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Racial Hybridization and Inbreeding Depression in Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don.

Year 2022, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 47 - 55, 31.03.2022

Vinod Prasad Khandurı Chandra Mohan Sharma Manoj Kumar Rıyal Arun Sukumaran

https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1095868
Cited By: 2

Abstract

Aim of the study: This study aims to establish the inter-racial hybridization in Cedrus deodara from Garhwal Himalaya, India.
Material and methods:Racial hybridization was conducted successfully in Cedrus deodara taking pollen (male gamete) from three different races/populations, i.e. Dhanoulti, Pauri and Harsil (locality-specific) at Dandachali population where female/ovulate cones were selected as mother trees.
Main results:The results revealed that cone and seed set percentages in the selected races varied from 58.8 to 68.2 % and 79.0 – 86.2 %, respectively. Manual pollination resulted 0.972 and 0.953 inbreeding depression for cone and seed set, respectively.
Highlights: C. deodara proclaimed high inbreeding depression at embryonic stage also manifests high compatibility for developing hybrids in its natural range of growth in Himalaya.

Keywords

Ovulate Cone Reproductive Success Receptivity Deodar Pollen Himalaya

References

  • Ahlinder, J., Giles, B. E., & García-Gil MR. (2021). Life stage-specific inbreeding depression in long lived Pinaceae species depends on population connectivity. Scientific Reports 11, 8834
  • Altizer, S., Harvell, D., & Friedle, E. (2003). Rapid evolutionary dynamics and disease threats to biodiversity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 589–596.
  • Arnold, M. L. (1997). Natural hybridization and evolution. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
  • Barrett, S. C., H. & Charlesworth, D. (1991). Effects of a change in the level of inbreeding on the genetic load. Nature,352, 522–524.
  • Bishir, J., & Namkoong, G. (1987). Unsound seeds in conifers—estimation of numbers of lethal alleles and of magnitudes of effects associated with the maternal parent. Silvae Genetica, 36, 180–184.
  • Bobola, M. S., Eckert, R. T., Klein, A. S., Stapelfeldt, K., Smith, D. E, & Guenette, D. (1996). Using nuclear and organelle DNA markers to discriminate among Picearubens, Piceamariana and their hybrids. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research, 26, 433–443.
  • Bower, A. D., & Aitken, S. N. (2007). Mating system and inbreeding depression in whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.). Tree Genetics and Genomes,3, 379–388.
  • Boyle, T. J. B., Liengsiri, C.,&Piewluang, C. (1991). Genetic studies in a tropical pine – Pinus kesiya III. The mating system in four populations from Northern Thailand. Journal of Tropical Forestry Research, 4, 37–44.
  • Byers, D. L., & Waller, D. M. (1999). Do plant populations purge their genetic load? Effects of population size and mating history on inbreeding depression. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 30, 479–513.
  • Charlesworth, D., & Charlesworth, B. (1987). Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 18, 237–268.
  • Chaudhary, A. K., Ahmad, S., & Mazumder, A. (2011). Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud.: A Review on its Ethnobotany, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile. Pharmacognosy Journal, 3(23), 12- 17.
  • Coles, J.F., & Fowler, D.P. (1976). Inbreeding in neighbouring trees in two White Spruce populations. Silvae Genetica,25, 29-34.
  • del Castillo, R. F., & Trujillo, S. (2008). Effect of inbreeding depression on outcrossing rates among populations of a tropical pine. New Phytologist, 177, 517–524.
  • Delgado, P. A., Cuenca Escalante, A. E., Molina-Freaner, F., & Piñero, D. (2002). Comparative genetic structure in pines: evolutionary and conservation consequences. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural,75, 27–37.
  • Durel, C. E., Bertin, P., & Kremer, A. (1996). Relationship between inbreeding depression and inbreeding coefficient in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 92, 347–356.
  • Fady, B., Lefevre, F., Reynaud, M., &Vendramin, G.G., Dagher-Kharrat, M.B., Anzidei, M. & Pastorelli, R. (2003). Gene flow among different taxonomic units: evidence from nuclear and cytoplasmic markers in Cedrus plantation forests. Theoretical and Applied Genetics,107, 1132–1138.
  • Farjon, A. (2012). The Gymnosperm database. www.conifers.org, accessed February 2012.
  • Ferriol, M., Pichot, C., & Lefe`vre, F. (2011). Variation of selfing rate and inbreeding depression among individuals and across generations within an admixed Cedrus population. Heredity, 106, 146–157.
  • Frankham, R. (2002). Introduction to conservation genetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Hamrick, J. L., & Godt, M. J. (1989). Allozyme diversity in plant species: Plant population genetics, breeding, and genetic resources. (ed. by AHD Brown, MC Kahler & BS Weir) Sinauer, Sunderland, pp. 43–63.
  • Husband, B. C., & Schemske, D. W. (1996). Evolution of the magnitude and timing of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution, 50, 54–70.
  • Kärkkäinen, K., Koski, V.,&Savolainen, O. (1996). Geographical variation in the inbreeding depression of scots pine. Evolution, 50, 111-119.
  • Kärkkäinen, K., & Savolainen, O. (1993). The degree of early inbreeding depression determines the selfing rate at the seed stage: model and results from Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine). Heredity, 71, 160–166.
