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Inter- and Intra-Specific Variation in Anatomical and Morphological Shapes and Biochemical Ratios of Sun, Intermediate and Shade Leaves from Three Deciduous Tree Species

Year 2016, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 0 - 0, 02.06.2016
https://doi.org/10.17475/kujff.53815

Abstract

Previously we revealed significant differences in biochemical composition of chestnut, oak and beech sun and shade leaf litters that were related to mass losses. Total lignin was the dominant variable affecting their decomposition rates. Proximate analysis measured an aggregation of recalcitrant compounds mostly affected microbial activity, rather than a specific biochemical constituent. It was also noted that differences in the decomposition rates of sun and shade leaves within species showed the same anomalous patterns of decomposition described by other researchers, whereby species with rapid initial mass losses had larger residual litter masses than species decomposing slowly at constant rates. We were unable to explain this phenomenon in terms of litter chemistry and suggested that this was an artefact caused by changes in the fungal community within the forest floor material used as an inoculum bed over the 2-year incubation period. In the previous study, we didn’t consider in detail the inter- and intra-specific variation in anatomical and morphological shapes and biochemical ratios of TFA-carbohydrates (mainly sugar constituents of hemicellulose) and phenylpropanoid derivatives (PPDs) of lignin in sun, intermediate and shade leaves which are taken as an index of lignin polymerisation by white-rot fungi and also used to assign the proportions of plant- and microbial-derived carbohydrates by several investigators. Here, we revealed and discussed the effects of variation in anatomical and morphological shapes and biochemical ratios on litter decomposition rates. Those results can be used in future studies in order to explain the unknown phenomenon why decomposition rates subsequently decrease in the leaf litters, which initially decompose at higher rates?

References

  • Aber J.D., Melillo J.M., McClaugherty C.A. 1990. Predicting long term pattern of mass loss, nitrogen dynamics and soil organic matter formation from fine litter chemistry in temperate forest ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Botany 68, 2201- 2269.
  • Adler T. 1977. Lignin chemistry-past-present-future. Wood Sci Tech 11: 169-218.
  • Allen S.E. 1989. Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
  • Ander P., Eriksson E.K., Hui-sheng Yu. 1984. Metabolism of lignin-derived aromatic acids by wood-rotting fungi. Journal of General Microbiology 130, 63-68.
  • Anderson J.M. 1973a. The breakdown and decomposition of sweet chestnut (Castenea sativa Mill) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) leaf litter in two deciduous woodland soils. I. Breakdown, leaching and decomposition. Oecologia 12: 251-274.
  • Anderson J.M. 1973b. The breakdown and decomposition of sweet chestnut (Castenea sativa Mill) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) leaf litter in two deciduous woodland soils. II. Changes in the carbon, nitrogen and polyphenol content. Oecologia 12: 275-288.
  • Ashton P.S.M., Berlyn G.P. 1992. Leaf adaptations of Shorea species to sun and shade. The New Phytology 121:587-596.
  • Ashton, P.M.S., Berlyn, G.P., 1994. A comparison of leaf physiology and anatomy of Quercus (section Erythrobalanus– Fagaceae) species in different light environments. Am. J. Bot. 81 (5), 589–597.
  • Barback M., Johanna H.A., van Konijnenburg-van C. 1998. Sun and shade leaves in two Jurassic species of Pteridosperms. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 103: 209–221.
  • Berendse F., Berg B., Bosatta E. 1987. The effect of lignin and nitrogen on the decomposition of litter in nutrient-poor ecosystems: a theoretical approach. Canadian Journal of Botany 65, 1116-1120.
  • Berg B., Ekbohm G. 1991. Litter mass-loss rates and decomposition patterns in some needle and leaf litter types. Long-term decomposition in Scots pine forest VII. Canadian Journal of Botany 69,1449-1456.
  • Berg, B. and Tamm, C.O. (1991). Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of litter in long-term optimum nutrition experiments. I. Organic matter decomposition in Picea abies needle litter. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 6, 305-321.
  • Berg B., Berg M., Bottner P., Box E., Breymeyer A., Calvo de Anta R., Couteaux M.M., Gallardo A., Escudero A., Kartz W., Maderia M., Malkonen E., Meentemeyer V., Munoz F., Piussi P., Remacle J., Virzo De Santo A. 1993. Litter mass loss rates in pine forests of Europe and Eastern United States: some relationships with climate and litter quality. Biogeochemistry, 20:127-159.
