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PSİKOLOJİK TRAVMALARDAN KORUNMA VE TEDAVİ

Year 2018, Issue: 14, 216 - 230, 01.04.2018

Abstract

Psikolojik travmanın merkezi deneyimleri, başkalarıyla bağların kopması ve güçsüzleşmedir. Bu yüzden iyileşme, mağdurun güçlendirilmesi ve yeni bağların yaratılması üzerine temellenir. Psikolojik travma, kişinin güçsüzlüğüyle yüz yüze gelmesi durumudur. Travma anında kişi karşı konulamaz bir güç tarafından çaresiz bırakılır. Travmatik olay bize denetleme, bağlantı kurma ve anlamlandırma duyumlarını veren olağan baş etme sistemlerini felce uğratır. Travmatik olaylar en şiddetli ve üst düzey stres kaynaklarını içerir. İnsan yaşantısının farklı alanlarında karşı karşıya kalınabilecek gündelik stres kaynakları daha beklendik ve sıradandır; olasılıkları ve kontrol edilebilirlikleri yüksektir. Travmalar ise sıradan stres kaynaklarının dışında kalan, beklenmedik, olasılığı ve kontrol edilebilirliği düşük durumlardır. Travmatik olaylar aynı zamanda, kişilerin önceki şemalarının ve dünyanın güvenilir, öngörülebilir bir yer olduğuna ilişkin temel psikolojik varsayımlarının yıkılmasına neden olarak, yaşamda bir düzen ve süreklilik olduğu inancının kaybolmasına yol açar. Travmatik yaşantıyla birlikte, kişiler kaygı/korku verici duygu ve deneyimlerle başa çıkmalarını sağlayacak içsel ya da dışsal bir güvenli yere sahip oldukları duygusunu kaybederler. Birbiri üstüne eklenen stres kaynaklarının ortak etkisi de, görece daha az incinebilir bireylerde bile travma benzeri tepkilere neden olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada travma, travma oluşumları ve travma sağaltımında uygulanacak yöntemler tartışılmıştır.