  • Keller, L. F., & Waller, D. M. (2002). Inbreeding effects in wild populations. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17, 230–241.
  • Khanduri, V. P., & Sharma, C. M. (2002a). Pollen productivity variations, microsporangium dehiscence and pollen flow in Himalayan Cedar (Cedrus deodara Roxb. ex D. Don). Annals of Botany, 89, 587-593. DOI. 10.1093/aob/mcf101.
  • Khanduri, V. P., & Sharma, C. M. (2002b), Intraspecific hybridization in Pinus roxburghii Sargent. Current Science, 82(8), 1003-1005.
  • Khanduri, V. P., & Sharma, C. M. (2009). Cyclic pollen production in Cedrus deodara. Sexual Plant Reproduction, 22, 53–61.
  • Khanduri, V.P., & Sharma, C.M. (2010). Male and female reproductive phenology and annual production of male cones in two natural populations of Cedrus deodara. Nordic Journal of Botany, 28, 119-127.
  • Khanduri, V.P., Sukumaran A., & Sharma C.M. (2021). Gender plasticity uncovers multiple sexual morphs in natural populations of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don. Ecological Processes, 10, 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-021-00311-7.
  • Koelewijn, H. P., Koski, V. & Savolainen, O. (1999). Magnitude and timing of inbreeding depression in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Evolution, 53, 758–768.
  • Kormutak, A., Ostrolucka, M., Vookova, B., Pretova, A. & Feckova, M. (2005). Artificial hybridization of Pinus sylvestris L. and Pinus mugo Turra. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica, 47, 129–134.
  • Koski, V. (1971). Embryonic lethal of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris. Communicationes Institutiforestalis Fenniae, 75, 1–30.
  • Krakowski, J., Aitken, S. N., & El-Kassaby, Y.A. (2003). Inbreeding and conservation genetics in whitebark pine. Conservation Genetics, 4, 581–593.
  • Kremer, A. (1994). Genetic diversity and phenotypic variability of forest trees. Genetics, Selection, Evolution, 26, 105-123.
  • Krutovskii, K.V., Politov, D.V., & Altukhov, Y.P. (1995). Isozyme study of population genetic structure, mating system and phylogenetic relationships of the five stone pine species (subsection Cembrae, section Strobi, sub genus Strobus), in Population Genetics and Genetic Conservation of Forest Trees (Proc. Int. Symp. IUFRO, Carcans Maubuisson, France, 1992), Amsterdam: Academic, pp. 279–304.
  • Lande, R., & Schemske, D. W. (1985). The evolution of self-fertilization and inbreeding depression in plants. I. Genetic models. Evolution, 39, 24–40.
  • Matheson, A. C., Bell, J. C., & Barnes, R. D. (1989). Breeding systems and genetic structure in some Central American pine populations. Silvae Genetica, 38, 107–113.
  • Notivol, E., Garcia-Gil, M. R. & Alia, R., & Savolainen, O. (2007). Genetic variation of growth rhythm traits in the limits of a latitudinal cline in Scots pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 37, 540–551.
  • O’Connell, L. M., Russell, J. & Ritland, K. (2004). Fine-scale estimation of outcrossing in western redcedar with microsatellite assay of bulked DNA. Heredity, 93, 443–449.
  • Petit, R. J. & Hampe, A. (2006). Some evolutionary consequences of being a tree. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 37, 187–214.
  • Sarvas, R. (1962). Investigations on the flowering and seed crop of Pinus sylvestris. Communicationes Institutiforestalis Fenniae, 53(4), 1-198.
  • Scofield, D. G., & Schultz, S. T. (2006). Mitosis, stature and evolution of plant mating systems: low-Phi and high-Phi plants. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273, 275–282.
  • Sharma, C. M., Tiwari, O. P., Rana, Y. S., Krishan, R., & Mishra, A.K. (2018). Elevational behaviour on dominance–diversity, regeneration, biomass and carbon storage in ridge forests of Garhwal Himalaya, India. Forest Ecology and Management, 424, 105-120.
  • Skröppa, T., & Tho, T. (1990) Diallel crosses in Picea abies. I. Variation in seed yield and seed weight. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 5, 355-367.
  • Sorensen, F. (1969). Embryonic genetic load in coastal Douglas-Fir Pseudotsuga menziesii var. Menziesii. American Naturalist,103, 389–398.
  • Sorensen, F. C., & Miles, R. S. (1982). Inbreeding depression in height, height growth, and survival of Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, and noble fir to 10 years of age. Forest Science, 28, 283–292.
  • Sorensen, F. C. (2001). Effect of population outcrossing rate on inbreeding depression in Pinus contorta var. murrayana seedlings. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 391–403.
  • Tewari, D. N. (1994). Monograph on Deodar (Cedrus deodara Roxb. G. Don). International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun, India. 213 pp.
  • Vidakovic, M. (1991). Morphology and variation: Conifers (ed. By B Brekalo) Graficki Zavod, Hrvatske, pp. 129–136.
  • Wang, T. L., Hagqvist, R., & Tigerstedt, P. M. A. (1999). Inbreeding depression in three generations of selfed families of silver birch (Betula pendula). Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29, 662–668.
  • White, T.L., Adams, W.T.,& Neale, D. B. (2007). Forest Genetics. CABI Publisher: Cambridge, MA. pp 149–186.
  • Wilcox, M. D. (1983). Inbreeding depression and genetic variances estimated from self- and cross- pollinated families of Pinus radiata. Silvae Genetica, 32, 89–96.
  • Zar, J. (1999). Biostatistical analysis. Fourth Edition. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.

