve çevresinin orman ve çalı vejetasyonu. Süleyman Demirel Üni. Fen Bil Ens. Derg., 11, 140-157.
  • Sayan, S., Karagüzel, O. 2010. Problems of outdoor recreation: The effect of visitors’ demographics on the perceptions of Termessos National Park, Turkey̕. Environmental management, 45(6), 1257-1270.
  • Sayan M. S., Atik M., 2011. Recreation carrying capacity estimates for protected areas: a study of Termessos National Park. Ekoloji, 20(78), 66-74.
  • Shelby B., Heberlein T. A., 1984. A conceptual framework for carrying capacity determination. Leisure Sciences, 6(4), 433-451.
  • Shelby, B., 1980. Crowding models for backcountry recreation. Land Economics, 43-55.
  • Shelby, B., Vaske, J. J., Heberlein, T. A., 1989. Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research. Leisure Sciences, 11(4), 269-291.
  • Schreyer, R., Lime, D. W., Williams, D. R., 1984. Characterizing the influence of past experience on recreation behavior. Journal of Leisure Research, 16(1), 34-50.
  • Stankey, G. H., 1980. A comparison of carrying capacity perceptions among visitors to two wildernesses. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture.
  • Tian-Cole, S., Cromption, J., 2003. A conceptualization of the relationships between service quality and visitor satisfaction, and their links to destination selection. Leisure studies, 22(1), 65-80.
  • Vaske, J. J., Shelby, L. B., 2008. Crowding as a descriptive indicator and an evaluative standard: Results from 30 years of research. Leisure Sciences,30(2), 111-126.
  • Vaske, J. J., Donnelly, M. P., 2002. Generalizing the encounter--norm--crowding relationship. Leisure Sciences, 24(3-4), 255-269.

Ziyaretçi Yönetimi Bağlamında Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı’nda Rekreasyon Deneyim Kalitesinin Saptanması

Year 2015, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 146 - 161, 05.04.2015

Tendü Göktuğ , Tendü Göktuğ , Nihan Arpa

Abstract

Milli parklarda, doğal ve kültürel kaynak değerlerinin korunması ve aynı zamanda ziyaretçi memnuniyetinin sağlanması için doğru planlama yaklaşımları ve ziyaretçi yönetim stratejileri geliştirebilmek için rekreasyonel taşıma kapasitesi analizlerinden faydalanılmaktadır. Sosyal taşıma kapasitesi; rekreasyon deneyim kalitesinde düşüşlere sebep olmaksızın gerçekleştirilen rekreasyonel kullanım miktarının üst düzeyini ifade etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, kış sporlarına yönelik olarak sunmuş olduğu fırsatlarla yoğun olarak talep edilen Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı’nda ziyaretçilerin rekreasyon deneyim kalitesi değerinin saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada fiziksel, sosyal, doğal ve yönetimsel faktörleri tanımlayan 19 gösterge belirlenmiştir. Şubat, 2014’te 120 ziyaretçi ile yüz yüze anket çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Her bir göstergenin rekreasyon deneyim kalitesi üzerindeki önemi ve memnuniyet düzeyleri analiz edilmiştir. Tek yönlü varyans analizi – ANOVA ve iki aşamalı kümeleme analizleri ile ziyaret günleri ile rekreasyon deneyim kalitesi arasında anlamlı farklılıklar saptanmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, ziyaretçilerin rekreasyon deneyim kalitesi değeri 0.65 olup, rekreasyon deneyim kalitesini doğal faktörler artırırken özellikle hafta sonlarında oluşan kalabalık azaltmaktadır. Hafta sonları sosyal kapasitenin üzerinde kullanımlardan dolayı, hizmet tesislerinde ve pistlerde kalabalık artmakta, lift önünde oluşan kuyruklar uzamakta, üstyapı ve sıhhi tesisler ile otopark alanı yetersiz kalmaktadır. Ziyaretçi yönetim stratejileri açısından anahtar nitelikteki “pist sayısı”, “lift kuyruğunda bekleme süresi” ve “günlük çıkış ücretleri” göstergelerinin kalite standartları belirlenerek sosyal kapasite bağlamında ziyaretçi sayısının optimize edilmesine yönelik öneri stratejiler geliştirilmiştir

Keywords

Rekreasyonel taşıma kapasitesi Sosyal taşıma kapasitesi Rekreasyon deneyim kalitesi Ziyaretçi yönetim stratejileri Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı

References

  • Anonim, 2014. Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı Müdülüğü Arşivi.
  • Anonim 2008, Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı uzun devreli gelişim planı.
  • Arabatzis, G., Grigoroudis, E. 2010. Visitors' satisfaction, perceptions and gap analysis: The case of Dadia–Lefkimi–Souflion National Park. Forest Policy and Economics, 12(3), 163-172.
  • Ayan., S., Öztürk, S., Yiğit, N., 2009. Karadeniz bölgesi milli parklarının korunan alan ağı sertifikalandırma sistemine uygunlukları. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 66-79.
  • Balcı V., Koçak F., 2014. Spor ve rekreasyon alanlarının tasarımında ve kullanımında çevresel sürdürülebilirlik. Spor Ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi,5(2), 46-58.
  • Bultena, G., Field, D., Womble, P., Albrecht, D., 1981. Closing the gates: A study of backcountry use‐limitation at Mount McKinley National Park. Leisure Sciences, 4(3), 249-267.
  • Chang, C. Y., 1997. Using computer simulation to manage the crowding problem in parks: a study.Landscape and Urban Planning,37(3), 147-161.
  • Cole, D. N., 2001. Visitor use density and wilderness experiences: a historical review of research.Visitor Use Density and Wilderness Experience: Proceedings, Missoula, Montana June 1,3(2000), 11-20.
  • Ditton, R. B., Fedler, A. J., Graefe, A. R., 1983 . Factors contributing to perceptions of recreational crowding. Leisure Sciences, 5(4), 273-288.
  • Fleishman, L., Feitelson, E. 2009. An application of the recreation level of service approach to forests in Israel. Landscape and Urban Planning, 89(3), 86-97.
  • Fletcher, D., Fletcher, H., 2003. Manageable predictors of park visitor satisfaction: Maintenance and personnel. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,21(1), 21-37.
  • Kuentzel, W. F., Heberlein, T. A., 1992. Cognitive and behavioral adaptations to perceived crowding: A panel study of coping and displacement.Journal of Leisure Research, 24, 377-377.
  • Glover, T. D., 1999. Municipal park and recreation agencies unite! A single case analysis of an intermunicipal partnership. Journal of park and recreation administration,17(1), 73-90
  • .
  • Herrick, T. A., McDonald, C. D. 1992. Factors affecting overall satisfaction with a river recreation experience. Environmental Management, 16(2), 243-247.
  • Ismert, M., Petrick, J. F., 2004. Indicators and standards of quality related to seasonal employment in the ski industry. Journal of Travel Research, 43(1), 46-56.
  • Leujak W, Ormond RFG., 2007. Visitor perceptions and the shifting social carrying capacity of south Sinai’s coral reefs. Environmental Planning 39:472–489
  • Manning, R. E., Ciali, C. P., 1980. Recreation density and user satisfaction: a further exploration of the satisfaction model.Journal of Leisure Research,12(4), 329-345.
  • Manning, R., Callinan, E., Echelberger, H., Koenemann, E., and McEwen, D., 1984. Differential fees: Raising revenue, distributing demand. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. 2: 20-38.
  • Manning, R. E., Freimund, W. A., Lime, D. W., Pitt, D. G.,1996. Crowding norms at front country sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality. Leisure Sciences, 18(1), 39-59.
  • Manning, R., 1999. Crowding and carrying capacity in outdoor recreation: from normative standards to standards of quality. Leisure Studies: Prospects for the Twenty-First Century. State College, PA: Venture Publishing, 323-34.
  • Manning, R. E., Lime, D. W., 2000. Defining and managing the quality of wilderness recreation experiences. In Wilderness science in a time of change conference (Vol. 4, pp. 13-52).
  • Manning, R. E., Valliere, W. A., 2001. Coping in outdoor recreation: Causes and consequences of crowding and conflict among community residents. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(4), 410-426.
  • Manning, R., 2001. Programs that work. Visitor experience and resource protection: a framework for managing the carrying capacity of National Parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,19(1), 93-108.
  • Manning R.E., 2002. How much is too much? Carrying Capacity of National Parks And Protected Areas. In: Arnberger, A., Branderburg, A. ve Muhar, A. (eds.). Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas. Proceedings of the Conference held at Bodenkultur University Vienna, Austria, January 30–February 02, 2002. Institute for Landscape Architecture and Landscape Management, Bodenkultur University Vienna. p. 306–313.
  • Manning, R. E., 2011. Indicators and standards in parks and outdoor recreation. In Quality-of-Life community indicators for parks, recreation and tourism management (pp. 11-22). Springer Netherlands.
  • Miller, T. A., McCool, S. F., 2003. Coping with stress in outdoor recreational settings: An application of transactional stress theory. Leisure Sciences, 25(2-3), 257-275.
  • Moore, S. A., ve Polley, A., 2007. Defining indicators and standards for tourism impacts in protected areas: Cape Range National Park, Australia. Environmental Management, 39(3), 291-300.
  • Needham, M. D., Rollins, R. B., 2005. Interest group standards for recreation and tourism impacts at ski areas in the summer. Tourism Management, 26(1), 1-13.
  • Ormiston, D., Gilbert, A., Manning, R. E., 1998. Indicators and standards of quality for ski resort management. Journal of travel research, 36(3), 35-41.
  • Özdamar, K., 2003. Modern bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Eskişehir: Kaan Kitabevi. s.116-118
  • Öztürk S., Ayan S., 2015. Management alternatives in national park areas: the case of Ilgaz Mountain National Park. Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research, eco-mont, 7(1), 37-44.
  • Priskin J (2003) Tourist perceptions of degradation caused by coastal nature-based recreation. Environmental Management 32(2): 189–204
  • Sağlam, C., 2007. Davras Dağı (Isparta) ve çevresinin orman ve çalı vejetasyonu. Süleyman Demirel Üni. Fen Bil Ens. Derg., 11, 140-157.
  • Sayan, S., Karagüzel, O. 2010. Problems of outdoor recreation: The effect of visitors’ demographics on the perceptions of Termessos National Park, Turkey̕. Environmental management, 45(6), 1257-1270.
  • Sayan M. S., Atik M., 2011. Recreation carrying capacity estimates for protected areas: a study of Termessos National Park. Ekoloji, 20(78), 66-74.
  • Shelby B., Heberlein T. A., 1984. A conceptual framework for carrying capacity determination. Leisure Sciences, 6(4), 433-451.
  • Shelby, B., 1980. Crowding models for backcountry recreation. Land Economics, 43-55.
  • Shelby, B., Vaske, J. J., Heberlein, T. A., 1989. Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research. Leisure Sciences, 11(4), 269-291.
  • Schreyer, R., Lime, D. W., Williams, D. R., 1984. Characterizing the influence of past experience on recreation behavior. Journal of Leisure Research, 16(1), 34-50.
  • Stankey, G. H., 1980. A comparison of carrying capacity perceptions among visitors to two wildernesses. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture.
  • Tian-Cole, S., Cromption, J., 2003. A conceptualization of the relationships between service quality and visitor satisfaction, and their links to destination selection. Leisure studies, 22(1), 65-80.
  • Vaske, J. J., Shelby, L. B., 2008. Crowding as a descriptive indicator and an evaluative standard: Results from 30 years of research. Leisure Sciences,30(2), 111-126.
  • Vaske, J. J., Donnelly, M. P., 2002. Generalizing the encounter--norm--crowding relationship. Leisure Sciences, 24(3-4), 255-269.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Tendü Göktuğ