  • Berg B., Ekbohm G., Johansson M.B., McClaughery C., Rutigliano F., Virzo De Santo A. 1996. Some foliar litter types have a maximum limit for decomposition: a synthesis of data from forest systems. Canadian Journal of Botany 74, 659-672.
  • Brett C., Waldron K. 1990. Physiology and biochemistry of plant cell walls. Topic in plant physiology. Blach, M. and Chapman, J. (eds), Unwin Hyman, London.
  • Cheshire M.V. 1979. Nature and Origin of Carbohydrates in Soils. Academic Press, London.
  • Crawford R.L. 1981. Lignin biodegradation and transformation. Wiley-interscience, New York.
  • Eschrich W.R., Burchardt R., Essamah S. 1989. The induction of sun and shade leaves of the European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.): anatomical studies. Trees 3:1–10.
  • Fery D.F., Pimemtal R.A. 1978. Principal component analysis and factor analysis. In: Colgan P.W. (ed) Quantitative Ethology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 219-245.
  • Goni M.A., Nelson B., Blanchette R.A., Hedges J.I. 1993. Fungal degradation of wood lignin: Geochemical perspectives from CuO-derived phenolic dimers and monomers. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57, 3985-4002.
  • Guggenberger G.., Zech W. 1994. Composition and dynamics of dissolved carbohydrates and lignin degradation products in two coniferous forests, NE-Baviaria F.R.G. Soil Biol Biochem 26:19-27.
  • Guggenberger G., Zech W., Thomas R. 1995. Lignin and carbohydrate alteration in particle-size separates of an oxisol under tropical pastures following native savanna. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27,1629-1638.
  • Heal O.W., Anderson J.W., Swift M.J. 1997. Plant litter quality and decomposition: An historical overview. In Driven by Nature: Plant Litter Quality and Decomposition, eds. G. Cadisch and K. E. Giller, pp. 3-45. CAB International Wallingford, U.K.
  • Heath G.W., Arnold M.K. 1966. Studies in leaf-litter breakdown. II. Breakdown rate of sun and shade leaves. Pedobiologia 6:238-243.
  • Hedges J.I., Ertel J.R. 1982. Characterisation of lignin by gas capillary chromatography of cupric oxide oxidation products. Anal Chem 54:174-178.
  • Hedges, J.I., Blanchette, R.A., Weliky, K. and Devol, A.H.(1988). Effects of fungal degradation on the CuO-oxidation products of lignin: a controlled laboratory study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52, 2717-2726.
  • Hetherington S.L., Anderson J.M. 1998. A simplified procedure for the characterization of plant lignins by alkaline CuO oxidation. Soil Biol Biochem 13: 1477–1480.
  • Highley T.L. 1982. Influence of type and amount of lignin on decay by Coriolus versicolor. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 12, 435-438.
  • Hillis W.E., Swain T.I. 1959. The phenolic constituents of Prunus domestica II. The analysis of tissues of the Victoria plum tree. J Sci Food Agric 10:135-144.
  • Jackson R.C. 1967. Effect of shade on leaf structure of deciduous tree
  • species. Ecology 48: 498-499.
  • King H.G.C., Heath G.W. 1967. The chemical analysis of small samples of leaf material and the relationship between the disappearance and composition of leaves. Pedobiology 7:192-197.
  • Kirk T.K., Chang H.-M., Lorenz L.F. 1975. Topochemistry of the fungal degradation of lignin in birch wood as related to the distribution of guaiacyl and syringyl units. Wood Science and Technology 9, 81-86.
  • Kogel I., Bochter R. 1985. Characterisation of lignin in forest humus layers by high-performance liquid chromatography of cupric oxide oxidation products Soil Biology and Biochemistry 17, 637-640.
  • Kürschner, W.M., 1997. The anatomical diversity of recent and fossil leaves of the durmast oak (Quercus petraea Lieblein=Q. pseudocastanea Goeppert) — implications for their use as biosensors of palaeoatmospheric CO2 levels. Rev. Palaeobot.Palynol. 96, 1–30.
