Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler Endüstrisi’nde Standardizasyon ve Akreditasyonun İtici Güç Etkisi

Year 2019, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 57 - 71, 27.03.2019

Armando Alıu Hakkı Cılgınoglu Dorian Alıu

https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.543528

Abstract

Çalışmanın amacı: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler Endüstrisi’nde (TABE) faaliyet gösteren firma ve tedarikçilerin standardizasyon ve akreditasyon süreçlerinin incelemesini yapmaktır.

Materyal ve yöntem: Araştırmanın yöntemi kapsamında örnek olay araştırması, piyasa araştırması, sektörel gözlemler ve belge analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada öncelikle mikro ve mezo düzeyde analizler gerçekleştirilmiş ve daha sonra makro düzeyde kıyaslamalı araştırmalar TABE’deki argümanlar dikkate alınarak yapılmıştır. Baskın tasarım yaklaşımı araştırmaya sistematik bir şekilde uygulanmıştır.

Sonuçlar: Araştırmanın ana hedeflerinden birisi "Tarihi Baharat Yolu"nun çağın ileri teknolojisi ve inovasyon dikkate alınarak küresel piyasalarda önemli bir paya sahip olan TABE’de gerçekleşen dönüşümü mercek altına almaktır. Dolayısıyla, Hindistan’dan Balkanlara uzanan bu rota dikkate alınmıştır. Orta ve Doğu Avrupa Ülkeleri ile Güney-Doğu Avrupa Ülkeleri’nin bu rotadaki stratejik önemine sistematik bir şekilde vurgu yapılmıştır. Modern Baharat Yolu rotasında faaliyet gösteren firmalar arasındaki teknoloji transferi ve ticaret hacimlerine çalışmada yer verilmiştir.

Araştırma vurguları: Bu çalışmada, TABE’de teknoloji transferi gerçekleştirilirken standardizasyonun ve akreditasyonun fikri ve sınai mülkiyet haklarına etkisini araştırmaktır. Bu kapsamda, farklı ülkelerdeki birçok uygulamanın Balkanlarda TABE’deki işleyişler ve eylemler ile kıyaslanması yapılmıştır.

Keywords

Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler endüstrisi, Standardizasyon, Akreditasyon, Teknoloji transferi, Fikri ve sınai mülkiyet hakları, Sürdürülebilirlik, Paydaşlar, Baskın tasarım

The Driving Force Effect of Standardisation and Accreditation in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Industry

Abstract

Aim of study: The purpose of this study is to examine the standardisation and accreditation processes of the corporations and suppliers operating in the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) industry.

Material and methods: Case study research, market research, sectoral observations and document analyses were conducted within the scope of research methodology. Primarily, micro and meso-level comparative analyses were performed and then macro-level comparative analyses were made by taking into consideration the arguments in MAPs industry. Dominant design approach was applied to the investigation in a systematic manner.

Main results: One of the main objectives of this investigation is to take a look at the transformation that occurred in the MAPs industry which has a significant share in the global markets by taking into consideration the advanced technology and innovation of the "Historical Spice Road." Thus, the route that is extending from India to the Balkans was taken into account. The strategic importance of Central and Eastern European Countries and South-Eastern European Countries in this route was emphasised in a systematic manner. Technology transfer and trade volumes amongst corporations operating in the "Modern Spice Route" were included in the study.

Research highlights: The study highlights the effects of standardisation and accreditation processes on intellectual and industrial property rights while technology transfer is being carried out. Many applications in various countries were compared with operations and actions in MAPs industry in the Balkans.