References

  • Briere, J. ve Lanktree, C.B. (2011). Treating complex trauma in adolescents and young adults. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Briere, J.A. ve Scott, C. (2016). Travma Terapisinin İlkeleri. Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. İstanbul
  • Campbell-Sills, L., & Barlow, D. H. (2007). Incorporating Emotion Regulation into Conceptuali- zations and Treatments of Anxiety and Mood Disorders. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 542-559). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Emmelkamp, P., Bouman, Th. & Scholing, A. (1995). Angst, fobieën en dwang. Houten/Diegem: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1964). Insight and responsibility. New York: Norton.
  • Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective informa- tion. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20–35.
  • Foy, D. W., Madvig, B. T., Pynoos, R. S., ve Camilleri, A. J. (1996). Special Issue: Posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of School Psychology, 34, 133–145.
  • Gratz, K. L., & Chapman, A. L. (2007). The role of emotional responding and childhood maltre- atment in the development and maintenance of deliberate self-harm among male un- dergraduates. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 8, 1–14.
  • Gratz, K. L. & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dys- regulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41-54.
  • Gelder, M. Gath, D. Mayou, R. ve Cowen, P. (1995). The abuse of alcohol and drugs. Gelder M, Gath D, Mayou R, Cowen P (ed.): Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry'de, 3.baskı, Oxforf University Press, Oxford, 1995. s.438-461
  • Griffin, L.L., Brooker, R., & Patton, K. (2005). Working towards legitimacy: Two decades of te- aching games for understanding. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 10(3), 213– 223.
  • Gross JJ, Muñoz RF. Emotion regulation and mental health. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 1995;2:151–164.
  • Hartzell, Caroline, and Matthew Hoddie. 2007. Crafting peace: Power sharing institutions and the negotiated settlement of civil wars. University Park, PA: Penn State Press
  • Herman, J.L. (2016). Travma ve İyileşme. Literatür Yayınları 4. Baskı. İstanbul
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. ve Berg, M. (1998). Disillusionment and the creation of value: From traumatic loss to existential gains. J. Harvey, (Ed.), Perspectives on loss: A sourcebook. Washing- ton, DC: Taylor & Francis
  • Joseph, S. ve Linley, P. A. Psychological assessment of growth following adversity: A review. In: Joseph, S. & Linley, P. A. (Eds.), (2008). Trauma, recovery, and growth: Positive psycho- logical perspectives on posttraumatic stress. (pp. 21-38). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
  • Joseph, S., Williams, R., ve Yule, W. (1997). Post-traumatic stress: Psychosocial perspectives on PTSD and treatment. Chichester: Wiley.
  • Linehan, M. M. (1993) Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford.
  • Najavits, L. M. (2002). Seeking safety: Therapy for trauma and substance abuse. Corrections Today, 64, 136-139.
  • Önder, E. & Tural, Ü. (2004). Travma sonrası stres bozukluğunda tedavi kılavuzu. Anksiyete bozuklukları tedavi kılavuzu. Ed. R. Tükel. Ankara: Türk Psikiyatri Derneği
  • Plumb, J.C., Orsillo, S.M., ve Luterek, J.A. (2004). A preliminary test of the role of experiential avoidance in post-event functioning. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. V35, Pp:245–257.
  • Taylor, S., Kuch, K., Koch, W. J., Crockett, D. J., & Passey, G. (1998). The structure of posttrau- matic stress symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 154–160.
  • Thayer, J.F., Hansen, A.L., ve Johnsen, B.H. (2010). The non-invasive assessment of autonomic influences on the heart using impedance cardiography and heart rate variability. In: Steptoe, A. (Ed.), Handbook of Behavioral Medicine: Methods and Applications. Sprin- ger, New York.
  • Thayer, J.F., Yamamoto, S.S., ve Brosschot, J.F. (2010). The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Int. J. Cardiol. 141, 122–131
  • Thompson, R.A. (1994). Emotion Regulation: A theme in search of definition. In N.A fox, Mo- nographs of the society for research in child development.
  • Thompson, R. A., ve Calkins, S. (1996). The double-edged sword: Emotional regulation for children at risk. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 163–182.
  • Türksoy, N. (2003). Psikolojik Travma ve Tanım Sorunları. Psikolojik travma ve Sonuçları. Ed. T. Aker ve M. E. Önder. İstanbul: 5US Yayınları
  • Wenar, C. ve Kerig, P.K. (2005). Developmental Psychopathology from Infancy through Adoles- cence. (Fifth Edition). New York: McGraw Hill
  • Werner K., Gross J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A conceptual fra- mework. In Kring A., Sloan D. (Eds.), Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment (pp. 13–37). New York, NY: Guilford Press
  • Zoellner, L.A., Feeny, N., Bittinger, J.N., Bedard-Gilligan, M., Slagle, D.M., Post, L.M. & Chen, J. (2011). Teaching trauma-focused exposure therapy for PTSD: Critical clinical lessons for novice exposure therapists. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Po- licy, 3, 300-308. PMCID: PMC3188445

PROTECTION AND TREATMENT FROM PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA

Year 2018, Issue: 14, 216 - 230, 01.04.2018

Abstract

The central experiences of psychological trauma are the breakdown of ties with others and the weakening of them. Therefore, healing is based on the strengthening of the victim and the creation of new ties. Psychological trauma is when someone comes face to face with weakness. At the time of trauma the person is left helpless by an irresistible force. The traumatic event catastrophizes the usual coping systems that give us the feeling of supervision, connection and meaning. Traumatic events include the most severe and high-level stress sources. The sources of everyday stress that can be encountered in different areas of human experience are expected and ordinary; possibilities and controllability. Traumas are unexpected, unlikely, and uncontrollable, except for ordinary stress sources. Traumatic events also lead to the disappearance of the belief that there is an order and continuity in life, leading to the destruction of basic psychological assumptions about the previous schemes of the person and the world as a reliable and predictable place. Along with the traumatic experience, people lose the sense of having an internal or external safe place that will enable them to cope with anxiety / fearful emotions and experiences. The common effect of stress sources on each other can lead to trauma-like reactions even in less vulnerable individuals. In this study trauma, trauma formation and methods to be applied in trauma treatment are discussed.