  • McClaugherty C., Berg B. 1987. Cellulose, lignin and nitrogen concentrations as rate regulating factors in late stages of forest litter decomposition. Pedobiologia 30, 101-112.
  • Melillo J.M., Aber J., Muratore J.F. 1982. Nitrogen and lignin control of hardwood leaf litter decomposition dynamics. Ecology 63, 621-626.
  • Melillo J.M., Aber J., Linkens A.E., Ricca A., Fry B., Nadelhoffer K. 1989. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics along the decay continuum: plant litter to soil organic matter. In: Clarholm, M. and Bergstrom, L. (eds). Ecology of Arable Lands Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, pp. 53-62.
  • Murayama S. 1984. Changes in the monosaccharide composition during the decomposition of straw under field conditions. Soil Sci Plant Nutri 30:367-381.
  • Norman J.M., Campbell G.S. 1989. Canopy structure. In: Pearcy RW, Mooney HA, Ehleringer JR, Rundel PM, editors. Plant Physiological Ecology: Field methods and instrumentation, Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 301-325.
  • Oades J.M. 1984. Soil organic matter and structural stability: mechanisms and implications for management. Plant Soil 76:319-337.
  • Oquist G., Amderson Jan M., McCaffery S., Chow W.S. 1992. Mechanistic differences in photoinhibition of sun and shade plants. Planta 188:422-431.
  • Raven P.H., Evert R.F., Eichhorn S.E. 1992. Biology of plants. 5th edition, New York.
  • Rodriguez A., Carnicero A., Perestelo F., de la Fuente G., Milstien O., Falcon, M.A. 1994. Effect of Penicillium chrysogenum on lignin transformation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, 2971-2976.
  • Rollet B. 1990. Leaf Morphology. In: Rollet B, Hogermann Ch, Roth I, editors. Stratification of tropical forests as seen in leaf structure, Part 2. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
  • Roth I. 1984. Stratification of tropical forest as seen in leaf structure. W. Junk, Boston, pp. 522.
  • Roth I. 1990. Leaf structure of a Venezuelan cloud forest in relation to microclimate. Encyclopedia of plant anatomy, vol. 14, part 1. Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin, pp. 244.
  • Rowland A.P., Roberts, J.D. 1994. Lignin and cellulose fractionation in decomposition studies using Acid-Detergent Fibre methods. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 25, 269-277.
  • Rutigliano F.A., de Santo A.V., Berg B., Alfani A., Fioretto A. 1996. Lignin decomposition in decaying leaves of Fagus sylvatica L. and needles of Abies alba Mill. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 28, 101-106.
  • Salisbury F.B., Ross C.W. 1985. Plant Physiology. 3rd ed. Wadsworth Publishing Company. Belmant, California.
  • Sanger L.J., Cox P., Splatt P., Whelan M.J., Anderson J.M. 1996. Variability in the quality of pinus sylvestris needles and litter from sites with different soil characteristics: Lignin and phenylpropanoid signature. Soil Biol Biochem 28:829-835.
  • Sanger L.J., Cox P., Splatt P., Whelan M.J., Anderson J.M. 1998. Variability in the quality and potential decomposability of pinus sylvestris litter from sites with different soil characteristics: Acid detergent fibre (ADF) and carbohydrate signature. Soil Biol Biochem 30:445-461.
  • Sariyildiz T. 2000. Biochemical and Environmental Controls of Litter Decomposition. PhD, Exeter University, Exeter, United Kingdom.
  • Sariyildiz T. 2015. Effects of tree species and topography on fine and small root decomposition rates of three common tree species (Alnus glutinosa, Picea orientalis and Pinus sylvestris) in Turkey, Forest Ecology and Management, 335, 71-86 .
  • Sariyildiz T., Anderson J.M. 2003a. Interactions between litter quality, decomposition and soil fertility: a laboratory study, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35, 391-399.
  • Sariyildiz T., Anderson J.M. 2003b. Decomposition of sun and shade leaves from three deciduous tree species: as affected by their chemical composition. Biol Fert Soils 37:137-146.
  • Sariyildiz T., Anderson J.M. 2005. Variation in the chemical composition of green leaves and leaf litters from three deciduous tree species growing on different soil types. For Ecol Manage 210:303-319.