Cedrus deodara'da (Roxb.) G. Don. Irk Hibridizasyonu ve Akrabalı Çiftleşme Depresyonu

Year 2022, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 47 - 55, 31.03.2022

Vinod Prasad Khandurı Chandra Mohan Sharma Manoj Kumar Rıyal Arun Sukumaran

https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1095868
Cited By: 2

Abstract

Çalışmanın amacı: Bu çalışma, Hindistan, Garhwal Himalaya'dan Cedrus deodara'da ırklar arası melezleşmeyi kurmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Materyal ve yöntem: Dişi/yumurtlama konilerinin ana ağaç olarak seçildiği Dandachali popülasyonunda Dhanoulti, Pauri ve Harsil (yere özgü) olmak üzere üç farklı ırk/popülasyondan polen (erkek gamet) alarak Cedrus deodara'da ırksal hibridizasyon başarıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Temel sonuçlar: Sonuçlar, seçilen ırklarda kozalak ve tohum set yüzdelerinin sırasıyla %58,8 ila %68,2 ve %79.0–86,2 arasında değiştiğini ortaya koydu. Manuel tozlaşma, sırasıyla koni ve tohum seti için 0.972 ve 0.953 akrabalı yetiştirme depresyonu ile sonuçlandı.
Araştırma vurguları: C. deodara'nın embriyonik aşamadaki yüksek akrabalı yetiştirme depresyonu, Himalaya'daki doğal büyüme aralığında melezler geliştirmek için yüksek uyumluluk gösterir

