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Tarihi Bir Yığma Yapının Yapısal Ahşap Elemanlarının Ultrasonik Stres Dalga Yöntemi İle Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2018, Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 341 - 349, 28.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.499081

Abstract

Çalışmanın
amacı:
Çalışmanın amacı, eski bir yığma yapının ahşap yapı elemanlarının mevcut
durumlarının tahribatlı ve tahribatsız test yöntemleri ile
değerlendirilmesidir. Tahribatlı ve tahribatsız test parametleri arasındaki
korelasyonlar elde edilerek tahribatsız test yöntemlerinin verimliliğinin
belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.



 



Çalışma
alanı:
Numuneler İstanbul'da bitişik nizamda inşa edimiş eski bir yığma yapının
farklı kısımlarından çıkarılmıştır. Yapı 20. yüzyılın ilk yarısında,
İstanbul'un ağırlıklı olarak konut yerleşiminin bulunduğu Anadolu yakasındaki
Kadıköy ilçesinde inşa edilmiştir.



Materyal
ve Yöntem:
Yapısal elemanlardan elde edilmiş numunelere ultrasonik stres dalga
testi uygulanmıştır. Bu testin ardından numunelerin, eğilme dayanımı ve
eğilmede elastiklik modülü değerleri belirlenmiştir.



 



Sonuçlar:
Yapılan
deneylerin sonuçlarına göre, yapraklı ağaçlardan elde edilen numunelerin
(köknar, ladin) korelasyonları yüksektir, ancak kestane numuneleri için daha
düşük korelasyonlar elde edilmiştir.



 



Önemli
Vurgular:
Yapraklı ağaçlardan elde edilen numunelerin MOED ve mekanik
özellikleri arasındaki korelasyon değerlerinin yüksek olması sebebiyle
ultrasonik stres dalga testinin bu türlerin değerlendirilmesinde kullanılması
tavsiye edilebilir. Bununla birlikte, kestane ahşabı yüksek mekanik özelliklere
sahip olmasına rağmen, numune sayısının az olması sebebiyle bu ağaç türü ile
ilgili tatmin edici sonuçlar elde edilememiştir. Bu konuda tatmin edici
sonuçlar elde edilebilmesi için daha fazla sayıda numune ile araştırma
yapılması tavsiye edilmektedir. 

References

  • Bektaş, İ., Mehmet, A., Göker, Y., As, N. & Erdaş, O. (2004). Effect of 180 years of service on various physical and mechanical properties of salvaged Crimean juniper wood. Forest Prod. J. 54(12), 217-219.
  • Berkel, A. (1970). Ağaç malzeme teknolojisi [Timber Material Technology]. Kurtulmuş Press: Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Bozkurt, Y.A. & Göker, Y. (1996). Fiziksel ve mekanik ağaç teknolojisi [Physical and Mechanical Wood Technology], I.U. Publications: Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Calderoni, C., De Matteis, G., Giubileo, C. & Mazzolani, F. M. (2010). Experimental correlations between destructive and non-destructive tests on ancient timber elements. Eng. Struct. 32(2), 442-448. DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.10.006
  • Calderoni, C., De Matteis, G., Giubileo, C. & Mazzolani, F.M. (2006). Flexural and shear behaviour of ancient wooden beams: Experimental and theoretical evaluation. Eng. Struct. 28(5), 729-744. DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.09.027
  • Faggiano, B., Grippa, M. R., Marzo, A. & Mazzolani, F. M. (2011). Experimental study for non-destructive mechanical evaluation of ancient chestnut timber. J. Civil Structural Health Monitoring 1(3-4), 103-112. DOI: 10.1007/s13349-011-0011-y
  • Falk, R. H., Green, D. & Lantz, S. C. (1999). Evaluation of lumber recycled from an industrial military building. Forest Prod. J. 49(5), 49-55.
  • Falk, R. H., Green, D., Rammer, D. & Lantz, S. C. (2000). Engineering evaluation of 55-year-old timber columns recycled from an industrial military building. Forest Prod. J. 50(4), 71-76.
  • Feio, A. & Machado, J. S. (2015). In-situ assessment of timber structural members: Combining information from visual strength grading and NDT/SDT methods - A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 101(Part 2), 1157-1165. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.123
  • Hanhijärvi, A. & Ranta-Maunus, A. (2008). Development of Strength Grading of Timber Using Combined Measurement Techniques: Report of the Combigrade-project – Phase 2, VTT Publications, Espoo, Finland.
  • ISO 13061-1 (2014). Physical and mechanical properties of wood – Test methods for small clear wood specimens – Part 1: Determination of moisture content for physical and mechanical tests. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • ISO 13061-2 (2014). Physical and mechanical properties of wood – Test methods for small clear wood specimens – Part 2: Determination of density for physical and mechanical tests. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Korkut, S. (2008). The effects of heat treatment on some technological properties in Uludağ fir (Abies bornmuelllerinana Mattf.) wood. Build. Environ. 43(4), 422-428. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.01.004
  • Lourenço, P. B., Feio, A. O., and Machado, J. S. (2007). Chestnut wood in compression perpendicular to the grain: Non-destructive correlations for test results in new and old wood. Constr. Build. Mater. 21(8), 1617-1627. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.07.011.
  • Machado, J. S., & Palma, P. (2011). Non-destructive evaluation of the bending behaviour of in-service pine timber structural elements. Mater. Struct. 44(5), 901-910. DOI: 10.1617/s11527-010-9674-9.
  • Morales Conde, J., Liñan, C. R., & Rubio de Hita, P. (2014). Use of ultrasound as a non-destructive evaluation technique for sustainable interventions on wooden structures. Build. Environ. 82, 247-257.
  • Palaia, L., Monfort, H., Sánchez, R., Gil, L., Álvarez, Á., López, V., Tormo, S., Pérez, C., and Navarro, P. (2008). Assessment of timber structures in service, by using combined methods of non-destructive testing together with traditional ones. in: 9th International Conference on NDT of Art, Jerusalem, Israel.
  • Piazza, M., and Riggio, M. (2008). Visual strength-grading and NDT of timber in traditional structures. J. Build. Appraisal 3(4), 267-296. DOI: 10.1057/jba.2008.4
  • Ross, R. J. (2015). Static bending, transverse vibration, and longitudinal stress wave nondestructive evaluation methods. in: Nondestructive Evaluation of Wood, R. J. Ross (ed.), Forest Products Laboratory, Madison.
  • Sousa, H. S. (2013). Methodology for safety evaluation of existing timber elements. PhD thesis, Civil Engineering Department, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.