  • Sarıyıldız, T., Küçük M. 2005. Kayın (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) ve Ladin (Picea orientalis L.) Ölü Örtülerinin Ayrışma Oranları Üzerinde Orman Gülünün (Rhododendron ponticum L.) Etkisi. G.Ü. Kastamonu Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 5, 55-69 (2005).
  • Sarıyıldız, T., Varan, S., Duman, A. 2008. Ölü örtü ayrışma oranları üzerinde kimyasal bileşenlerin ve yetişme ortamı özelliklerinin etkisi: Artvin ve Ankara yöresine ait örnek bir çalışma. Kastamonu Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 8 (2), 109-119 (2008).
  • Sarkanen K.V., Hergert H.L. 1971. Definition and nomenclature. In lignins: Occurrence, formation structure and reactions. Sarkanen KV, Ludwing CH, editors. John Wiley, New York, pp. 43-94.
  • Seelenfreund D., Lapierre C., Vicuna R. 1990. Production of soluble lignin rich fragments (appl) from wheat lignocellulose by Streptommyces viridosporuc and their partial metabolism by natural bacterial isolates. Journal of Biotechnology 13, 145-158.
  • Swift M.J., Heal O.W., Anderson J.M. 1979. Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
  • Taylor B.R., Parkinson D., Parsons W.F.J. 1989. Nitrogen and lignin content as predictors of litter decay rates: a microcosm test. Ecology 70, 97-104.
  • Vasudevan N., Mahadevan A. 1991. Degradation of lignin and lignin derivatives by Acinetobacter sp. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 70, 169-176.
  • Weier T.E., Stocking C.R., Barbour M.G., Rost T.L. 1982. Botany. 6 th edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Year 2016, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 0 - 0, 02.06.2016
https://doi.org/10.17475/kujff.53815

Abstract

References

  • Aber J.D., Melillo J.M., McClaugherty C.A. 1990. Predicting long term pattern of mass loss, nitrogen dynamics and soil organic matter formation from fine litter chemistry in temperate forest ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Botany 68, 2201- 2269.
  • Adler T. 1977. Lignin chemistry-past-present-future. Wood Sci Tech 11: 169-218.
  • Allen S.E. 1989. Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
  • Ander P., Eriksson E.K., Hui-sheng Yu. 1984. Metabolism of lignin-derived aromatic acids by wood-rotting fungi. Journal of General Microbiology 130, 63-68.
  • Anderson J.M. 1973a. The breakdown and decomposition of sweet chestnut (Castenea sativa Mill) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) leaf litter in two deciduous woodland soils. I. Breakdown, leaching and decomposition. Oecologia 12: 251-274.
  • Anderson J.M. 1973b. The breakdown and decomposition of sweet chestnut (Castenea sativa Mill) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) leaf litter in two deciduous woodland soils. II. Changes in the carbon, nitrogen and polyphenol content. Oecologia 12: 275-288.
  • Ashton P.S.M., Berlyn G.P. 1992. Leaf adaptations of Shorea species to sun and shade. The New Phytology 121:587-596.
  • Ashton, P.M.S., Berlyn, G.P., 1994. A comparison of leaf physiology and anatomy of Quercus (section Erythrobalanus– Fagaceae) species in different light environments. Am. J. Bot. 81 (5), 589–597.
  • Barback M., Johanna H.A., van Konijnenburg-van C. 1998. Sun and shade leaves in two Jurassic species of Pteridosperms. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 103: 209–221.
  • Berendse F., Berg B., Bosatta E. 1987. The effect of lignin and nitrogen on the decomposition of litter in nutrient-poor ecosystems: a theoretical approach. Canadian Journal of Botany 65, 1116-1120.
  • Berg B., Ekbohm G. 1991. Litter mass-loss rates and decomposition patterns in some needle and leaf litter types. Long-term decomposition in Scots pine forest VII. Canadian Journal of Botany 69,1449-1456.
  • Berg, B. and Tamm, C.O. (1991). Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of litter in long-term optimum nutrition experiments. I. Organic matter decomposition in Picea abies needle litter. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 6, 305-321.
  • Berg B., Berg M., Bottner P., Box E., Breymeyer A., Calvo de Anta R., Couteaux M.M., Gallardo A., Escudero A., Kartz W., Maderia M., Malkonen E., Meentemeyer V., Munoz F., Piussi P., Remacle J., Virzo De Santo A. 1993. Litter mass loss rates in pine forests of Europe and Eastern United States: some relationships with climate and litter quality. Biogeochemistry, 20:127-159.