Keywords

Medicinal and aromatic plants industry, Standardisation, Accreditation, Technology transfer, Intellectual and property rights, Sustainability, Stakeholders, Dominant Design

References

• Abernathy, W.J. & Utterback, J.M. (1978). Patterns of Industrial Innovation. Technology Review, 80(7), 1-9.
• Aliu, A. & Aliu, D. (2017). Collaborations and sustainability in medicinal and aromatic plants industry: Examining the business communication amongst stakeholders in MAPs industry. International Congress on Political, Economic and Social Studies, 2, 14-34.
• Aliu, A. & Aliu, D. (2018). Comtrade medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) statistics of western balkan countries (WBCs), central and eastern european countries (CEECs) and south-eastern european countries (SEECs) in a comparative perspective. Scholars Portal Dataverse, V1, https://doi.org/10.5683/SP2/Z3CAKE
• Aliu, A., Ismail, A., Aliu, D. & Cilginoglu, H. (2018). Küresel ekonomik yönetisim ve cokmerkezli yönetisimde devlet disi aktörlerin etkilesimleri: Güneydogu Avrupa ülkeleri ve Cin’de küresel isbirliği, 423-442. In: Ogurlu, Y., Karakaya, G. & Aliu, A. (Eds.) (2018). Cin Halk Cumhuriyeti'nde Ticaret, Ticaret Hukuku ve Idare Hukuku Iliskileri: Türkiye Icin Dersler. (1st ed.) Istanbul: Istanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Yayinlari. Anderson, P., & Tushman, M.L. 1990. Technological discontinuities and dominant designs: A cyclical model of technological change. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 604-633.
• Asllani, U. (2004). Esencat e Bimeve Aromatike e Mjekesorete Tretave Shqiptare. Stepia Botuese 8 Nentori, Tirane, Albania.
• Barata, A.M., Rocha, F., Lopes, V., Carvalho, A.M. (2016). Conservation and sustainable uses of medicinal and aromatic plants genetic resources on the worldwide for human welfare. Industrial Crops and Products, 88, 8-11.
• Brem, A., Nylund, P.A., & Schuster, G, (2016). Innovation and de facto standardization: The influence of dominant design on innovative performance, radical innovation, and process innovation. Technovation, 50, 79-88.
• Carayannis, E.G., Rozakis, S. & Grigoroudis, E. (2018). Agri-science to agri-business: The technology transfer dimension. Journal of Technology Transfer, 43(4), 837-843.
• Chandra, P. & Sharma, V. (2018). Strategic marketing prospects for developing sustainable medicinal and aromatic plants businesses in the Indian Himalayan region. Small-scale Forestry, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-018-9396-3
• European Commission and TRAFFIC, (2013). Reference Guide to the European Union Wildlife Trade Regulations. Brussels, Belgium.
• Floreano, D., & Wood, R.J. (2015). Science, technology and the future of small autonomous drones. Nature, 521(7553), 460-466.
• Gahukar, R.T. (2018). Management of pests and diseases of important tropical/subtropical medicinal and aromatic plants: A review. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 9, 1-18.
• George, A.L. & Bennett, A. (2005). Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
• Giao, M.S., Pereira, C.I., Pintado, M.E. & Malcata, F.X. (2013). Effect of technological processing upon the antioxidant capacity of aromatic and medicinal plant infusions: From harvest to packaging. LWT – Food Science and Technology, 50, 320-325.
• Giones, F., & Brem, A. (2017). From toys to tools: The co-evolution of technological and entrepreneurial developments in the drone industry. Business Horizons, 60(6), 875-884.
• Hao, D.C. & Xiao, P.G. (2018). Deep in shadows: Epigenetic and epigenomic regulations of medicinal plants. Chinese Herbal Medicines, 1-10.
• He, J., Yang, B., Dong, M. & Wang, Y. (2018). Crossing the roof of the world: Trade in medicinal plants from Nepal to China. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 224, 100-110.
• Hexa Research, (2017a). Herbal Medicine Market Size and Forecast, By Product (Tablets & Capsules, Powders, Extracts), By Indication (Digestive Disorders, Respiratory Disorders, Blood Disorders), And Trend Analysis, 2014 – 2024. https://www.hexaresearch.com/research-report/global-herbal-medicine-market (30.12.2018)