Using the Ultrasonic Stress Wave Technique to Evaluate Structural Timber Members of an Old Masonry Building

Year 2018, Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 341 - 349, 28.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.499081

Abstract

Aim of
study:
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the current state of the
structural timber members of an old masonry building by using destructive and
non-destructive test methods and to determine the efficiency of non-destructive
test methods by obtaining correlations between destructive and non-destructive
test parameters.



 



Area of
study:
Specimens were extracted from different parts of an old semi-detached
masonry building in Istanbul, Turkey. The building was built at the beginning
of the 20th century in Kadıköy, a residential district in the Asia side of
Istanbul.



 



Material
and Methods:
Ultrasonic stress wave test was carried out on
specimens prepared from the structural members. Following the ultrasonic based
non-destructive tests, the bending strength and modulus of elasticity in the
bending tests were determined for the specimens.



 



Main
results:
According to the results of the experiments, it was observed that the
regression correlations were high for the softwoods (fir and spruce), but
relatively lower correlations were obtained for the chestnut specimens.



 



Highlights:
Because
of the good R2 values obtained between the MOED and
mechanical properties of the softwoods, the non-destructive stress wave
technique can be recommended for the evaluation of softwoods in structures.
Although chestnut showed very good mechanical properties, a satisfactory
evaluation of the chestnut members could not be obtained because of the small
number of specimens. Further investigation is needed with large sample groups. 