  • Berg B., Ekbohm G., Johansson M.B., McClaughery C., Rutigliano F., Virzo De Santo A. 1996. Some foliar litter types have a maximum limit for decomposition: a synthesis of data from forest systems. Canadian Journal of Botany 74, 659-672.
  • Brett C., Waldron K. 1990. Physiology and biochemistry of plant cell walls. Topic in plant physiology. Blach, M. and Chapman, J. (eds), Unwin Hyman, London.
  • Cheshire M.V. 1979. Nature and Origin of Carbohydrates in Soils. Academic Press, London.
  • Crawford R.L. 1981. Lignin biodegradation and transformation. Wiley-interscience, New York.
  • Eschrich W.R., Burchardt R., Essamah S. 1989. The induction of sun and shade leaves of the European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.): anatomical studies. Trees 3:1–10.
  • Fery D.F., Pimemtal R.A. 1978. Principal component analysis and factor analysis. In: Colgan P.W. (ed) Quantitative Ethology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 219-245.
  • Goni M.A., Nelson B., Blanchette R.A., Hedges J.I. 1993. Fungal degradation of wood lignin: Geochemical perspectives from CuO-derived phenolic dimers and monomers. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57, 3985-4002.
  • Guggenberger G.., Zech W. 1994. Composition and dynamics of dissolved carbohydrates and lignin degradation products in two coniferous forests, NE-Baviaria F.R.G. Soil Biol Biochem 26:19-27.
  • Guggenberger G., Zech W., Thomas R. 1995. Lignin and carbohydrate alteration in particle-size separates of an oxisol under tropical pastures following native savanna. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27,1629-1638.
  • Heal O.W., Anderson J.W., Swift M.J. 1997. Plant litter quality and decomposition: An historical overview. In Driven by Nature: Plant Litter Quality and Decomposition, eds. G. Cadisch and K. E. Giller, pp. 3-45. CAB International Wallingford, U.K.
  • Heath G.W., Arnold M.K. 1966. Studies in leaf-litter breakdown. II. Breakdown rate of sun and shade leaves. Pedobiologia 6:238-243.
  • Hedges J.I., Ertel J.R. 1982. Characterisation of lignin by gas capillary chromatography of cupric oxide oxidation products. Anal Chem 54:174-178.
  • Hedges, J.I., Blanchette, R.A., Weliky, K. and Devol, A.H.(1988). Effects of fungal degradation on the CuO-oxidation products of lignin: a controlled laboratory study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52, 2717-2726.
  • Hetherington S.L., Anderson J.M. 1998. A simplified procedure for the characterization of plant lignins by alkaline CuO oxidation. Soil Biol Biochem 13: 1477–1480.
  • Highley T.L. 1982. Influence of type and amount of lignin on decay by Coriolus versicolor. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 12, 435-438.
  • Hillis W.E., Swain T.I. 1959. The phenolic constituents of Prunus domestica II. The analysis of tissues of the Victoria plum tree. J Sci Food Agric 10:135-144.
  • Jackson R.C. 1967. Effect of shade on leaf structure of deciduous tree
  • species. Ecology 48: 498-499.
  • King H.G.C., Heath G.W. 1967. The chemical analysis of small samples of leaf material and the relationship between the disappearance and composition of leaves. Pedobiology 7:192-197.
  • Kirk T.K., Chang H.-M., Lorenz L.F. 1975. Topochemistry of the fungal degradation of lignin in birch wood as related to the distribution of guaiacyl and syringyl units. Wood Science and Technology 9, 81-86.
  • Kogel I., Bochter R. 1985. Characterisation of lignin in forest humus layers by high-performance liquid chromatography of cupric oxide oxidation products Soil Biology and Biochemistry 17, 637-640.
  • Kürschner, W.M., 1997. The anatomical diversity of recent and fossil leaves of the durmast oak (Quercus petraea Lieblein=Q. pseudocastanea Goeppert) — implications for their use as biosensors of palaeoatmospheric CO2 levels. Rev. Palaeobot.Palynol. 96, 1–30.