Tendü Göktuğ

Nihan Arpa

Publication Date April 5, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Göktuğ, T., Göktuğ, T., & Arpa, N. (2015). Ziyaretçi Yönetimi Bağlamında Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı’nda Rekreasyon Deneyim Kalitesinin Saptanması. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 15(1), 146-161.
AMA Göktuğ T, Göktuğ T, Arpa N. Ziyaretçi Yönetimi Bağlamında Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı’nda Rekreasyon Deneyim Kalitesinin Saptanması. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. June 2015;15(1):146-161.
Chicago Göktuğ, Tendü, Tendü Göktuğ, and Nihan Arpa. “Ziyaretçi Yönetimi Bağlamında Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı’nda Rekreasyon Deneyim Kalitesinin Saptanması”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 15, no. 1 (June 2015): 146-61.
EndNote Göktuğ T, Göktuğ T, Arpa N (June 1, 2015) Ziyaretçi Yönetimi Bağlamında Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı’nda Rekreasyon Deneyim Kalitesinin Saptanması. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 15 1 146–161.
IEEE T. Göktuğ, T. Göktuğ, and N. Arpa, “Ziyaretçi Yönetimi Bağlamında Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı’nda Rekreasyon Deneyim Kalitesinin Saptanması”, Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 146–161, 2015.
ISNAD Göktuğ, Tendü et al. “Ziyaretçi Yönetimi Bağlamında Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı’nda Rekreasyon Deneyim Kalitesinin Saptanması”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 15/1 (June 2015), 146-161.
JAMA Göktuğ T, Göktuğ T, Arpa N. Ziyaretçi Yönetimi Bağlamında Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı’nda Rekreasyon Deneyim Kalitesinin Saptanması. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2015;15:146–161.
MLA Göktuğ, Tendü et al. “Ziyaretçi Yönetimi Bağlamında Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı’nda Rekreasyon Deneyim Kalitesinin Saptanması”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, vol. 15, no. 1, 2015, pp. 146-61.
Vancouver Göktuğ T, Göktuğ T, Arpa N. Ziyaretçi Yönetimi Bağlamında Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı’nda Rekreasyon Deneyim Kalitesinin Saptanması. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2015;15(1):146-61.
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