References

  • Briere, J. ve Lanktree, C.B. (2011). Treating complex trauma in adolescents and young adults. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Briere, J.A. ve Scott, C. (2016). Travma Terapisinin İlkeleri. Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. İstanbul
  • Campbell-Sills, L., & Barlow, D. H. (2007). Incorporating Emotion Regulation into Conceptuali- zations and Treatments of Anxiety and Mood Disorders. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 542-559). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Emmelkamp, P., Bouman, Th. & Scholing, A. (1995). Angst, fobieën en dwang. Houten/Diegem: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1964). Insight and responsibility. New York: Norton.
  • Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective informa- tion. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20–35.
  • Foy, D. W., Madvig, B. T., Pynoos, R. S., ve Camilleri, A. J. (1996). Special Issue: Posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of School Psychology, 34, 133–145.
  • Gratz, K. L., & Chapman, A. L. (2007). The role of emotional responding and childhood maltre- atment in the development and maintenance of deliberate self-harm among male un- dergraduates. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 8, 1–14.
  • Gratz, K. L. & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dys- regulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41-54.
  • Gelder, M. Gath, D. Mayou, R. ve Cowen, P. (1995). The abuse of alcohol and drugs. Gelder M, Gath D, Mayou R, Cowen P (ed.): Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry'de, 3.baskı, Oxforf University Press, Oxford, 1995. s.438-461
  • Griffin, L.L., Brooker, R., & Patton, K. (2005). Working towards legitimacy: Two decades of te- aching games for understanding. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 10(3), 213– 223.
  • Gross JJ, Muñoz RF. Emotion regulation and mental health. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 1995;2:151–164.
  • Hartzell, Caroline, and Matthew Hoddie. 2007. Crafting peace: Power sharing institutions and the negotiated settlement of civil wars. University Park, PA: Penn State Press
  • Herman, J.L. (2016). Travma ve İyileşme. Literatür Yayınları 4. Baskı. İstanbul
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. ve Berg, M. (1998). Disillusionment and the creation of value: From traumatic loss to existential gains. J. Harvey, (Ed.), Perspectives on loss: A sourcebook. Washing- ton, DC: Taylor & Francis
  • Joseph, S. ve Linley, P. A. Psychological assessment of growth following adversity: A review. In: Joseph, S. & Linley, P. A. (Eds.), (2008). Trauma, recovery, and growth: Positive psycho- logical perspectives on posttraumatic stress. (pp. 21-38). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
  • Joseph, S., Williams, R., ve Yule, W. (1997). Post-traumatic stress: Psychosocial perspectives on PTSD and treatment. Chichester: Wiley.
  • Linehan, M. M. (1993) Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford.
  • Najavits, L. M. (2002). Seeking safety: Therapy for trauma and substance abuse. Corrections Today, 64, 136-139.
  • Önder, E. & Tural, Ü. (2004). Travma sonrası stres bozukluğunda tedavi kılavuzu. Anksiyete bozuklukları tedavi kılavuzu. Ed. R. Tükel. Ankara: Türk Psikiyatri Derneği
  • Plumb, J.C., Orsillo, S.M., ve Luterek, J.A. (2004). A preliminary test of the role of experiential avoidance in post-event functioning. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. V35, Pp:245–257.
  • Taylor, S., Kuch, K., Koch, W. J., Crockett, D. J., & Passey, G. (1998). The structure of posttrau- matic stress symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 154–160.
  • Thayer, J.F., Hansen, A.L., ve Johnsen, B.H. (2010). The non-invasive assessment of autonomic influences on the heart using impedance cardiography and heart rate variability. In: Steptoe, A. (Ed.), Handbook of Behavioral Medicine: Methods and Applications. Sprin- ger, New York.
  • Thayer, J.F., Yamamoto, S.S., ve Brosschot, J.F. (2010). The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Int. J. Cardiol. 141, 122–131
  • Thompson, R.A. (1994). Emotion Regulation: A theme in search of definition. In N.A fox, Mo- nographs of the society for research in child development.
  • Thompson, R. A., ve Calkins, S. (1996). The double-edged sword: Emotional regulation for children at risk. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 163–182.
  • Türksoy, N. (2003). Psikolojik Travma ve Tanım Sorunları. Psikolojik travma ve Sonuçları. Ed. T. Aker ve M. E. Önder. İstanbul: 5US Yayınları
  • Wenar, C. ve Kerig, P.K. (2005). Developmental Psychopathology from Infancy through Adoles- cence. (Fifth Edition). New York: McGraw Hill
  • Werner K., Gross J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A conceptual fra- mework. In Kring A., Sloan D. (Eds.), Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment (pp. 13–37). New York, NY: Guilford Press
  • Zoellner, L.A., Feeny, N., Bittinger, J.N., Bedard-Gilligan, M., Slagle, D.M., Post, L.M. & Chen, J. (2011). Teaching trauma-focused exposure therapy for PTSD: Critical clinical lessons for novice exposure therapists. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Po- licy, 3, 300-308. PMCID: PMC3188445
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Yener Özen This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Issue: 14

Cite

APA Özen, Y. (2018). PSİKOLOJİK TRAVMALARDAN KORUNMA VE TEDAVİ. Kesit Akademi Dergisi(14), 216-230.