• Hexa Research, (2017b). Herbal Medicine Market Size To Reach USD 117.02 Billion By 2024. September 2017 https://www.hexaresearch.com/press-release/herbal-medicine-market (30.12.2018)
• International Trade Centre, (2018). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Extracts. August 2018 http://www.intracen.org/itc/sectors/medicinal-plants/ (30.12.2018)
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO), (2018). https://www.iso.org/iso-forms-model-agendas-standard-letters.html (30.12.2018)
• Kala, C.P. (2015). Medicinal and aromatic plants: Boon for enterprise development. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2, 134-139.
• Kiani, S., Minaei, S. & Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti, M. (2016). Application of electronic nose systems for assessing quality of medicinal and aromatic plant products: A review. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 3, 1-9.
• Kiani, S., van Ruth, S.M. & Minaei, S. (2018). Hyperspectral imaging, a non-destructive technique in medicinal and aromatic plant products industry: Current status and potential future applications. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 152, 9-18.
• Labrecque, J., Charlebois, S., & Spiers, E. (2007). Can genetically modified foods be considered as a dominant design? An actor-network theory investigation of gene technology in agribusiness. British Food Journal, 109(1), 81-98.
• Lajayer, B.A., Ghorbanpour, M. & Nikabadi, S. (2017). Heavy metals in contaminated environment: Destiny of secondary metabolite biosynthesis, oxidative staus and phytoextraction in medicinal plants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 145, 377-390.
• Lange, D., (2006). International trade in medicinal and aromatic plants. In: Bogers, R.J., Craker, L.E., Lange, D. (eds.). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Springer, the Netherland. 155-170.
• Leaman, D.J. (2006). Sustainable wild collection of medicinal and aromatic plants. In: Bogers, R.J., Craker, L.E., Lange, D. (eds.). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Springer, the Netherland. 97-107.
• Lee, J.R., O’Neal, D.E., Pruett, M.W., & Thomas, H. (1995). Planning for dominance: a strategic perspective on the emergence of a dominant design. R & D Management, 25(1), 3-15.
• Lubbe, A. & Verpoorte, R. (2011). Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants for speciality industrial materials. Industrial Crops and Products, 34: 785-801.
• Maikhuri, R.K., Phondani, P.C., Rawat, L.S., Jha, N.K., Maletha, A., Bahuguna, Y.M. & Kandari, L.S. (eds.) (2017). Conservation and management strategies of medicinal plant resources through action research approaches in Indian Himalaya. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology Transactions of Electrical Engineering, 41, 771-777.
• Máthé, Á., (ed.). (2015). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World: Scientific, Production, Commercial and Utilization Aspects – Vol.1. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
• McNett, J., (2017). Barriers and bonds to communication and knowledge transfer. In: Cooper, C.L., (ed.) 2017. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Management. Blackwell Publishing. Blackwell Reference Online. 24 February 2017 http://www.blackwellreference.com/subscriber/tocnode.html?id= g9780631233176_chunk_g97806312349375_ss1-17 (30.12.2018)
• Miho, A., 2011. Monitorimi Biologjik Mjedisor. Julvin 2, Tirana, Albania.
• Munir, A. & Hensel, O., (2010). On-farm processing of medicinal and aromatic plants by solar distillation system. Biosystems Engineering, 106, 268-277.
• Munir, A., Hensel, O., Scheffler, W., Hoedt, H., Amjad, W. & Ghafoor, A. (2014). Design, development and experimental results of a solar distillery for the essential oils extraction from medicinal and aromatic plants. Solar Energy, 108, 548-559.
• Murmann, J.P., & Frenken, K.. (2006). Toward a systematic framework for research on dominant designs, technological innovations, and industrial change. Research policy, 35(7), 925-952.
• Negi, V.S., Kewlani, P., Pathak, R., Bhatt, D., Bhatt, I.D., Rawal, R.S., Sundriyal, R.C. & Nandi, S.K. (2018). Criteria and indicators for promoting cultivation and conservation of medicinal and aromatic plants in Western Himalaya, India. Ecological Indicators, 93, 434-446.