  • McClaugherty C., Berg B. 1987. Cellulose, lignin and nitrogen concentrations as rate regulating factors in late stages of forest litter decomposition. Pedobiologia 30, 101-112.
  • Melillo J.M., Aber J., Muratore J.F. 1982. Nitrogen and lignin control of hardwood leaf litter decomposition dynamics. Ecology 63, 621-626.
  • Melillo J.M., Aber J., Linkens A.E., Ricca A., Fry B., Nadelhoffer K. 1989. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics along the decay continuum: plant litter to soil organic matter. In: Clarholm, M. and Bergstrom, L. (eds). Ecology of Arable Lands Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, pp. 53-62.
  • Murayama S. 1984. Changes in the monosaccharide composition during the decomposition of straw under field conditions. Soil Sci Plant Nutri 30:367-381.
  • Norman J.M., Campbell G.S. 1989. Canopy structure. In: Pearcy RW, Mooney HA, Ehleringer JR, Rundel PM, editors. Plant Physiological Ecology: Field methods and instrumentation, Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 301-325.
  • Oades J.M. 1984. Soil organic matter and structural stability: mechanisms and implications for management. Plant Soil 76:319-337.
  • Oquist G., Amderson Jan M., McCaffery S., Chow W.S. 1992. Mechanistic differences in photoinhibition of sun and shade plants. Planta 188:422-431.
  • Raven P.H., Evert R.F., Eichhorn S.E. 1992. Biology of plants. 5th edition, New York.
  • Rodriguez A., Carnicero A., Perestelo F., de la Fuente G., Milstien O., Falcon, M.A. 1994. Effect of Penicillium chrysogenum on lignin transformation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, 2971-2976.
  • Rollet B. 1990. Leaf Morphology. In: Rollet B, Hogermann Ch, Roth I, editors. Stratification of tropical forests as seen in leaf structure, Part 2. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
  • Roth I. 1984. Stratification of tropical forest as seen in leaf structure. W. Junk, Boston, pp. 522.
  • Roth I. 1990. Leaf structure of a Venezuelan cloud forest in relation to microclimate. Encyclopedia of plant anatomy, vol. 14, part 1. Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin, pp. 244.
  • Rowland A.P., Roberts, J.D. 1994. Lignin and cellulose fractionation in decomposition studies using Acid-Detergent Fibre methods. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 25, 269-277.
  • Rutigliano F.A., de Santo A.V., Berg B., Alfani A., Fioretto A. 1996. Lignin decomposition in decaying leaves of Fagus sylvatica L. and needles of Abies alba Mill. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 28, 101-106.
  • Salisbury F.B., Ross C.W. 1985. Plant Physiology. 3rd ed. Wadsworth Publishing Company. Belmant, California.
  • Sanger L.J., Cox P., Splatt P., Whelan M.J., Anderson J.M. 1996. Variability in the quality of pinus sylvestris needles and litter from sites with different soil characteristics: Lignin and phenylpropanoid signature. Soil Biol Biochem 28:829-835.
  • Sanger L.J., Cox P., Splatt P., Whelan M.J., Anderson J.M. 1998. Variability in the quality and potential decomposability of pinus sylvestris litter from sites with different soil characteristics: Acid detergent fibre (ADF) and carbohydrate signature. Soil Biol Biochem 30:445-461.
  • Sariyildiz T. 2000. Biochemical and Environmental Controls of Litter Decomposition. PhD, Exeter University, Exeter, United Kingdom.
  • Sariyildiz T. 2015. Effects of tree species and topography on fine and small root decomposition rates of three common tree species (Alnus glutinosa, Picea orientalis and Pinus sylvestris) in Turkey, Forest Ecology and Management, 335, 71-86 .
  • Sariyildiz T., Anderson J.M. 2003a. Interactions between litter quality, decomposition and soil fertility: a laboratory study, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35, 391-399.
  • Sariyildiz T., Anderson J.M. 2003b. Decomposition of sun and shade leaves from three deciduous tree species: as affected by their chemical composition. Biol Fert Soils 37:137-146.
  • Sariyildiz T., Anderson J.M. 2005. Variation in the chemical composition of green leaves and leaf litters from three deciduous tree species growing on different soil types. For Ecol Manage 210:303-319.