Keywords

Yumurtlama Konisi Üreme Başarısı Alıcılık Deodar Polen Himalaya

References

  • Ahlinder, J., Giles, B. E., & García-Gil MR. (2021). Life stage-specific inbreeding depression in long lived Pinaceae species depends on population connectivity. Scientific Reports 11, 8834
  • Altizer, S., Harvell, D., & Friedle, E. (2003). Rapid evolutionary dynamics and disease threats to biodiversity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 589–596.
  • Arnold, M. L. (1997). Natural hybridization and evolution. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
  • Barrett, S. C., H. & Charlesworth, D. (1991). Effects of a change in the level of inbreeding on the genetic load. Nature,352, 522–524.
  • Bishir, J., & Namkoong, G. (1987). Unsound seeds in conifers—estimation of numbers of lethal alleles and of magnitudes of effects associated with the maternal parent. Silvae Genetica, 36, 180–184.
  • Bobola, M. S., Eckert, R. T., Klein, A. S., Stapelfeldt, K., Smith, D. E, & Guenette, D. (1996). Using nuclear and organelle DNA markers to discriminate among Picearubens, Piceamariana and their hybrids. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research, 26, 433–443.
  • Bower, A. D., & Aitken, S. N. (2007). Mating system and inbreeding depression in whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.). Tree Genetics and Genomes,3, 379–388.
  • Boyle, T. J. B., Liengsiri, C.,&Piewluang, C. (1991). Genetic studies in a tropical pine – Pinus kesiya III. The mating system in four populations from Northern Thailand. Journal of Tropical Forestry Research, 4, 37–44.
  • Byers, D. L., & Waller, D. M. (1999). Do plant populations purge their genetic load? Effects of population size and mating history on inbreeding depression. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 30, 479–513.
  • Charlesworth, D., & Charlesworth, B. (1987). Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 18, 237–268.
  • Chaudhary, A. K., Ahmad, S., & Mazumder, A. (2011). Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud.: A Review on its Ethnobotany, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile. Pharmacognosy Journal, 3(23), 12- 17.
  • Coles, J.F., & Fowler, D.P. (1976). Inbreeding in neighbouring trees in two White Spruce populations. Silvae Genetica,25, 29-34.
  • del Castillo, R. F., & Trujillo, S. (2008). Effect of inbreeding depression on outcrossing rates among populations of a tropical pine. New Phytologist, 177, 517–524.
  • Delgado, P. A., Cuenca Escalante, A. E., Molina-Freaner, F., & Piñero, D. (2002). Comparative genetic structure in pines: evolutionary and conservation consequences. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural,75, 27–37.
  • Durel, C. E., Bertin, P., & Kremer, A. (1996). Relationship between inbreeding depression and inbreeding coefficient in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 92, 347–356.
  • Fady, B., Lefevre, F., Reynaud, M., &Vendramin, G.G., Dagher-Kharrat, M.B., Anzidei, M. & Pastorelli, R. (2003). Gene flow among different taxonomic units: evidence from nuclear and cytoplasmic markers in Cedrus plantation forests. Theoretical and Applied Genetics,107, 1132–1138.
  • Farjon, A. (2012). The Gymnosperm database. www.conifers.org, accessed February 2012.
  • Ferriol, M., Pichot, C., & Lefe`vre, F. (2011). Variation of selfing rate and inbreeding depression among individuals and across generations within an admixed Cedrus population. Heredity, 106, 146–157.
  • Frankham, R. (2002). Introduction to conservation genetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Hamrick, J. L., & Godt, M. J. (1989). Allozyme diversity in plant species: Plant population genetics, breeding, and genetic resources. (ed. by AHD Brown, MC Kahler & BS Weir) Sinauer, Sunderland, pp. 43–63.
  • Husband, B. C., & Schemske, D. W. (1996). Evolution of the magnitude and timing of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution, 50, 54–70.
  • Kärkkäinen, K., Koski, V.,&Savolainen, O. (1996). Geographical variation in the inbreeding depression of scots pine. Evolution, 50, 111-119.
  • Kärkkäinen, K., & Savolainen, O. (1993). The degree of early inbreeding depression determines the selfing rate at the seed stage: model and results from Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine). Heredity, 71, 160–166.
  • Keller, L. F., & Waller, D. M. (2002). Inbreeding effects in wild populations. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17, 230–241.
  • Khanduri, V. P., & Sharma, C. M. (2002a). Pollen productivity variations, microsporangium dehiscence and pollen flow in Himalayan Cedar (Cedrus deodara Roxb. ex D. Don). Annals of Botany, 89, 587-593. DOI. 10.1093/aob/mcf101.
  • Khanduri, V. P., & Sharma, C. M. (2002b), Intraspecific hybridization in Pinus roxburghii Sargent. Current Science, 82(8), 1003-1005.
  • Khanduri, V. P., & Sharma, C. M. (2009). Cyclic pollen production in Cedrus deodara. Sexual Plant Reproduction, 22, 53–61.