• Niosi, J. (2000). Science-based industries: a new Schumpeterian taxonomy. Technology in Society, 22(4), 429-444.
• Novak, J., (2014). EUROPAM statement on requirements for a batch certification of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 1, 70-71.
• Overwalle, G., (2006). Intellectual property protection for medicinal and aromatic plants. In: Bogers, R.J., Craker, L.E., Lange, D. (eds.). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, p. 121-128, Springer, the Netherland.
• Perestrelo, R., Silva, C., Silva, P. & Câmara, J.S. (2017). Global volatile profile of virgin olive oils flavoured by aromatic/medicinal plants. Food Chemistry, 227, 111-121.
• Piccolella, S., Crescente, G., Pacifico, F. & Pacifico, S. (2018). Wild aromatic plants bioactivity: A function of their (poly)phenol seasonality? A case study from Mediterranean area. Phytochemistry Reviews, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-018-9558-0
• Roosta, R.A., Moghaddasi, R.& Hosseini, S.S., (2017). Export target markets of medicinal and aromatic plants. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 7, 84-88.
• Roy, S., Mir, R.A., Gangwar, A.K. & Gangwar, R., (2018). Herbs for health: Communicating for conservation, cultivation and sustainable utilisation of medicinal and aromatic plants. In: Payyappallimana, U., Fadeeva, Z. (eds.). Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Well-Being For All: Experiences of Community Health, Hygiene, Sanitation and Nutrition. Learning Contributions of the Regional Centres of Expertise on Education for Sustainable Development, 62-71, The United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan.
• Schippmann, U., Leaman, D. & Cunningham, A.B., (2006). A comparison of cultivation and wild collection of medicinal and aromatic plants under sustainability aspects. In: Bogers, R.J., Craker, L.E., Lange, D. (eds.). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 75-95, Springer, the Netherland.
• Sharma, N. & Kala, C.P., (2018). Harvesting and management of medicinal and aromatic plants in the Himalaya. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 8, 1-9.
• Silvius, G., Schipper, R., Planko, J., Brink, J. van der & Köhler, A., (2017). Sustainability in Project Management. Farnham: Taylor and Francis.
• Srinivasan, R., Lilien, G.L., & Rangaswamt, A., (2006). The emergence of dominant designs. Journal of Marketing, 70(2), 1-17.
• Suárez, F. F., & Utterback, J. M. (1995). Dominant designs and the survival of firms. Strategic Management Journal, 16(6), 415-430.
• Sujatha, S., Bhat, R., Kannan, C. & Balasimha, D., (2011). Impact of intercropping of medicinal and aromatic plants with organic farming approach on resource use efficiency in arecanut (areca catechu l.) plantation in India. Industrial Crops and Products, 33, 78-83.
• Tegarden, L. F., Hatfield, D. E., & Echols, A. E., (1999). Doomed from the start: What is the value of selecting a future dominant design? Strategic Management Journal, 20(6), 495-518.
• The Rainforest Standard, (2017). RFS executive summary. 24 May 2017 http://cees.columbia.edu/therainforeststandard (30.12.2018)
• Tripicchio, P., Satler, M., Dabisias, G., Ruffaldi, E., & Avizzano, C. A., (2015). Towards smart farming and sustainable agriculture with drones. In Intelligent Environments (IE), 2015 International Conference on IEEE, 140-143.
• UNSD COMTRADE, (2018). ‘Import and Export Indicators of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Albania, 2017.’ Date Accessed: 1 September 2018; available at: https://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?px=H3&cc=1211&r=8 (30.12.2018)
• UNSD COMTRADE, (2018). ‘Import and Export Indicators of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2017.’ Date Accessed: 1 September 2018; available at: https://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?px=H3&cc=1211&r=70 (30.12.2018)
• UNSD COMTRADE, (2018). ‘Import and Export Indicators of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Republic of North Macedonia, 2017.’ Date Accessed: 1 September 2018; available at: https://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?px=H3&cc=1211&r=807 (30.12.2018)