  • Sarıyıldız, T., Küçük M. 2005. Kayın (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) ve Ladin (Picea orientalis L.) Ölü Örtülerinin Ayrışma Oranları Üzerinde Orman Gülünün (Rhododendron ponticum L.) Etkisi. G.Ü. Kastamonu Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 5, 55-69 (2005).
  • Sarıyıldız, T., Varan, S., Duman, A. 2008. Ölü örtü ayrışma oranları üzerinde kimyasal bileşenlerin ve yetişme ortamı özelliklerinin etkisi: Artvin ve Ankara yöresine ait örnek bir çalışma. Kastamonu Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 8 (2), 109-119 (2008).
  • Sarkanen K.V., Hergert H.L. 1971. Definition and nomenclature. In lignins: Occurrence, formation structure and reactions. Sarkanen KV, Ludwing CH, editors. John Wiley, New York, pp. 43-94.
  • Seelenfreund D., Lapierre C., Vicuna R. 1990. Production of soluble lignin rich fragments (appl) from wheat lignocellulose by Streptommyces viridosporuc and their partial metabolism by natural bacterial isolates. Journal of Biotechnology 13, 145-158.
  • Swift M.J., Heal O.W., Anderson J.M. 1979. Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
  • Taylor B.R., Parkinson D., Parsons W.F.J. 1989. Nitrogen and lignin content as predictors of litter decay rates: a microcosm test. Ecology 70, 97-104.
  • Vasudevan N., Mahadevan A. 1991. Degradation of lignin and lignin derivatives by Acinetobacter sp. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 70, 169-176.
  • Weier T.E., Stocking C.R., Barbour M.G., Rost T.L. 1982. Botany. 6 th edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Temel Sarıyıldız

Publication Date June 2, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 16 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sarıyıldız, T. (2016). Inter- and Intra-Specific Variation in Anatomical and Morphological Shapes and Biochemical Ratios of Sun, Intermediate and Shade Leaves from Three Deciduous Tree Species. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.17475/kujff.53815
AMA Sarıyıldız T. Inter- and Intra-Specific Variation in Anatomical and Morphological Shapes and Biochemical Ratios of Sun, Intermediate and Shade Leaves from Three Deciduous Tree Species. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. June 2016;16(1). doi:10.17475/kujff.53815
Chicago Sarıyıldız, Temel. “Inter- and Intra-Specific Variation in Anatomical and Morphological Shapes and Biochemical Ratios of Sun, Intermediate and Shade Leaves from Three Deciduous Tree Species”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 16, no. 1 (June 2016). https://doi.org/10.17475/kujff.53815.
EndNote Sarıyıldız T (June 1, 2016) Inter- and Intra-Specific Variation in Anatomical and Morphological Shapes and Biochemical Ratios of Sun, Intermediate and Shade Leaves from Three Deciduous Tree Species. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 16 1
IEEE T. Sarıyıldız, “Inter- and Intra-Specific Variation in Anatomical and Morphological Shapes and Biochemical Ratios of Sun, Intermediate and Shade Leaves from Three Deciduous Tree Species”, Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, vol. 16, no. 1, 2016, doi: 10.17475/kujff.53815.
ISNAD Sarıyıldız, Temel. “Inter- and Intra-Specific Variation in Anatomical and Morphological Shapes and Biochemical Ratios of Sun, Intermediate and Shade Leaves from Three Deciduous Tree Species”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 16/1 (June 2016). https://doi.org/10.17475/kujff.53815.
JAMA Sarıyıldız T. Inter- and Intra-Specific Variation in Anatomical and Morphological Shapes and Biochemical Ratios of Sun, Intermediate and Shade Leaves from Three Deciduous Tree Species. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2016;16. doi:10.17475/kujff.53815.
MLA Sarıyıldız, Temel. “Inter- and Intra-Specific Variation in Anatomical and Morphological Shapes and Biochemical Ratios of Sun, Intermediate and Shade Leaves from Three Deciduous Tree Species”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, vol. 16, no. 1, 2016, doi:10.17475/kujff.53815.
Vancouver Sarıyıldız T. Inter- and Intra-Specific Variation in Anatomical and Morphological Shapes and Biochemical Ratios of Sun, Intermediate and Shade Leaves from Three Deciduous Tree Species. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2016;16(1).

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