  • Khanduri, V.P., & Sharma, C.M. (2010). Male and female reproductive phenology and annual production of male cones in two natural populations of Cedrus deodara. Nordic Journal of Botany, 28, 119-127.
  • Khanduri, V.P., Sukumaran A., & Sharma C.M. (2021). Gender plasticity uncovers multiple sexual morphs in natural populations of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don. Ecological Processes, 10, 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-021-00311-7.
  • Koelewijn, H. P., Koski, V. & Savolainen, O. (1999). Magnitude and timing of inbreeding depression in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Evolution, 53, 758–768.
  • Kormutak, A., Ostrolucka, M., Vookova, B., Pretova, A. & Feckova, M. (2005). Artificial hybridization of Pinus sylvestris L. and Pinus mugo Turra. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica, 47, 129–134.
  • Koski, V. (1971). Embryonic lethal of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris. Communicationes Institutiforestalis Fenniae, 75, 1–30.
  • Krakowski, J., Aitken, S. N., & El-Kassaby, Y.A. (2003). Inbreeding and conservation genetics in whitebark pine. Conservation Genetics, 4, 581–593.
  • Kremer, A. (1994). Genetic diversity and phenotypic variability of forest trees. Genetics, Selection, Evolution, 26, 105-123.
  • Krutovskii, K.V., Politov, D.V., & Altukhov, Y.P. (1995). Isozyme study of population genetic structure, mating system and phylogenetic relationships of the five stone pine species (subsection Cembrae, section Strobi, sub genus Strobus), in Population Genetics and Genetic Conservation of Forest Trees (Proc. Int. Symp. IUFRO, Carcans Maubuisson, France, 1992), Amsterdam: Academic, pp. 279–304.
  • Lande, R., & Schemske, D. W. (1985). The evolution of self-fertilization and inbreeding depression in plants. I. Genetic models. Evolution, 39, 24–40.
  • Matheson, A. C., Bell, J. C., & Barnes, R. D. (1989). Breeding systems and genetic structure in some Central American pine populations. Silvae Genetica, 38, 107–113.
  • Notivol, E., Garcia-Gil, M. R. & Alia, R., & Savolainen, O. (2007). Genetic variation of growth rhythm traits in the limits of a latitudinal cline in Scots pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 37, 540–551.
  • O’Connell, L. M., Russell, J. & Ritland, K. (2004). Fine-scale estimation of outcrossing in western redcedar with microsatellite assay of bulked DNA. Heredity, 93, 443–449.
  • Petit, R. J. & Hampe, A. (2006). Some evolutionary consequences of being a tree. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 37, 187–214.
  • Sarvas, R. (1962). Investigations on the flowering and seed crop of Pinus sylvestris. Communicationes Institutiforestalis Fenniae, 53(4), 1-198.
  • Scofield, D. G., & Schultz, S. T. (2006). Mitosis, stature and evolution of plant mating systems: low-Phi and high-Phi plants. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273, 275–282.
  • Sharma, C. M., Tiwari, O. P., Rana, Y. S., Krishan, R., & Mishra, A.K. (2018). Elevational behaviour on dominance–diversity, regeneration, biomass and carbon storage in ridge forests of Garhwal Himalaya, India. Forest Ecology and Management, 424, 105-120.
  • Skröppa, T., & Tho, T. (1990) Diallel crosses in Picea abies. I. Variation in seed yield and seed weight. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 5, 355-367.
  • Sorensen, F. (1969). Embryonic genetic load in coastal Douglas-Fir Pseudotsuga menziesii var. Menziesii. American Naturalist,103, 389–398.
  • Sorensen, F. C., & Miles, R. S. (1982). Inbreeding depression in height, height growth, and survival of Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, and noble fir to 10 years of age. Forest Science, 28, 283–292.
  • Sorensen, F. C. (2001). Effect of population outcrossing rate on inbreeding depression in Pinus contorta var. murrayana seedlings. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 391–403.
  • Tewari, D. N. (1994). Monograph on Deodar (Cedrus deodara Roxb. G. Don). International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun, India. 213 pp.
  • Vidakovic, M. (1991). Morphology and variation: Conifers (ed. By B Brekalo) Graficki Zavod, Hrvatske, pp. 129–136.
  • Wang, T. L., Hagqvist, R., & Tigerstedt, P. M. A. (1999). Inbreeding depression in three generations of selfed families of silver birch (Betula pendula). Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29, 662–668.
  • White, T.L., Adams, W.T.,& Neale, D. B. (2007). Forest Genetics. CABI Publisher: Cambridge, MA. pp 149–186.
  • Wilcox, M. D. (1983). Inbreeding depression and genetic variances estimated from self- and cross- pollinated families of Pinus radiata. Silvae Genetica, 32, 89–96.
  • Zar, J. (1999). Biostatistical analysis. Fourth Edition. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Vinod Prasad Khandurı This is me 0000-0002-3858-7121