• UNSD COMTRADE, (2018). ‘Import and Export Indicators of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Montenegro, 2017.’ Date Accessed: 1 September 2018; available at: https://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?px=H3&cc=1211&r=499 (30.12.2018)
• UNSD COMTRADE, (2018). ‘Import and Export Indicators of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Serbia, 2017.’ Date Accessed: 1 September 2018; available at: https://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?px=H3&cc=1211&r=688 (30.12.2018)
• UNSD COMTRADE, (2018). ‘Import and Export Indicators of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Bulgaria, 2017.’ Date Accessed: 1 September 2018; available at: https://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?px=H3&cc=1211&r=100 (30.12.2018)
• UNSD COMTRADE, (2018). ‘Import and Export Indicators of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Croatia, 2017.’ Date Accessed: 1 September 2018; available at: https://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?px=H3&cc=1211&r=191 (30.12.2018)
• UNSD COMTRADE, (2018). ‘Import and Export Indicators of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Czechia, 2017.’ Date Accessed: 1 September 2018; available at: https://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?px=H3&cc=1211&r=203 (30.12.2018)
• UNSD COMTRADE, (2018). ‘Import and Export Indicators of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Estonia, 2017.’ Date Accessed: 1 September 2018; available at: https://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?px=H3&cc=1211&r=233 (30.12.2018)
• UNSD COMTRADE, (2018). ‘Import and Export Indicators of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Hungary, 2017.’ Date Accessed: 1 September 2018; available at: https://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?px=H3&cc=1211&r=348 (30.12.2018)
• UNSD COMTRADE, (2018). ‘Import and Export Indicators of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Latvia, 2017.’ Date Accessed: 1 September 2018; available at: https://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?px=H3&cc=1211&r=428 (30.12.2018)
• UNSD COMTRADE, (2018). ‘Import and Export Indicators of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Lithuania, 2017.’ Date Accessed: 1 September 2018; available at: https://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?px=H3&cc=1211&r=440 (30.12.2018)
• UNSD COMTRADE, (2018). ‘Import and Export Indicators of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Poland, 2017.’ Date Accessed: 1 September 2018; available at: https://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?px=H3&cc=1211&r=616 (30.12.2018)
• UNSD COMTRADE, (2018). ‘Import and Export Indicators of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Romania, 2017.’ Date Accessed: 1 September 2018; available at: https://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?px=H3&cc=1211&r=642 (30.12.2018)
• UNSD COMTRADE, (2018). ‘Import and Export Indicators of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Slovakia, 2017.’ Date Accessed: 1 September 2018; available at: https://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?px=H3&cc=1211&r=703 (30.12.2018)
• UNSD COMTRADE, (2018). ‘Import and Export Indicators of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Slovenia, 2017.’ Date Accessed: 1 September 2018; available at: https://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?px=H3&cc=1211&r=705 (30.12.2018)
• UNSD COMTRADE, (2018). ‘Import and Export Indicators of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Greece, 2017.’ Date Accessed: 1 September 2018; available at: https://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?px=H3&cc=1211&r=300 (30.12.2018)
• Veroustraete, F., (2015). The rise of the drones in agriculture. EC Agriculture, 2(2), 325-327.
• Will, M., (2003). Food Quality and Safety Standards as required by EU Law and the Private Industry With special reference to the MEDA countries’ exports of fresh and processed fruit & vegetables, herbs & spices. 30 November 2018 http://www.underutilized-species.org/Documents/PUBLICATIONS/02_Glossary_of_relevant_terms.pdf (30.12.2018)