References

  • Bektaş, İ., Mehmet, A., Göker, Y., As, N. & Erdaş, O. (2004). Effect of 180 years of service on various physical and mechanical properties of salvaged Crimean juniper wood. Forest Prod. J. 54(12), 217-219.
  • Berkel, A. (1970). Ağaç malzeme teknolojisi [Timber Material Technology]. Kurtulmuş Press: Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Bozkurt, Y.A. & Göker, Y. (1996). Fiziksel ve mekanik ağaç teknolojisi [Physical and Mechanical Wood Technology], I.U. Publications: Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Calderoni, C., De Matteis, G., Giubileo, C. & Mazzolani, F. M. (2010). Experimental correlations between destructive and non-destructive tests on ancient timber elements. Eng. Struct. 32(2), 442-448. DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.10.006
  • Calderoni, C., De Matteis, G., Giubileo, C. & Mazzolani, F.M. (2006). Flexural and shear behaviour of ancient wooden beams: Experimental and theoretical evaluation. Eng. Struct. 28(5), 729-744. DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.09.027
  • Faggiano, B., Grippa, M. R., Marzo, A. & Mazzolani, F. M. (2011). Experimental study for non-destructive mechanical evaluation of ancient chestnut timber. J. Civil Structural Health Monitoring 1(3-4), 103-112. DOI: 10.1007/s13349-011-0011-y
  • Falk, R. H., Green, D. & Lantz, S. C. (1999). Evaluation of lumber recycled from an industrial military building. Forest Prod. J. 49(5), 49-55.
  • Falk, R. H., Green, D., Rammer, D. & Lantz, S. C. (2000). Engineering evaluation of 55-year-old timber columns recycled from an industrial military building. Forest Prod. J. 50(4), 71-76.
  • Feio, A. & Machado, J. S. (2015). In-situ assessment of timber structural members: Combining information from visual strength grading and NDT/SDT methods - A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 101(Part 2), 1157-1165. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.123
  • Hanhijärvi, A. & Ranta-Maunus, A. (2008). Development of Strength Grading of Timber Using Combined Measurement Techniques: Report of the Combigrade-project – Phase 2, VTT Publications, Espoo, Finland.
  • ISO 13061-1 (2014). Physical and mechanical properties of wood – Test methods for small clear wood specimens – Part 1: Determination of moisture content for physical and mechanical tests. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • ISO 13061-2 (2014). Physical and mechanical properties of wood – Test methods for small clear wood specimens – Part 2: Determination of density for physical and mechanical tests. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Korkut, S. (2008). The effects of heat treatment on some technological properties in Uludağ fir (Abies bornmuelllerinana Mattf.) wood. Build. Environ. 43(4), 422-428. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.01.004
  • Lourenço, P. B., Feio, A. O., and Machado, J. S. (2007). Chestnut wood in compression perpendicular to the grain: Non-destructive correlations for test results in new and old wood. Constr. Build. Mater. 21(8), 1617-1627. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.07.011.
  • Machado, J. S., & Palma, P. (2011). Non-destructive evaluation of the bending behaviour of in-service pine timber structural elements. Mater. Struct. 44(5), 901-910. DOI: 10.1617/s11527-010-9674-9.
  • Morales Conde, J., Liñan, C. R., & Rubio de Hita, P. (2014). Use of ultrasound as a non-destructive evaluation technique for sustainable interventions on wooden structures. Build. Environ. 82, 247-257.
  • Palaia, L., Monfort, H., Sánchez, R., Gil, L., Álvarez, Á., López, V., Tormo, S., Pérez, C., and Navarro, P. (2008). Assessment of timber structures in service, by using combined methods of non-destructive testing together with traditional ones. in: 9th International Conference on NDT of Art, Jerusalem, Israel.
  • Piazza, M., and Riggio, M. (2008). Visual strength-grading and NDT of timber in traditional structures. J. Build. Appraisal 3(4), 267-296. DOI: 10.1057/jba.2008.4
  • Ross, R. J. (2015). Static bending, transverse vibration, and longitudinal stress wave nondestructive evaluation methods. in: Nondestructive Evaluation of Wood, R. J. Ross (ed.), Forest Products Laboratory, Madison.
  • Sousa, H. S. (2013). Methodology for safety evaluation of existing timber elements. PhD thesis, Civil Engineering Department, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gulru Koca

Türker Dündar This is me

Nusret As This is me

Publication Date December 28, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 18 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Koca, G., Dündar, T., & As, N. (2018). Using the Ultrasonic Stress Wave Technique to Evaluate Structural Timber Members of an Old Masonry Building. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 18(3), 341-349. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.499081
AMA Koca G, Dündar T, As N. Using the Ultrasonic Stress Wave Technique to Evaluate Structural Timber Members of an Old Masonry Building. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. December 2018;18(3):341-349. doi:10.17475/kastorman.499081
Chicago Koca, Gulru, Türker Dündar, and Nusret As. “Using the Ultrasonic Stress Wave Technique to Evaluate Structural Timber Members of an Old Masonry Building”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 18, no. 3 (December 2018): 341-49. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.499081.
EndNote Koca G, Dündar T, As N (December 1, 2018) Using the Ultrasonic Stress Wave Technique to Evaluate Structural Timber Members of an Old Masonry Building. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 18 3 341–349.
IEEE G. Koca, T. Dündar, and N. As, “Using the Ultrasonic Stress Wave Technique to Evaluate Structural Timber Members of an Old Masonry Building”, Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 341–349, 2018, doi: 10.17475/kastorman.499081.
ISNAD Koca, Gulru et al. “Using the Ultrasonic Stress Wave Technique to Evaluate Structural Timber Members of an Old Masonry Building”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 18/3 (December 2018), 341-349. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.499081.
JAMA Koca G, Dündar T, As N. Using the Ultrasonic Stress Wave Technique to Evaluate Structural Timber Members of an Old Masonry Building. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2018;18:341–349.
MLA Koca, Gulru et al. “Using the Ultrasonic Stress Wave Technique to Evaluate Structural Timber Members of an Old Masonry Building”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, vol. 18, no. 3, 2018, pp. 341-9, doi:10.17475/kastorman.499081.
Vancouver Koca G, Dündar T, As N. Using the Ultrasonic Stress Wave Technique to Evaluate Structural Timber Members of an Old Masonry Building. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2018;18(3):341-9.

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