Chandra Mohan Sharma This is me 0000-0003-1553-0082

Manoj Kumar Rıyal This is me 0000-0003-0318-6341

Arun Sukumaran This is me 0000-0001-7805-5712

Publication Date March 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 22 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Khandurı, V. P., Sharma, C. M., Rıyal, M. K., Sukumaran, A. (2022). Racial Hybridization and Inbreeding Depression in Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 22(1), 47-55. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1095868
AMA Khandurı VP, Sharma CM, Rıyal MK, Sukumaran A. Racial Hybridization and Inbreeding Depression in Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. March 2022;22(1):47-55. doi:10.17475/kastorman.1095868
Chicago Khandurı, Vinod Prasad, Chandra Mohan Sharma, Manoj Kumar Rıyal, and Arun Sukumaran. “ Don”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 22, no. 1 (March 2022): 47-55. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1095868.
EndNote Khandurı VP, Sharma CM, Rıyal MK, Sukumaran A (March 1, 2022) Racial Hybridization and Inbreeding Depression in Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 22 1 47–55.
IEEE V. P. Khandurı, C. M. Sharma, M. K. Rıyal, and A. Sukumaran, “ Don”., Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 47–55, 2022, doi: 10.17475/kastorman.1095868.
ISNAD Khandurı, Vinod Prasad et al. “ Don”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 22/1 (March 2022), 47-55. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1095868.
JAMA Khandurı VP, Sharma CM, Rıyal MK, Sukumaran A. Racial Hybridization and Inbreeding Depression in Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2022;22:47–55.
MLA Khandurı, Vinod Prasad et al. “ Don”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, vol. 22, no. 1, 2022, pp. 47-55, doi:10.17475/kastorman.1095868.
Vancouver Khandurı VP, Sharma CM, Rıyal MK, Sukumaran A. Racial Hybridization and Inbreeding Depression in Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2022;22(1):47-55.

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